CHAPTER 7: THE STRAIGHT LINE

GRADIENT m=

Y2 Y1 X 2 X1

INTERCEPTS

y-intercept (x = 0)

x-intercept (y = 0)
X-intercept y=0 y intercept x=0

EQUATION OF A STRAIGHT LINE EQUATION OF A STRAIGHT LINE : y = mx + c

with gradient m, and which cuts the y-axis at (0,c)

Gradient y-intercept

The straight line can also be obtained by using the formula y k = m (x h) EQUATION OF A STRAIGHT LINE THROUGH TWO POINTS Step 1 : Find the gradient Step 2: Find the y- intercept Step 3 : Write down the equation in a form of y = mx + c EQUATION OF PARALLEL LINES Two straight lines are parallel if and only if they have the same gradient

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QUESTIONS ACCORDING TO EXAMINATION FORMAT EXAMPLE 1

(i)
(ii)

4 2 2 = = 1 0 2 2 x-intercept for AB gradient AB=

y =0

the equation of AB
y 4 = ( x 0) 1

A(0,4)

x-intercept = 4

y 4 = x 0 4 = x x =4

B(2,2) O

(iii)

C Diagram 1

the equation of AC 2 0 M AC = M OB = =1 2 0
y 4 =1( x 0) y 4 = x y = x +4

EXERCISE 1.Base on diagram 2 (i) gradient PQ

P(0,6)

Q(3,5)

(ii)

x-intercept for PQ

Diagram 2

(iii)

the equation of PR

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Base on diagram 3, find (i) the gradient of AB

A(2,6)

(ii) the equation of ECF

B(-3,3)

C(5,4)

(iii) x-intercept for ECF

Diagram 3

In the diagram 4, units. (i) find the gradient of PR

Q(7,8)

P
(ii) find the y-intercept of PQ

Diagram 4

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The diagram 5, AB is a straight line. (i) state the y-intercept of AB

O -6 A

(ii) find the equation of of AB

Diagram 5

5.

P(0,6)

In diagram 6, the gradient of PQ is. Line RS is parallel to the line PQ and passes through a point (-5,3). Find (i) the coordinate of Q.

Q Diagram 6

ii) the equation of RS

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6.

In diagram 7, line DE is parallel to the line GF.

D(-4,6) G(h,4)

x E O Diagram 7 F

(a) (b) ( c) 7.

Given the equation of straight line DG is x + 3y = 14 and the gradient of GF is -2, Find the value of h, the coordinate F the equation of straight line DE [ 5 marks] 2 In diagram 8, the gradient of the straight line MN is 3

N(6, p)

3 x -5 L
Find (a) the value of p (b) the equation of straight line LN 8. In diagram 9, JKLM is a trapezium and JK is parallel to ML K (2,5) y L(4,3)

Diagram 8

J(-4,2) M
Find (i) (ii) (iii)

x Diagram 9

the x-intercept for the straight line JK the equation of the straight line ML the coordinate M

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SPM PAST YEARS QUESTION (PAPER 2) 1. SPM 2003 In Diagram 2, the graph shows that PQ, QR, and RS are straight lines. P is on the y-axis. OP is Parallel to QR and PQ is parallel to RS.

R P

Q (8, -7) Diagram 2

The equation of PQ is 2x + y = 5 (a) State the equation of the straight line QR (b) Find the equation of the straight line RS and hence, state its y-intercept. [ 5 marks ] 2. SPM 2004 (Question no 6) In Diagram 3, OPQR is parallelogram and O is the origin.

y R(4,12) Q 0 P(3, -6) x Diagram 3

Find (a) (b)

the equation of the straight line PQ, the y-intercept of the straight line QR [ 5 marks ]

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3. SPM 2005 (question no 5) In Diagram 2, O is the origin, point R lies on the x-axis and point P pies on the y-axis. Straight line PU is parallel to the x-axis and straight line PR is parallel to straight line ST. The equation of straight line PR is x + 2y = 14.

y P U x + 2y -14 S R T(2, -5) Diagram 2

(a) (b) State the equation of the straight line PU Find the equation of the straight line ST and hence , state its x-intercept [ 5 marks] 4. SPM 2006( July) In Diagram 3, O is the origin and PQRS is a trapezium. PS is parallel to QR. Straight line RS is parallel to x-axis. Point Q and S lies on x-axis P (-1, 10)

Diagram 3
Find (a) (b)

R(4, -11)

Equation of a straight line QR x-intercept of the straight line QR [ 5 marks ]

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5. SPM 2006(Nov) Diagram 5 shows a straight line PQ and a straight line RS drawn on a Cartesian plane. PQ is parallel to RS.

y
P (0, 4) R (0, 4)

S (0, 4)

Diagram 5
Find a) the equation of the straight line PQ, b) the x-intercept of the straight line PQ

[ 5 marks ] 6. SPM 2007( June) In Diagram 2, O is the origin . Point P and point R lie on the y-axis. PS is parallel to the x-axis and straight line SR is parallel to straight line PQ .

y
P S (8 , 3)

Q(-4,0)

R Diagram 2
Find (a) (b) the equation of a straight line SR the x-intercept of the straight line SR

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[ 5 marks ] 7. SPM 2007(Nov) In Diagram 2, O is the origin .Straight line KL is parallel to straight line MN. The equation of straight line KL is 2x + y = 4. The points L and N lie on y-axis .

K
M (-3, 7)

L N O Diagram 2
Find c) the equation of the straight line MN, d) the x-intercept of the straight line MN [ 5 marks ] 8. SPM 2008( June) In Diagram 5, PQRS is parallelogram and O is the origin . It is given that the equation of the straight line PQ is 2y = x + 18.

y Q
P

R( 7, 2) O 0
Find (a) (b) S

x Diagram 5

the equation of a straight line RS, the x-intercept of the straight line RS. [ 5 marks ]

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9. SPM 2008( Nov) Diagram 6 show a trapezium PQRS drawn on a Cartesian plane. SR is parallel to PQ . y S (8 , 9)

P (3 , 5)

Q(11,1) O

Diagram 6

Find (a) (b)

the equation of a straight line SR the y-intercept of the straight line SR [ 5 marks ]

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ANSWERS
SPM Format Question 1 1. (i) (ii) 3 2. (i)
3 5 4 3

x = 18
3 x+1 5 5 3

(ii)

y=

(iii) x = -

3.

(i)

(ii)

y = 8x 48
3 x6 2

4. 5. 6. 7.

(i) -6 (i) Q = (4,0) (i) x = 2 (a) p = 7 1 2

(ii) (ii) (ii)

y=

2y = -3x - 9 ( 4,0 ) (b) y = 2x 7 (iii) y = -2x + 2

8.

(a)

(b)

2y = x + 2

(c)

(-2,0)

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Past Years SPM Questions 1. SPM 2003 Q5 5 (a) x = 2 2. SPM 2004 Q6 (a) y = 3x 15 3. SPM 2005 Q5 (a) y = 7 4. SPM 2006 ( June) Q7 (a) y = -2x -3 5. SPM 2006 ( Nov) Q10 (a) y = -2x + 11 6. SPM 2007 ( June) Q7 3 (a) y = x 3 4 7. SPM 2007 ( Nov) Q5 (a) y = -2x + 1 8. SPM 2008 ( June) Q7 1 3 (a) y = x 2 2 9. SPM 2008 ( Nov) Q5 1 (a) y = + 13 2 (b) x intercept = 1 2 (b) x intercept = 1 1 2 (b) x = 3 2

(b) y-intercept =9

(b) y-intercept =20 (b) 2y = -x - 8 x=8

(b) x-intercept = 4

(b) x-intercept = 3

(b) y intercept = 13

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