USES OF LEAD

There are many different uses of Lead. It may be used as a pure metal, alloyed with other metals, or as chemical compounds.

Battery

The principal consumption of Lead is for the Lead-Acid storage battery in which grid or plate is made of Lead or Lead with other metal more commonly with antimony.

Rolled Extrusions

Lead Sheet is used in the building industry for flashings or weathering to prevent water penetration & for roofing and cladding. By virtue of its resistance to chemical corrosion, Lead Sheet also finds use for the lining of chemical treatment baths, acid plants and storage vessels. The high density of Lead Sheet makes it a very effective material for sound insulation purpose. Lead clad steel has also found use in radiation shielding.

Lead pipes due to its corrosion resistant properties are used for carriage of corrosive chemicals at chemical plants. Also Lead pipe of appropriate composition is still extruded for cutting into short length 'sleeves' for use in the jointing of Lead sheathed cables.

Pigments

Used extensively in paints, although recently the use of Lead in paints has been drastically curtailed to eliminate or reduce health hazards. White Lead, 2PbCO3 Pb(OH)2, is the most extensively used Lead pigment. Other Lead pigments of importance are basic Lead sulfate and Lead chromates.

Cable Sheathing

Because of its high ductility, good extrusion ability, relatively low temperature & excellent proven corrosion resistance when in contact with a wide range of industrial and marine environments, soils and chemicals, Lead Alloys are used extensively as sheathing materials for high voltage power cables.

Ammunition

Use of ammunition with Lead Bullets, which are commonly used in sport shooting with small arms

Lead alloys

Lead forms alloys with many metals.. Alloys formed with tin, copper, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, cadmium, and sodium are all of industrial importance.

Lead is used to make bearings, solder, antifriction metals, and type metal.

Soft solders are largely Lead-tin alloys with or without antimony while fusible alloys are various combinations of Lead, tin, bismuth, cadmium and other low melting point metals.

Shot Lead is an Alloy of Lead, Antimony, and Arsenic. Lead Foil is made with Lead alloys. Lead is added to brass to reduce machine tool wear.

Lead is a soft, malleable metal which is included in the group of heavy metals. It has a lustrous silver-blue appearance when freshly cut, but darkens to a dull grayish color when exposed to moist air. This occurs due to the immediate formation of an oxide film that protects the metal from further oxidation or corrosion. Lead is a dense, ductile metal with a low tensile strength. It has a face-centered cubic crystalline structure and poor electrical conductivity. Lead is highly resistant to corrosion and can be toughened by adding a small quantity of antimony, or other metals to it. Generally, lead is the end product of a radioactive decay, hence it is harmful in nature and causes lead poisoning. The natural occurrence of lead is very rare, hence it is found in ores with zinc, copper, silver, and is later extracted from these elements. The primary lead mineral is galena (PbS) that contains 86.6% lead. Some other popular varieties of lead are anglesite (PbSO4) and cerussite (PbCO3).

Uses of Lead Lead can be used as a pure metal, alloyed with other metals, or as a chemical compound. The uses of lead are as follows:

It is a major component of the lead acid battery and is commonly used in a car battery. Due to its high density, weight-to-volume ratio and resistance against corrosion, lead is used for the ballast keel of sailboats and scuba diving weight belts. It is utilized to form glazing bars for stained glass or other multi-lit windows. Due to its low melting point and cost, lead is used as projectiles for fishing sinkers and firearms. White lead, lead sulphate and lead chromate are used as coloring elements in paints and ceramic glazes, notably in the colors red and yellow. It is commonly used in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic, that covers electrical cords. Lead sheets are utilized in the construction industry for weathering, roofing and cladding, to prevent water penetration. It is also used for the lining of chemical treatment baths, acid plants and storage vessels. By the virtue of its high density, lead sheet is used for sound insulation and radiation shielding. Molten lead is utilized as a coolant for lead cooled fast reactors. It is the base metal used for organ pipes and is mixed with variable amounts of tin to control the tone of the pipe. Lead is used in soldering and as electrodes in the process of electrolysis. It is used in high voltage power cables as a sheathing material to prevent water diffusion into insulation. Lead, in the form of strips or tape is used in the manufacturing of tennis racquets to increase its weight. It is widely used in statues and sculptures and its moldings are used as decorative motifs. Tetra-ethyl lead is utilized as an anti-knock additive for aviation fuel in piston-driven aircrafts. Lead telluride, lead antimonide and lead selenide are some of the lead based semiconductors which are used in photovoltaic (solar energy) cells and infrared detectors. Earlier, lead was used to balance the wheels of a car, but now this application has been phased out due to environmental reasons.

Some other applications of lead, include the making of leaded bronze ornaments, toys, bullets and shot, lead weights and coffins. It is also used in medicinal ointments like soothing lotions, but has to be kept in lead containers. It is estimated that more than 1 million tons of lead is retrieved annually by recycling batteries.
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Uses
The single most important commercial use of lead is in the manufacture of lead-acid storage batteries (see battery, electric). It is also used in alloys such as fusible metals, antifriction metals, solder, and type metal. Shot lead is an alloy of lead, antimony, and arsenic. Lead foil is made with lead alloys. Lead is used for covering cables and as a lining for laboratory sinks, tanks, and the chambers in the lead-chamber process for the manufacture of sulfuric acid. It is used extensively in plumbing. Because it has excellent vibration-dampening characteristics, lead is often used to support heavy machinery and was used in the foundations of the Pan Am Building built over Grand Central Station in New York City. Lead is also employed as protective shielding against X rays and radiation from nuclear reactors. Lead has many commonly used compounds. Commercially important are the lead oxides, which have many uses. Litharge is lead monoxide, PbO; red lead is lead tetroxide, Pb3O4; lead peroxide or dioxide, PbO2, is used in matches, as a mordant in dyeing, and as an oxidizing agent. White lead, 2PbCO3Pb(OH)2 (basic lead carbonate), is an important pigment used in paints, putty, and ceramics. Chrome yellow, PbCrO4, is a bright yellow pigment. Sublimed white lead, PbSO4Pb(OH)2 (basic lead sulfate), is also used as a pigment. Lead acetate (sugar of lead) is used as a mordant, and lead azide, Pb(N3)2, is employed as a

detonator for explosives. Lead arsenate is used as an insecticide. Tetraethyl lead, used as a antiknock compound in gasoline, is now banned for environmental reasons in the United States and other countries. Although lead and most of its compounds are only slightly soluble in water, the use of lead pipe to carry drinking water is dangerous, since lead is a cumulative poison that is not excreted from the body (see lead poisoning). The lead of lead pencils does not contain lead; it is a mixture of graphite and clay. Sections in this article:

Introduction Properties and Isotopes Natural Occurrence and Processing Uses

Read more: lead, chemical element: Uses Infoplease.com http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/A0859212.html#ixzz1M3DCTTKq

Lead
C Aluminum Al2Si2O5(OH)4 Silicate Hydroxide

Lead is a poisonous metal that can damage nervous connections and cause blood and brain disorders. The Lead has been used by History humans for at least 7000 Says years.

The Present Scenario Lead is a major constituent of the Lead-acid battery used extensively in car batteries.

As a mineral, lead is very rare, though the element itself is somewhat common. Element lead occurs in concentration of about 13 parts per billion in the Earth's crust. Element lead do not form crystals of its own, hence the mineral lead is only rarely seen. Lead has been found with gold in placer deposits and in not so usual metamorphosed limestones and marbles. It is very soft and capable of being scratched by a fingernail. Physical Properties of Lead
Color Streak Hardness Transparency Light-gray to slightly bluish-gray. Light-gray. Streak shiny. 1.5 Opaque

Specific gravity Luster Cleavage Fracture Tenacity Density

11.3 Metallic None Hackly Malleable, ductile, and sectile. 11.4 gm/cm3

Chemical Properties of Lead

Melting point Boiling point Heat of vapor Heat of fusion Specific heat 600.65 K 2013 K 177.7 kJ/mol 4.799 kJ/mol 0.13 J/gm K

Atomic Properties of Lead

Atomic number Atomic mass Atomic radius Electron configuration Covalent radius Atomic volume Stable isotopes Electronegativity 82 207.2 u 1.47 A (Xe)4f145d106s26p2 1.81 A 18.17 cm3/mol 4 2.33

Uses of Lead In ammunition. As oxides in glass and ceramics. In metal casting. As sheet lead. As covering for cable. As caulking lead. In brass and bronze billets. In bearing metals.

Lead
Like copper, lead has also been a familiar metal used by human beings since ancient times. Lead, a highly malleable and easy to melt metal, is widely used in various industries even today. However, due to its highly toxic nature, the use of lead has been facing pressure from environmentalists in

recent

years.

The pressure to end manufacture of lead-based paints is an example of the growing concern on the potential health hazards caused by lead. Plastics, aluminum, tin, and iron are replacing the use of lead in construction materials, containers, packaging, etc. Tin and other metals are being used to replace lead as a solder in some applications where lead could poison people, such as in drinking water systems.

Lead is a very corrosion-resistant, dense, ductile, and malleable blue-gray metal that has been used for at least 5,000 years. Early uses of lead included building materials, pigments for glazing ceramics, and pipes for transporting water. The castles and cathedrals of Europe contain considerable quantities of lead in decorative fixtures, roofs, pipes, and windows.

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Prior to the early 1900\'s, uses of lead in the United States were primarily for ammunition, brass, burial vault liners, ceramic glazes, leaded glass and crystal, paints or other protective coatings, pewter, and water lines and pipes.

The advent of the electrical age and communications, which were accelerated by technological developments in World War I, resulted in the addition of bearing metals, cable covering, caulking lead, solders, and type metal to the list of lead uses. With the growth in production of public and private motorized vehicles and the associated use of starting-lighting-ignition (SLI) lead-acid storage batteries and terne metal for gas tanks after World War I, demand for lead increased.

Most of these uses for lead continued to increase with the growth in population and the national economy. Contributing to the increase in demand for lead was the use of lead as radiation shielding in medical analysis and video display equipment and as an additive in gasoline.

By the mid-1980\'s, a significant shift in lead end-use patterns had taken place. Much of this shift was a result of the U.S. lead consumers compliance with environmental regulations that significantly reduced or eliminated the use of lead in nonbattery products, including gasoline, paints, solders, and water systems.

More recently, as the use of lead in nonbattery products has continued to decline, the demand for lead in SLI-type batteries has continued to grow. In addition, the demand for lead in non-SLI battery applications also has continued to grow.

Non-SLI battery applications include motive sources of power for industrial forklifts, airport ground equipment, mining equipment, and a variety of nonroad utility vehicles, as well as stationary sources of power in uninterruptible electric power systems for hospitals, computer and telecommunications networks, and load-leveling equipment for electric utility companies. By the early 2000\'s, the total demand for lead in all types of lead-acid storage batteries represented 88% of apparent U.S. lead consumption.

Other significant uses included ammunition (3%), oxides in glass and ceramics (3%), casting metals (2%), and sheet lead (1%). The remainder was

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Lead is mined in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Australia, and Peru. More than 1 million tons of lead is recovered in recycling annually, the majority of which is from the recycling of batteries.

Australia and China are the leading suppliers of lead in the world. China, India, Japan, US and European Union are the main consumers of lead in the world. Lead is traded mostly as soft lead, animated lead, lead alloys and copper-based lead scrap.

India imports nearly 50 percent of its lead requirement every year. Lead production in India is estimated to be around 82,000 ton, mostly from secondary sources. Lack of any major lead ore deposit is the main constraint for enhancing domestic lead production.

The domestic industry is characterized by the presence of only a few players in the primary segment. The primary lead industry in India is divided between the following main players: Binani Industries Limited and Sterlite Industries (India) Ltd. (Hndustan Zinc Ltd.). Due to increasing use of lead in domestic market both players are expanding their smelting capacities for lead.

Lead in the global market is traded as soft lead, animated lead, lead alloys and copper-base scrap.

COMMODITY MARKETS

MCX NCDEX NMCE

Uses of Lead May 9, 2011 | USGS Lead has been used by humans for a variety of purposes for more than 5,000 years. Water pipes, glazes on prehistoric ceramics, and the cosmetic kohl, used by ancient Egyptians to darken their eyelids, are a few examples of ancient uses of lead. Today, lead is mined on all continents except Antarctica and is one of the most important metals to industrialized economies.

Lead Uses Lead is integral to our modern lifestyle. Whilst its malleability and corrosion resistance still make it useful for roof flashings and cladding, the main benefits are derived from harnessing leads chemical properties. Its incredible density provides unrivalled protection from radiation and is essential to staff working in hospitals, dental surgeries, laboratories and nuclear installations. Lead stabilisers are added to some PVC products to improve durability, and the metal protects thousands of kilometres of underwater power and communications cables. Keeping the world on the move in so many ways wouldnt be possible without the lead used in battery technology. Lead acid batteries are the mainstay of storage technologies for renewable energy sources, such as solar cell and wind turbines and are used to power cars, trucks, buses, motorbikes, electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles. Furthermore, lead acid batteries are vital as a back-up emergency power supply in case of mains power failure in hospitals, telephone exchanges, mobile phone networks, public buildings and for the emergency services.

Today, lead is truly a modern metal, supporting a modern world.

21. Uses Of Lead This metal has several minor uses in engineering. Of these the principal uses are: (1) As sheet lead for lining tanks and basins because of its power to resist corrosion from air and from many dilute acids. (2) As pipes in plumbing work due to its flexibility, ease of soldering, and qualities mentioned in item (1), although it cannot stand high heat or high pressure. (3) As wire for gaging tightness of large engine bearings, and for electric fuses. (4) As pigments for well-known paints in the form of "red lead" (oxide of lead), and of "white lead" (lead carbonate). (5) Occasionally for alloying in small quantities with other metals to increase ductility and malleability.