CoastalEngineering

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TransportationEngineering1(NITSCEE NUST)

FallSemester 0 Sept 0 to Jan 20Sept10to21Jan11 Lecture 3 1 CE 408

Sequence
PortsandHarbour Structures Breakwaters. Otherharbour works. Protection,MaintenanceandModernization Protection Maintenance and Modernization Coastalprotectionstructures Seawalls Revetments Bulkheads
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BREAKWATERS
Harbour works are designed to withstand wave action The source of action. dynamic wave action lies in the inertia of moving particles. When a non breaking wave hits against a structure, the reflected wave reinforces the next coming wave. This causes water in the region to slash back and forth. This effect is mostly hydrostatic and little dynamic (impulsive). (rubble mound, sheet pile, stone asphalt, Dolos, concrete cassions, floating structures ) These are structures that reflect and dissipate the forces of windgenerated wind generated waves. They act as protective barriers to enclose harbours and to keep harbour water undisturbed for safe anchorage and loading/ unloading in comparatively calm water. p y
Generally1.2to1.25times theheightofexpected waves.
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DesignConsiderationsforBreakwater
Waves should not break on the wall; instead these should reflect Wavesshouldnotbreakonthewall;insteadtheseshouldreflect thewavesanddissipatemostofenergybyriseofitswater column. Reflectedwavesarenotdirectedtowardsothermarine structures. It should withstand Itshouldwithstand dynamicforcesofwavesandwindsonsubmergedand p p p y exposedportionsrespectively. selfweight. hydrostaticpressures. Itshouldhavetheresultantofselfweightandnetwaveforce withinthemiddlethirdofthebase. 5

ShoreProtectionProjects Breakwaters

ShoreProtectionProjects Breakwaters
Abreakwaterstructureisdesigned toabsorbtheenergyofthewaves gy thathitit.Thisisdoneeitherby usingmass(e.g.withcaissons)or byusingarevetmentslope(e.g. by using a revetment slope (e g withrockorconcretearmour units). Whenoncomingwaves hi h h i hitthese breakwaters,theirerosivepoweris concentratedonthesestructures somedistanceawayfromthe coast.Inthisway,thereisanarea ofslackwater behindthe of slack water behind the breakwaters.

Breakwater
Offshorebreakwaters,alsocalled Offshore breakwaters also called bulkheads,reducetheintensityof waveactionininshorewatersand therebyreducecoastalerosion. Theyareconstructedsome distanceawayfromthecoast or y builtwithoneendlinkedtothe coast.Thebreakwatersmaybe smallstructures,placedoneto small structures placed one to threehundredfeetoffshorein relativelyshallowwater,designed toprotectagentlyslopingbeach. g eitherfixedorfloating

Types
RubbleMoundBreakwater Preferredwhenstoneis availableinlargequantity, available in large quantity bedmaterialissoftand waterdepthismore(50 to60ft).Theserequire comparativelymore materialandconsiderable maintenance. Stonesofexposedside arebiggercomparedto bi dt calmside. TransportationEngineering1(NITSCEE
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Types
VerticalWallBreakwaters Vertical Wall Breakwaters Theseareoftypesasconcreteblocks(weighingup to200tons)gravitywalls,rockfilledsheetpile )g y p cells,rockfilledtimbercribs,concreteorsteel sheetpilewalls. Suited to protected waters and not reliable for Suitedtoprotectedwatersandnotreliablefor heavyseas. Shouldnotbeconstructedwhereerosionof seabedisexcessive.Unevenmaterialmaybe removedbydredgingbeforeplacingfoundation.
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DifferentKindsofDolos Concrete&ReinforcedConcrete(armour unit

Types
CompositeBreakwater Composite Breakwater Solidsuperstructureonamoundfoundedatlow waterlevel.Thisalsoprovidesplatformfor p p handlingofcargo.Theseafaceisprotectedwith heavyconcreteblocks. Reduces the mass rubble requirement Reducesthemassrubblerequirement.

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ConstructionofRubbleMoundsBreakwaters
By Barges Hopper barge Deckbargesare
employedwhenthe moundrisesup sufficientlysothat hopperbargescannot beutilized.Theseare broughttosite;side compartmentsonone sideareflooded.This processcausesatilt, process causes a tilt whichdislodgesthe material.

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ConstructionofRubbleMoundsBreakwaters
By Staging ByStaging
Stagingiserectedbydrivingpiles,whichareconnected,bylongitudinal runners,truts andbraces.Thisformsanumberofparalleltrackson whichrailsareplacedortippingwagons.Thisshouldbewellabovesea level.

Lowlevel System Low levelSystem

Workisdonegraduallystartingfromthecoastline.Thecompleted portionisusedforthetransferringofmaterial.Thisalsoconsolidates themoundformed the mound formed.

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ComparisonwithOtherModes Comparison with Other Modes

Otherharborstructures
Revetment
Theseareshorelinestructures constructedparalleltothe shoreline.Theyareslopedinsuch awayastomimicthenatural slopeofshorelineprofileand dissipatewaveenergyasthe waveisdirecteduptheslope.A revetmentisbuilttoprotecta scarp,embankment,orother b k t th shorelinefeatureagainsterosion. Themajorcomponentsofa revetmentarethearmorlayer, filter,andtoe(Figure). filt d t (Fi ) Arevetmentislikeacommonsea wallinthatitisdesignedto maintainthelocationandshape ofashoreline.Insteadofstanding f h li I d f di verticallylikeaseawall,however, arevetment"coats"theshoreline withprotectivematerial.

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Revetment
Revetmentdesignvariesbasedonthe waveclimate(ortypeofwaves), shorelinegeologyandmaterials shoreline geology and materials availableforconstruction.Theprimary goalistobuildastructurethatisstrong enoughtoabsorbordeflecttheenergy ofwavesatagivensite. Mainconsiderationsinthedesignphase: Size,strengthandweightofthearmor stone Theangleatwhichthewaveshitthe wall. wall Theroughnessoftherevetmentwall Theheightoftherevetment Preventing bottomscour Preventing "bottom scour"
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Otherharborstructures
Wharves

ComparisonwithOtherModes Comparison with Other Modes

Platformsorconstructionsmeantforloading andunloadingofcargoandpassengers. Builtintoorontowater.Lengthis Built into or onto water Length is determinedbythetypeofshipstobe accommodated. Quay Pier Wharf

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 Awharf,orquay (pronounced 'key')isastructureonthe y shoreofaharborwhereships maydocktoloadandunload cargoorpassengers.Sucha cargo or passengers Such a structureincludesoneor moreberths(mooring locations),andmayalso l i ) d l includepiers,warehouses,or otherfacilitiesnecessaryfor handlingtheships. Awharfcommonlycomprises afixedplatform,oftenon a fixed platform often on pilings.Commercialportsmay havewarehousesthatserveas interimstorageareas
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 A pier is a raised structure, including bridge and building g g g supports and walkways over water, typically supported by widely spread piles or pillars The pillars. lighter structure of a pier allows tides and currents to flow almost unhindered, whereas the more hi d d h h solid foundations of a quay or the closelyspaced piles of a wharf can act as a breakwater, and are consequently more liable to silting Piers can range in silting. size and complexity from a simple lightweight wooden structure t major structures t t to j t t extended over a mile out to sea. TransportationEngineering1(NITSCEE
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TypesofWharves Types of Wharves

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JettyorPier
Jettiesareshorenormalstone structuresusedfortraining df i i navigationalchannelsand stabilizinginlets. Theypreventintrusionoflong shoresedimenttransport Theycausehigherflowvelocities h h h fl l thatscourthechanneltoa depthrequiredforsafe p q navigation.

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Trestle.Thesearelighterstructuresextendingoutfromshore,not
designedtotakeshipsdockingandmooringforces. Trestleisa rigidframeusedasasupport,especiallyreferringtoabridge rigid frame used as a support especially referring to a bridge composedofanumberofshortspanssupportedbysuchframes. Inthecontextoftrestlebridges,eachsupportingframeis generallyreferredtoasabents. Mole.Afillusuallyrockextendingoutfromshore,leadingtopier servingutilities,rail,roadwayetc. serving utilities, rail, roadway etc. Catwalks. Structuresprovidingaccesstoandbetweendolphins.

Trestle

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 Dolphins. These are marine structures

for mooring of vessels. These are commonly used in combinations with wharves to shorten the length of these structures. Dolphins are used for tying up of ships and for transferring cargo between ships moored along both sides of dolphins. Dolphins are also used to display regulatory information like speed limits etc, other information like advertising or directions and navigation information like a daybeacon as well as ranges and lighted aids to navigation. Breasting Dolphins. Designed to take impact of ship when docking docking. Mooring Dolphins. Provided to hold ship against wind blowing away from the face of the dock dock.
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Dolphins
The structures typically consist of a number of piles driven yp y p into the seabed or riverbed and connected together above the water level to provide a platform or fixing point. The piles can be pressure treated wood poles or steel or reinforced poles, concrete beams, blocks or tubes. Smaller dolphins can have the piles drawn together with wire rope, but larger dolphins would typically be fixed using a reinforced concrete capping or a structural steel frame.

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 DockFenders
A fender is the form of a cushion provided on a pier face for ships to come in contact. Fenders absorb impact and protect them from d f damage. F d Fenders also l protect ship paint from being damaged because of relative motion between ships and dock p caused by wind and waves. Fenders can be classified as horizontal Wood Members, Vertical Wood Members and Rubbing Strips. A marine dock bumper comes in a choice of sizes, shapes, and materials to complement all dock arrangements, including foam cushion, post bumper, and vinyl, heavyduty vinyl heavy duty units
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Seawall acts as a layer between the

vulnerable coastline and the ocean. Wave action can beat at the seawall without eroding the coast, although the seawall itself will eventually break down and require repair or replacement. replacement Many seawalls are curved, allowing waves to break against them while reducing their energy. Others are straight, straight and they are designed to bring waves to a standstill. Traditional seawalls are built from large rocks, pebbles, and other rubble etc. etc A modern seawall can be made from materials like concrete, metal bars, and other tools to make the seawall more sturdy. Cheaper seawalls may be made from wood and plastic, which provide some protection although they can potentially fail in heavy weather.

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TypesofGroins Types of Groins

Longshore sediments transport sedimentstransport Sea

NormalorStraight Normal or Straight Shore Anglesorinclined Single Si l GroinSystem Notchedorzigzag Permeableorimpermeable Permeable or impermeable T,LorYshaped
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GroinSystem

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Thanks Thanks
AnyQuestionPlease????

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