Michael Pallon Biology II Honors: Period 4 11/14/11 Chapter 25 Vocabulary

Adventitious Roots: Fibrous roots that develop from stems or leaves, such as the prop roots of corn or the holdfast
roots of ivy.

Annual Ring: Layer of wood (secondary xylem) usually produced during one growing season. Apical Meristem: In vascular plants, masses of cells in the root and shoot that reproduce and elongate as primary
growth occurs.

Axillary Bud: Bud located in the axil of a leaf. Bark: External part of a tree, containing cork, cork cambium, and phloem. Blade: Broad, expanded portion of a plant leaf that may be single or compound leaflets. Casparian Stream: Layer of impermeable lignin and suberin bordering four sides of root endodermal cells; prevents water and solute transport between adjacent cells. Collenchyma: Plant tissue composed of cells with unevenly thickened walls; supports growth of stems and petioles. Complex Tissue: In plants, tissues composed of two or more kinds of cells (e.g., xylem, containing tracheids and vessel
elements phloem, containing sieve-tube members and companion cells).

Cork: Outer covering of the bark of trees, made of dead cells that may be sloughed off. Cortex: I plants, ground tissue bounded by the epidermis and vascular tissue in stems and roots; in animals, outer layer
of an organ, such as the cortex of the kidney or adrenal gland.

Cotyledon: Seed leaf for embryo of a flowering plant; provides nutrient molecules for the developing plant before
photosynthesis begins.

Cuticle: Wax layer covering the epidermis of plants that protects the pant against water loss and disease-causing organisms. Deciduous: Plant which sheds its leaves annually. Endodermis: Internal plant root tissue forming a boundary between the cortex and the vascular cylinder. Epidermal Tissue: Exterior tissue, usually one cell thick, of leaves, young stems, roots, and other parts of plants. Epidermis: In mammals, the outer, protective later of the skin; in plants, tissue that covers roots, eaves, and stems of nonwoody organisms. Eudicot: Abbreviation of eudicotyledon. Flowering plant group; members have two embryonic leaves (cotyledons),
net-veined leaves, vascular bundles in a ring, flower parts in fours or fives and their multiples, and other characteristics.

Evergreen: Plant that does not shed leaves or needles on an annual basis. Fibrous Root System: In most monocots, a mass of similarly sized roots that cling to the soil.

Ground tissue: Tissue that constitutes most of the body of a plant; consists of parenchyma, collenchyma, and
sclerenchyma cells that function in storage, basic metabolism, and support.

Herbaceous Stem: Nonwoody stem. Internode: In vascular plants, the region of a stem between two successive nodes. Leaf: Lateral appendage of a stem, highly variable in structure, often containing cells that carry out photosynthesis. Leaf Vein: Vascular tissue within a leaf. Lenticel: Frond of usually numerous, lightly raised, somewhat spongy, groups of cells in the bark of woody plants. Permits gas exchange between the interior of a plant and the external atmosphere. Lignin: Chemical that gardens the cell walls of plants. Meristem: Undifferentiated embryonic tissue in the active growth regions of plants. Mesophyll: Inner, thickest layer of a leaf consisting of palisade and spongy mesophyll; the site of most of photosynthesis. Monocot: Abbreviation of monocotyledon. Flowering plant group; members have one embryonic leaf (cotyledon),
parallel-veined leaves, scattered vascular bundles, flower parts in threes of multiples of three, and other characteristics.

Mycorrhizae: Mutualistic relationship between fungal hyphae and roots of vascular plants. Node: In plants, the place where one or more leaves attach to a stem. Organ: Combination of two or more different tissue performing a common function. Palisade Mesophyll: Layer of tissue in a plant leaf containing elongated cells with many chloroplasts. Parenchyma: Plant tissue composed of the least-specialized of all plant cells; found in all organs of a plant. Perennial: Flowering plant that lives more than one growing season because the underground parts regrow each
season.

Pericycle: Layer of cells surrounding the vascular tissue of roots; produces branch roots. Periderm: Protective tissue that replaces epidermis; includes cork, cork cambium Petiole: The part of a plant leaf that connects the blade to the stem. Phloem: Vascular tissue that conducts organic solutes in plants; contains sieve-tube members and companion cells. Pith: Parenchyma tissue in the center of some stems and roots. Pit: A depression or opening; usually in reference to the small openings in the cell walls of xylem cells that function in providing a continuum between adjacent xylem cells. Primary Root: Original root that flows straight down and remains the dominant root of the plant; contrasts with
fibrous root system

Rhizome: Root-like hair that anchors a plant and absorbs minerals and water from the soil. Root Cap: Protective cover of the root tip, whose cells are constantly replaced as they are ground off when the root pushes through rough soil particles.

Root Hair: Extension of a root epidermal cell that collectively increases the surface for the absorption of water and
minerals.

Root Nodule: Structure on a plant root that contains nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Root System: Includes the main root and any and all of its lateral (slide) branches. Sclerenchyma: Plant tissue composed of cells with heavily lignified cell walls; functions in support. Shoot Apical Meristem: Group of actively dividing embryonic cells at the tips of plant shoots. Shoot System: Aboveground portion of a plant consisting of the stem, leaves, and flowers. Sieve-tube Member: Member that joins with others in the phloem tissue of plants as a means of transport for
nutrient sap.

Spongy Mesophyll: Layer of tissue in a plant leaf containing loosely packed cells, increasing the amount of surface
area for gas exchange.

Stem: Usually the upright, vertical portion of a plant that transports substances to and from the leaves. Stolon: Stem that grows horizontally along the ground and may give rise to new plants where it contacts the soil e.g.,
the runners of a strawberry plant.

Stomata: Small opening between two guard cells on the underside of leaf epidermis through which gases pass. Taproot: Main axis of a root that penetrates deeply and is used by certain plants (such as carrots) for food storage. Terminal Bud: Bud that develops at the apex of a shoot. Tracheid: In vascular plants, type of cell in xylem that has tapered ends and pits through which water and minerals
flow.

Trichome: In plants, specialized outgrowth of the epidermis. Vascular Bundle: In plants, primary phloem and primary xylem enclosed by a bundle sheath. Vascular Cambium: In plants, lateral meristem that produces secondary phloem and secondary xylem. Vascular Cylinder: In eudicots, the tissues in the middle of a root, consisting of the Pericycle and vascular tissues. Vascular Tissue: Transport tissue in plants, consisting of xylem and phloem. Vessel Element: Cell that joins with others to form a major conduction tube found in xylem. Wood: Secondary xylem that builds up year after year in woody plants and becomes the annual rings. Xylem: Vascular tissue that transports water and mineral solutes upward through the plant body; it contains vessel
elements and tracheids.