Chapter 5 Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis

1. Identify the frequency, angular frequency, peak value, rms value, and phase of a sinusoidal signal. 2. Solve steady-state ac circuits using phasors and complex impedances.
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Chapter 5 Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis

3. Compute power for steady-state ac circuits. 4. Find Thvenin and Norton equivalent circuits. Lightly. 5. Determine load impedances for maximum power transfer.

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Chapter 5 Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis

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Chapter 5 Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis

SINUSOIDAL CURRENTS AND VOLTAGES

Vt = Vm cos(t +) Vm is the peak value is the angular frequency in radians per second is the phase angle
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Chapter 5 Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis

Frequency

1 f = T
2 = T

Angular frequency

= 2f

sin (z ) = cos(z 90
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Chapter 5 Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis

Root-Mean-Square Values
Vrms 1 = T
T

v (t )dt
2

I rms

1 = T

i (t )dt
2

Pavg
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V = R

2 rms

Pavg = I

2 rms

Chapter 5 Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis

RMS Value of a Sinusoid

Vrms Vm = 2

The rms value for a sinusoid is the peak value divided by the square root of two. This is not true for other periodic waveforms such as square waves or triangular waves.
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Chapter 5 Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis

Phasor Definition
Time function : v1 (t ) = V1 cos(t + 1 )

Phasor : V1 = V11

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Chapter 5 Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis

Adding Sinusoids Using Phasors

Step 1: Determine the phasor for each term. Step 2: Add the phasors using complex arithmetic. Step 3: Convert the sum to polar form. Step 4: Write the result as a time function.
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Chapter 5 Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis

Using Phasors to Add Sinusoids

v1 (t ) = 20 cos(t 45
o

)
o

v2 (t ) = 10 cos(t + 60

V1 = 20 45
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V2 = 10 30

Chapter 5 Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis

Vs = V1 + V2 = 20 45 + 10 30 = 14.14 j14.14 + 8.660 j5 = 23.06 j19.14

o o

= 29.97 39.7

v s (t ) = 29.97 cos(t 39.7

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Chapter 5 Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis

Sinusoids can be visualized as the real-axis projection of vectors rotating in the complex plane. The phasor for a sinusoid is a snapshot of the corresponding rotating vector at t = 0.

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Chapter 5 Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis

Phase Relationships
To determine phase relationships from a phasor diagram, consider the phasors to rotate counterclockwise. Then when standing at a fixed point, if V1 arrives first followed by V2 after a rotation of , we say that V1 leads V2 by . Alternatively, we could say that V2 lags V1 by . (Usually, we take as the smaller angle between the two phasors.)
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Chapter 5 Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis

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Chapter 5 Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis

To determine phase relationships between sinusoids from their plots versus time, find the shortest time interval tp between positive peaks of the two waveforms. Then, the phase angle is = (tp/T ) 360. If the peak of v1(t) occurs first, we say that v1(t) leads v2(t) or that v2(t) lags v1(t).
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Chapter 5 Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis

COMPLEX IMPEDANCES
VL = jL I L

Z L = jL = L90

VL = Z L I L
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Chapter 5 Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis

VC = Z C I C
1 1 1 o = = 90 ZC = j C jC C

VR = RI R
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Chapter 5 Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis

Kirchhoffs Laws in Phasor Form

We can apply KVL directly to phasors. The sum of the phasor voltages equals zero for any closed path. The sum of the phasor currents entering a node must equal the sum of the phasor currents leaving.
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Chapter 5 Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis

Circuit Analysis Using Phasors and Impedances

1. Replace the time descriptions of the voltage and current sources with the corresponding phasors. (All of the sources must have the same frequency.)
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Chapter 5 Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis

2. Replace inductances by their complex impedances ZL = jL. Replace capacitances by their complex impedances ZC = 1/(jC). Resistances have impedances equal to their resistances. 3. Analyze the circuit using any of the techniques studied earlier in Chapter 2, performing the calculations with complex arithmetic.
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Chapter 5 Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis

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Chapter 5 Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis

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Chapter 5 Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis

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Chapter 5 Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis

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Chapter 5 Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis

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Chapter 5 Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis

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Chapter 5 Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis

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Chapter 5 Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis

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Chapter 5 Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis

AC Power Calculations
P = Vrms I rms cos( )

PF = cos ( )
= v i

Q = Vrms I rms sin( )

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Chapter 5 Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis

apparent power = Vrms I rms

P + Q = (Vrms I rms )
2 2

P=I
Q=I
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2 rms

R
X

P=
Q=

V
V

2 Rrms

R
2 Xrms

2 rms

Chapter 5 Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis

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Chapter 5 Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis

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Chapter 5 Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis

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Chapter 5 Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis

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Chapter 5 Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis

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Chapter 5 Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis

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Chapter 5 Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis

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Chapter 5 Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis

THVENIN EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS

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Chapter 5 Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis

The Thvenin voltage is equal to the open-circuit phasor voltage of the original circuit.

Vt = Voc
We can find the Thvenin impedance by zeroing the independent sources and determining the impedance looking into the circuit terminals.
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Chapter 5 Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis

The Thvenin impedance equals the open-circuit voltage divided by the short-circuit current.

Voc Vt Z t= = I sc I sc

I n = I sc

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Chapter 5 Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis

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Chapter 5 Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis

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Chapter 5 Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis

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Chapter 5 Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis

Maximum Power Transfer

If the load can take on any complex value, maximum power transfer is attained for a load impedance equal to the complex conjugate of the Thvenin impedance. If the load is required to be a pure resistance, maximum power transfer is attained for a load resistance equal to the magnitude of the Thvenin impedance.
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BALANCED THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS

Much of the power used by business and industry is supplied by three-phase distribution systems. Plant engineers need to be familiar with threephase power.

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Chapter 5 Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis

Phase Sequence
Three-phase sources can have either a positive or negative phase sequence. The direction of rotation of certain threephase motors can be reversed by changing the phase sequence.
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Chapter 5 Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis

WyeWye Connection
Three-phase sources and loads can be connected either in a wye configuration or in a delta configuration. The key to understanding the various three-phase configurations is a careful examination of the wyewye circuit.
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Chapter 5 Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis

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Chapter 5 Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis

Pavg = p (t ) = 3VYrms I Lrms cos( )

VY I L Q=3 sin ( ) = 3VYrms I Lrms sin ( ) 2

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Chapter 5 Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis

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Chapter 5 Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis

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Chapter 5 Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis

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Chapter 5 Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis

Z = 3Z Y

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Chapter 5 Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis