SACRED MUSIC

Fall 2000
Volume 127 No.3

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 St. John the Baptist Byzantine-Catholic Cathedral (Parma, OH)

SACRED MUSIC
Volume 127, Number 3, Fall 2000
FROM THE EDITORS 3
On Seeing the Emperor Naked

HOLY WEEK AND EASTER IN ROME AT THE TIME OF GREGORY XVI AND PIUS IX 4
Vincent A. Lenti

THE HYMNS OF THE LITURGIA HORARUM (1971) 10

Vincent A. Lenti

AN ODYSSEY OF "RESURRECTION": THE AEOLIAN ORGAN AT

WINONA (MN) STATE UNIVERSITY 17
Joseph H. Foegen, Ph.D.

VERSUS APSIDEM CELEBRATION IN THE NOVUS ORDO-THE VATICAN RESPONSE 22

Cardinal Estevez

THE QUESTION OF A CHORAL SANCTUS AFTER VATICAN II

A CANON LAWYER'S OPINION 24
Duane L.C.M. Galles, JD, JCL

AD LIMINA ADDRESS BY THE POPE ON ACTIVE PARTICIPATION 27

Pope John Paul II

REVIEWS 30

OPEN FORUM 30

NEWS 30

CONTRIBUTORS 31
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FROM THE EDITORS
On Seeing The Emperor Naked
Although not directly related to musica sacra, the issue of "versus apsidem" (or
"versus Deum") celebration is of great interest to most of the readers of this journal. I
think most of us favor this form of celebration as more appropriate for a sacral celebra-
tion directed toward God, and thus were disheartened upon hearing that the new
General Instruction seemed to say that Mass should be celebrated facing the people
"wherever possible." This has been cleared up by the recent dubium, which is reprinted
in this issue. (pp. 22-23) In short, it clarifies what the General Instruction really says,
that "the position towards the assembly seems more convenient inasmuch as it makes
communication easier ... without excluding however, the other possibility (priest
facing the altar)." In making such a decision the priest must take into account the
"topography of the place, the availability of the space, the artistic value of the existing
altar, the sensibility of the people participating in the celebrations in a particular
church, etc."
What is most interesting to me is that the dubium goes on to distinguish between the
"physical position" and the "interior spiritual orientation." It says that in versus populum
(facing the people) celebration "[i]t would be a grave error to imagine that the principle
orientation of the sacrificial action is towards the community." True. But Catholicism is
a sacramental, incarnational religion, not a purely "spiritual" religion. "Interior
spiritual orientations" tend to be represented by external signs and symbols. If the
spiritual orientation of the sacrificial portion of the Mass is not towards the people, why
would anyone want to introduce the custom of celebrating the Mass facing the people?
Is it possible that liturgists introduced this custom in the 1960's due to a massive loss of
faith on their part?
I think so and believe there is considerable evidence. The problem is, we have gotten
stuck with this absurd position because many good Catholics were conned into
believing-shortly after the Council-that this was "what Vatican II wanted." In short,
the position facing the people was given a quasi-legal status in the minds of many. And
many conservative Catholics have an exaggerated reverence for positive law (or what
they think is positive law). For this reason many good conservative priests and bishops
of the conciliar generation correctly believe that a) the Mass is a propitiatory sacrifice di-
rected toward God, but that b) it should be celebrated in such a way (facing the people)
as to help undermine that belief because "the law says so." Of course they do not con-
sciously think of it that way, but nonetheless hold both propositions.
It makes me think of the story of the emperor's new clothes. Everyone remarks on
the naked emperor's beautiful clothes because the authorities say he is wearing beauti-
ful clothes. Finally, a little boy sees him for what he is-a naked old man. What we
need is that little boy-i.e. a new generation of laity, priests, and, ultimately, bishops who
can truly see the obvious. If our "interior spiritual orientation" at Mass should be to offer
the Eucharistic sacrifice versus Deum, should not then the "physical position" of all of us
be--versus Deum?

FROM THE EDITORS

3
 St. John the Baptist Byzantine-Catholic Cathedral; Outside Icons, North wall (Parma, OH)

HOLY WEEK AND EASTER IN ROME AT

THE TIME OF GREGORY XVI AND PIUS IX
The Papal Chapel
During the nineteenth century, up until the fall of Rome in 1870 and the unification of
Italy under the Royal House of Savoy, the Pope was not only the visible head of the
Church, but also the temporal ruler of the Papal States which occupied much of central
Italy. The Pope was, therefore, surrounded by not only ecclesiastical dignitaries but also
by those who were responsible for the civil government. Attendance in the papal chapel
could be an elaborate affair involving many dignitaries, all governed by strict rules
which determined rank and precedence. During ceremonies in the Sistine Chapel, the
Holy Father sat on his throne at the gospel side of the altar with stools for his attendants
on either side. The cardinal bishops sat on a bench extending towards the front entr2.nce
from the right of the platform on which the Pope's throne was situated. The cardinal
priests were placed next to the cardinal bishops on the same bench, while the cardinal
deacons occupied the bench on the opposite side of the chapel. Each cardinal had his
chaplains, one of whom was always in attendance in the chapel. The Latin Patriarchs of
Constantinople, Antioch, Alexandria and Jerusalem were situated on a bench to the left
of the papal throne, and places of privilege were accorded to the Patriarchs of Venice, the
Indies, and Lisbon, as well as any Eastern Rite Patriarch who might be in attendance.
The Governor of Rome sat opposite the papal throne, and the Prince Assistant (:~ep­
resenting the Roman nobility) stood on the platform nearest the first cardinal deacon.
The Auditor of the Apostolic Chamber, who was the administrator of justice, sat next to
the governor with the Treasurer of the Chamber and the Prefect of the Apostolic Palace,
HOLY WEEK the latter being major-domo to the Pope. Archbishops and bishops who could claim no

4
civil rank or special ecclesiastical privilege sat further back in the chapel on benches
opposite the throne. Similar seating was provided in descending order of rank for the
protonotaries apostolic, the Archimandrite of Messina, the Commendatore (or
President) of the Hospital of Santo Spirito, the abbots general, the Conservators (or Civil
Council) of Rome, the Auditors of the Rota, the twelve Clerks of the Chamber, the six
Voters of the Signature, general members of the pontifical family, the private chamber-
lains, the consistorial advocates (or lawyers), and the vicars general of the mendicant
orders. Finally, space was given to the Noble Guard and to any visiting foreign royalty
or ambassadors. These, therefore, were those individuals who might enjoy the privilege
of celebrating Holy Week with the Pope.

Palm Sunday
The season of Lent was particularly austere in Rome. The Lenten fast was maintained
throughout the city by decree of the Cardinal-Vicar, and non-Catholics were obliged to
eat in private to avoid giving public scandal. All theaters were closed, and there were
few if any diversions other than attending church ceremonies or listening to the elo-
quence of the Lenten preachers. Non-Catholic visitors were often bored with the strict
fasting and observance of penance, and they either avoided the city during Lent or else
went to visit in nearby Tivoli or Ostia. Most everyone, however, returned for Holy Week
and the splendid ceremonies, particularly in the major basilicas. None of the cere-
monies, however, could equal the grandeur of the papal court.
The papal liturgy for Palm Sunday was celebrated in the Sistine Chapel, the Holy
Father being the last to enter and take his place. After being blessed, the palms were pre-
sented to the Pope, and all others in the chapel came forward to receive a palm branch
from the Pontiff. They came forward according to ecclesiastical rank, first the cardinals,
then the patriarchs, archbishops, bishops, abbots, and all others who were accorded a
place in the chapel. The subsequent procession next left the Sistine Chapel and circled
around the Sala Regia before returning to the chapel. Then a cardinal priest celebrated
the Palm Sunday Mass. When the Pope was not officiating, as would be the case
throughout Holy Week, each of the patriarchal basilicas was represented by a liturgical
minister who was selected by the Pope from a list of names provided by the canons of
each basilica. It was customary for the assistant priest to come from St. John Lateran, the
deacon from St. Peter, and the sub-deacon from St. Mary Major.
In the afternoon, the Cardinal Grand Penitentiary went to the Basilica of St. John
Lateran to receive any penitent who might present himself for confession and absolu-
tion. In the same manner, he assisted at the Basilica of Saint Mary Major on Wednesday
of Holy Week and at St. Peter's on Holy Thursday and Good Friday. By the nineteenth
century this had become somewhat of a symbolic ceremony, but it reflected a practice in
earlier times when absolution for certain serious offenses could not be granted by a or-
dinary confessor but was reserved for the Grand Penitentiary.

Holy Thursday
The celebrations for Holy Thursday began on the preceding evening with the cele-
bration of Tenebrae, anticipating Thursday Matins and Lauds. In the papal chapel, the
first of the Lamentations of Jeremiah typically would have been sung at the time to the
music of Gregorio Allegri (1584-1652), while the second and third Lamentations were
simply chanted. The Miserere (Psalm 50) was traditionally the famous one by Allegri,
sung each year during Holy Week from the mid-seventeenth century until 1870.
The Holy Thursday Mass of the Lord's Supper was celebrated in the papal chapel by
the Cardinal Deacon of the Sacred College or, in his absence, by the oldest of the cardi-
nal bishops. At the conclusion of Mass, the Pope carried the sacrament in procession
from the Sistine Chapel to the Pauline Chapel where the "sepulchre" was formed. The
chapel was illuminated by 567 wax candles. Leaving the Pauline Chapel, the papal pro-
cession next went to the loggia or gallery overlooking St. Peter's Square, and the Holy HOLY WEEK

5
 Father would then bless the assembled people and the troops who were drawn up in
military order. Following the blessing, two cardinal deacons would read, one in Italian
and the other in Latin, a notice granting a plenary indulgence. Then the military bands
would play, the bells of St. Peter's would ring, and the artillery at nearby Castel
Sant'Angelo would fire in salute. Following the blessing, the Pope would then go to the
Sala Clementina, near the Sistine Chapel, for the Mandatum (or washing of the feet cere-
mony). At one time there had been two foot-washing ceremonies, the first taking place
after Mass when the feet of twelve sub-deacons were washed, and the second taking
place after dinner when the feet of thirteen poor people were washed. Both ceremonies
were performed by the Pope himself. It had become the custom by the nineteenth cen-
tury to have only the one ceremony involving thirteen priests. The selection of these
priests was governed by strict protocol. The ambassadors of Austria, France, Spain,
Portugal, and Venice would each select one priest for the ceremony, as would the
Cardinal Protector of Poland, the Cardinal Secretary of State, the Cardinal Chamberlain,
the Major-domo, and the Captain of the Swiss Guard. Three priests were named by the
Cardinal Prefect of Propaganda, one customarily being an Armenian. At one time, the
foot-washing ceremony took place in the Sala Ducale, opposite the Sistine Chapel, but it
was later moved to the more spacious Sala Clementina. Following the ceremony, the thir-
teen priests would then be invited to dine at the Vatican, and the Holy Father would. at-
tend briefly to bless the table. In the meanwhile, another dinner would be served else-
where for the members of the Sacred College.
In the evening, Tenebrae for Good Friday was celebrated in the papal chapel, with the
first of the Lamentations of Jeremiah being sung perhaps to the music of Palesb'ina
(1525-1594) and the Miserere being that of Tommaso Bai (c.1650-1714). Immediately after
the Matins of Tenebrae, the washing of the papal altar in St. Peter's took place. Six of the
most senior priests and their assistants approached the altar and stripped it of its altar
linens. It was then washed with water and wine in preparation for the paschal celebra-
tion. This deeply symbolic ceremony was also celebrated in several other Roman
churches.

Good Friday
The papal observance of Good Friday in the Sistine Chapel was centered around the
solemn afternoon liturgy with the reading of the prophetic lessons, the chanting of the
Passion, the solemn intercessions, veneration of the cross, and Mass of the Pre-sanctified.
At the veneration of the cross, the Holy Father removed his shoes and took off his cope
and miter before making a triple reverence at the entrance to the choir, at the middle of
the choir, and at the foot of the cross. All others in attendance then followed in strict
order of precedence to also venerate the cross, although only cardinals, bishops, cmd
generals of religious orders also removed their shoes. When the time came for the Mass
of the Pre-sanctified, the Holy Father went in procession to the Pauline Chapel to get the
consecrated host and return with it to the Sistine Chapel. Only the celebrant, however,
communicated on Good Friday, according to the liturgical practice of the time.
Following the solemn afternoon liturgy, Vespers were said in choir, and then a simple
and rather austere dinner was provided for the cardinals who had been in attendance
for the liturgies. Tenebrae for Holy Saturday was then celebrated in the papal chapel,
typically with musical settings of Allegri. In the evening the Pope and cardinals would
come in procession from the Sistine Chapel to St. Peter's for the showing of the three
great relics of the Passion. These were the lance of Longinus which had pierced Christ's
side on the cross, a piece of the True Cross, and the Volta Santo or handkerchief of
Veronica which bore the image of Christ's face. The relics would be exhibited from the
balcony over the statue of Veronica to the left of the papal altar. Throughout Rome, Holy
Week was a special time for the exhibition of the city's most revered relics. At the
Basilica of St. John Lateran, for example, the reliquaries containing the heads of St. Peter
HOLY WEEK and St. Paul were displayed throughout the Triduum.

6
Holy Saturday
The celebration of the Holy Saturday liturgy began with the lighting of the new fire.
This would have been early in the day, since the restoration of the Vigil as a "night of-
fice" would not occur until the following century during the reign of Pius XII. The cer-
emonies began when the cardinal-celebrant would go to the Pauline chapel for the new
light and incense. On his return to the Sistine Chapel, he was accompanied by two
mace-bearers, two acolytes (one bearing five grains of incense and the other carrying the
censer), a sub-deacon carrying the processional cross, a deacon carrying a long rod on
top of which was affixed three tapers, the master of ceremonies (standing to the left of
the deacon and carrying a candle which had been lit at the new fire), and two addition-
al acolytes. The three tapers on top of the rod were each lit in tum with the three-fold
singing of "Lumen Christi," to which the assembled people responded "Deo gratias."
The singing of the Exultet and the lighting of the Paschal Candle, and the reading of the
prophetic lessons, then followed. However, there was no blessing of the font in the
papal chapel, and the pre-Mass liturgy concluded simply with the singing of the Litany
of the Saints.
It was only at this moment in the Holy Saturday liturgy that the Pope made his ap-
pearance in the Sistine Chapel, wearing a white cope and miter and taking his place at
the papal throne which had been stripped of its penitential drapery. The assembled
cardinals then made their homage to the Pontiff, and the cardinal-celebrant began Mass.
Trumpets were sounded at the singing of the Gloria, and the artillery at Castel
Sant'Angelo was fired. Following the reading of the epistle, a subdeacon approached
the papal throne. After first kneeling in front of the Pope and then rising, the sub-dea-
con would say, "Pater sancte, annuntio vobis guadium magnum, quod est, alleluia"
(Holy Father, I announce to you great joy, that is, alleluia). Then the alleluia was sung
and the gospel was chanted. Following the Liturgy of the Eucharist, a shortened
Vespers was celebrated, and the Holy Saturday ceremonies concluded with a papal
blessing. During the evening hours in Rome, the Resurrection was celebrated with a
joyous display of fireworks known as the Girandola. This took place sometimes at Castel
Sant'Angelo, sometimes in the Piazza del Popolo, or occasionally on the Janiculum.

Easter Sunday
During Holy Week, the papal liturgies were celebrated in the Sistine Chapel in the
presence of the Holy Father. But on Easter Sunday, the Pope himself was celebrant of a
Papal Mass in S1. Peter's, one of three regular occasions during the year when such a
special Mass took place (the other two being Christmas and the patronal feast of SS.
Peter and Paul). Those taking part in the procession assembled in the Sala Ducale and
Sala Regia, from whence the procession slowly made its way to the Basilica. During the
reign of Gregory XVI, the procession included the following:

Esquires
Proctors of the College
Procurators of Religious Orders
Ecclesiastical Chamberlains (Outside the City)

First Miter Bearer

Second Miter Bearer
Third Miter Bearer
Bearer of the Tiara

Private Chamberlains
Consistorial Advocates
Ecclesiastical Chamberlains
Choristers of the Chapel HOLY WEEK

7
 Abbreviators of the Park
Clerks of the Chamber
Master of the Sacred Palace
Auditors of the Rota

Incense Bearer
Three Acolytes with Candlesticks / Cross Bearer / Four Acolytes with Candlesticks
Two Porters of the Red Rod

Greek Sub-deacon / Latin Sub-deacon / Greek Deacon

Penitentiaries of St. Peter's

Mitered Abbots
Bishops, Archbishops, and Patriarchs
Cardinal Deacons
Cardinal Priests
Cardinal Bishops

General Staff and Officers of the Guard of Nobles

Grand Herald and Grand Esquire
Lay Chamberlains
Conservators of Rome, and Prior of the Magistrates of Wards
Prince Assistant to the Throne
Governor of Rome

Two Auditors of the Rota (serving as Train-Bearers)

Two Masters-of-Ceremony

Cardinal Deacon (2nd Assistant) / Cardinal Deacon (for Gospel & Mass)
Cardinal Deacon (1st Assistant) / Private Chamberlain Bearing Fan
Private Chamberlain Bearing Fan

THE POPE
(borne in his chair by 12 supporters and under canopy
held by 8 referendaries of the signature)
The Papal Household
Six Swiss Guards Representing the Catholic Cantons

Private Chamberlain / Dean of the Rota / Private Chamberlain

Major-Domo / Auditor of the Apostolic Camera / Treasurer

Prothonotaries Apostolic
Regent of the Chancery and Auditor of Contradictions
Generals of religious Orders

This large procession was escorted by members of the Noble Guard and Swiss
Guard. As soon as the Pope appeared in the Basilica, the choir intoned "Tu es Pemis,"
and the large bells of St. Peter were rung. The procession, however, halted when the
Pontiff reached the Chapel of the Holy Sacrament, where he momentarily descended
from his chair to adore the Blessed Sacrament. The procession then continued, and the
Pope went to a throne placed on the epistle side of the choir and received the homage
of the cardinals, patriarchs, archbishops, bishops, etc. Then he intoned the "Deus in ad-
jutorium" and vested for Mass while the Office of Terce was being celebrated. After the
incensing of the altar at the beginning of the Mass, the Pope went to his throne at the
HOLY WEEK Cathedra altar in the apse. The epistle and gospel were chanted in both Latin and
8
Greek, seven candle-bearers assisting at the Latin Gospel and two at the Greek.
A "praegustatio" ceremony took place at the offertory, with the sacristan tasting both
the bread and wine in a ceremony which originated as a protection against poisoning.
Then the Pope came forward to the papal altar for the liturgy of the Eucharist, attended
not only by the normal ministers but also by the two assisting cardinal deacons who
went to each side of the altar and stood facing one another until the Pope returned to his
throne in the apse for communion. This ceremony with the two cardinal-deacons was
particular to Easter, and it was said to have represented the angels who stood by the
tomb of Christ. At the elevation, the Pope first raised the host and then the chalice at the
center and at each side of the altar, and the silver trumpets of the Noble Guard sounded
from the dome of St. Peter's. After the Lord's Prayer, the Holy Father returned to his
throne at the Cathedra altar. The "praegustatio" ceremony was then repeated by the sac-
ristan, and then the cardinal-deacon brought a consecrated host to the throne so that the
Pope could receive communion. The chalice was brought by a sub-deacon, and the Holy
Father received the consecrated wine through a reed.
Following communion the Pope returned to the altar for the conclusion of Mass.
Replacing his miter with the tiara, he was then presented with a purse containing the
customary offering for singing Mass in St. Peter's. Attended only by two acolytes, the
Pope then went to a kneeling stool in the midst of the church to venerate the sacred relics
which were once again exhibited. Then the Pontiff and his entourage processed down
the nave and out of St. Peter's, accompanied by the sound of bells, military bands, and
the roar of artillery from nearby Castel Sant'Angelo.

After 1870
Many of the great events and ceremonies described above occurred for the very last
time in the Spring of 1870, for great political changes were stirring in Italy which would
have a dramatic impact on the Papacy. On the twentieth of September of that year, at
5:15 in the morning, an event occurred which had been anticipated in Rome with a com-
bination of dread and resignation. The royal troops of King Victor Emmanuel II had
commenced their attack on the Papal City. At 9:30, a white flag was raised over the
cupola of St. Peter's, and within ten minutes the firing ceased. The capitulation of the
Papal States was signed at 3:00 in the afternoon, and Italian troops entered the city. With
the taking of Rome, the Papal States ceased to exist, and the unified nation of Italy was
born. Although Popes continued to wear the tiara-the papal crown-for the next
eighty-nine years, the temporal authority of the Supreme Pontiff was basically at an end.
Fifty-nine years after the fall of Rome, the Pope was granted sovereignty over Vatican
City which, with an area of 110 acres and a population of about 400, remains the small-
est independent state in the world.
The end of real temporal power in 1870 brought significant changes to the papal court
and to the ceremonial life of the church in the Eternal City. That life had been not only
a reflection of the church as it existed at the time of Gregory XVI and Pius IX but also a
general reflection of society in nineteenth century Europe. But political, social, and eco-
nomic forces were at work to change much of Europe, and the Church could claim no
immunity from these forces. Easter in Rome would never be quite the same as it had
been on April 17, 1870.
VINCENT A. LENTI

HOLY WEEK

9
 St. Peter's Cathedral; North Side (Scranton, PAY

THE HYMNS OF THE

"LITURGIA HORARUM" (1971)
The Reform of the Divine Office
The consequences of the liturgical reforms instituted following the Second Vatican
Council have been perhaps most apparent to the general observer through the changes
seen in the Roman Catholic Mass. But liturgical reform touched all aspects of Catholic
liturgical life, and it might be argued that the changes in the Divine Office were the most
radical and far-reaching of all. The distinctions between Pius V's Breviarium Romanum
and Paul VI's Liturgia Horarum are numerous and profound. The history of the revision
of the Divine Office is a complex one, which can be briefly summarized. Eight study
groups were appointed in 1964 for the purpose of revising the celebration of the Divine
Office, each of these groups being assigned a specific responsibility: revision of the
psalter, distribution of psalms, scripture readings, patristic readings, hagiographic read-
ings, hymns, songs, and overall structure of the Divine Office.] A ninth study group was
established three years later in 1967, being assigned responsibility for the intercessions
at Lauds and Vespers. By the end of 1968 a specimen of the revised office2 was prepared
and sent to all bishops and religious superiors for their reaction, comments, and sug-
gestions. In general, the reaction was a positive one, often accompanied by an urgen: re-
quest to move quickly towards the publication of the new Divine Office, since many
priests at the time were apparently abandoning the old breviary. In June of 1969 the
French bishops received permission to publish the new four-week psalter;3 several other
countries soon following France's example. The newly completed Liturgia Horarum was
officially promulgated in the apostolic constitution, Laudis canticum, on November 1,
1970, and published in February 1971.

The Selection of Hymns for the Liturgia Horarum

The study group responsible for the revision of the hymns associated with the Divine
Office was headed by the noted Latinist, Anselmo Lentini, O.5.B. (Italy), who bore the
THE HYMNS title realtor. The other members of his group were Ildefonso Tassi, 0.5.B. (Italy); Abbot

10
Karl Egger, c.R.L. (Italy); Msgr. Evaristo D'Anversa (Italy); Msgr. Giovanni Lucchesi
(Italy); Placide Bruylants, 0.5.B. (Belgium); and Lucas Kunz, 0.5.B. (Germany). The
group, therefore, was dominated by Italians and Benedictines. After three years of work,
two other members were added: Secondo Mazzarello (Italy) and Bonifacio Borghini,
O.5.B. (Italy), two more Italians and one of them another Benedictine. The addition of
Mazzarello was an interesting one, since he had the distinction of being the only parish
priest among the study group members. It is rather remarkable to note that the work of
Lentini and his colleagues was accomplished mainly through correspondence rather
than actual meetings.
The conciliar mandate concerning hymns in the Divine Office was a rather simple and
direct one, consisting of the two sentences of paragraph 93 of the Constitution on the
Sacred Liturgy.4 The hymns were to be restored to their original form, questionable texts
should be removed or changed, and new selections from the repertoire of hymns should
be incorporated. Therefore, Lentini's study group was faced with the three-fold task of
restoration, correction, and addition. The restoration of hymn texts to their original form
was perhaps the easiest task, since this mainly involved eliminating the extensive
changes made to the breviary hymns in the seventeenth century under authority and di-
rection of Pope Urban VIIJ.5 The process of correction and addition was a much more
difficult and time-consuming task. The initial results of the study group's labors were
ready in 1968, and permission was obtained from Pope Paul VI to publish the new hym-
nal6 with a provision that the 296 hymns contained in the volume could be provisional-
ly used. There were significant differences between this interim publication of the hymn
texts and the eventual hymn content of Liturgia Horarum published three years later.
Changes made between 1968 and 1971 included discarding some hymns which were not
well-received, adding hymns for the Easter Triduum and the Office of the Dead, and
adding separate hymns for the saints who are specifically mentioned in the Gospels.
The final result of these changes was a selection of 291 hymns which were then includ-
ed in the four volumes of the new Divine Office, Liturgia Horarum.
The number of hymns chosen for inclusion by Anselmo Lentini and his colleagues
was very much larger than what had been included in the various editions of the
Breviarium Romanum The editio princeps of the Pian breviary, published in 1568, contained
only ninety-one hymns. Although the selection of hymns grew somewhat during the
ensuing centuries, the total number of hymns never even reached 150. In doubling the
size of the hymnal for the new Liturgia Horarum, an enormous existing repertoire of Latin
Office hymns was available to the study group. Many of these hymn texts had found no
place in the Roman liturgy for centuries. Lentini commented on this fact in one of his
reports? when he observed, "It is sad to see that the very rich treasury of poetic
songs...has been left in obscurity, never displaying the wealth of its precious stones ei-
ther to churchmen or laity." From this very rich treasury, Anselmo Lentini and his col-
leagues chose hymn texts by such well-known ancient authors as Adam St. Victor (c.
1150), St. Ambrose (397?), Paul of Aquileia (802), Peter Damian (1072), Prudentius (c.
405), Sedulius (c. 450), and Fortunatus (c. 600). More than one-third of the hymn texts
which they chose date from before the tenth century, some of them as early as the last
decade of the fourth century. Although many of these texts have been well-known for
centuries, the identity of their authors has been long forgotten. Therefore, authorship
cannot be assigned to many of the most well-known and widely used Latin Office
hymns.

Hymns of the Weekly Cycle

The weekly cycle of Liturgia Horarum contains sixty-four hymns, more than twice the
number found in the breviary of Pius V. There are now two hymns for each of the minor
hours of terce, sext, none, and compline. s The four traditional hymns for these hours-
Nunc Sancte nobis Spiritus, Rector potens verax Deus, Rerum Deus tenax vigor and Te Iucis
ante terminum-have all been retained and four additional hymns included. These THE HYMNS

11
 newly chosen hymns-Certum tenentes ordinem, Dicamus laudes Domino, Ternis horarum
terminis, and Christe qui splendor et dies-are all drawn from traditional sources.
Two cycles of hymns are provided for the major hours, one for use during weeks one
and three, and the other for weeks two and four. Therefore, there are now fourteen
hymns for lauds and fourteen for vespers. Once again, the traditional repertoire has
been largely retained, with newly assigned hymns being selected principally from tra-
ditional sources. Among the additional hymns assigned to lauds is lam Iuds orto sidere,
the hymn text which was formerly used in connection with the office of prime (now sup-
pressed). There are twenty-eight hymns for the office of readings, compared with seven
assigned to the weekly cycle in the old office of matins. These twenty-eight hymns in-
clude two hymns for each day--one diurnal and one nocturnal-for weeks one and
three, and a similar pairing of daily hymns for weeks two and four. The traditional
hymns of matins Primo die quo Trinitas (now entitled Primo dierum omnium), Somno refec-
tis artubus, Consors paterni luminis, Rerum creator optime, Nox atra rerum contegit, Tu TrinUas
Unitas, and Summae Parens dementiae have all been retained, and the additional hynms
for the office of readings have been well-chosen from traditional Roman Catholic
sources. In general the selection process for the weekly cycle shows great respect for the
old Latin hymn tradition, only two of the sixty-four hymns being newly composed.
Both of these are by Anselmo Lentini.

Hymns of the Temporal Cycle

Hymns for the temporal cycle include six for Advent, fifteen for the Christmas season,
nine for Lent, eleven for Holy Week, nineteen for the Easter season, three for Ascension,
and four for Pentecost, to which are added three each for Trinity Sunday, Corpus Christi,
Sacred Heart of Jesus, Christ the King, and the thirty-fourth week in ordinary time. This
selection of eighty-two hymns for the temporal cycle is almost as large as the en:ire
hymn selection in the original edition of Pius V's breviary. The three traditional hynms
for Advent-Creator alme siderum, Verbum supernum prodiens, and En clara vox redarguit-
are retained, although the first and third of these now bear the titles Conditor alme siderum
and Vox clara ecce intonat due to the restoration of the original texts. Liturgia Horarum
provides three more Advent hymns, these being proper to the week before Christnlas
(i.e. December 17-24). For Christmas itself the former Pian breviary had only two
hymns, lesu redemptor omnium (for vespers and matins) and A solis ortus cardine (for
lauds). The new hymnal now gives three hymns for the solemnity, adding Anselmo
Lentini's Candor aeterne deitatis alme as a hymn for the office of readings. Following
Christmas is the feast of the Holy Family, instituted by Pope Leo XIII in 1893 and now
celebrated on the Sunday in the Octave of Christmas. The office hymns for the day were
traditionally drawn from Leo's own writings. Two of his hymns are currently assigned
to the feast (one for vespers and one for the office of readings), while a new hymn for
lauds has been provided by Lentini.
January first in the calendar has had a varied liturgical history. For most of the time
during which Pius V's breviary was in use, it was the Solemnity of the Circumcision, and
the office hymns were essentially Christological in nature. The date is now observed as
the Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God, and the choice of hymns reflects the thematic
change in the liturgy. Happily, the assigned hymns now include Corde natus ex parentis,
the magnificent hymn of Prudentius which was somehow never included in the
Breviarium Romanum. This is one of the truly great hymn texts from Christian antiquity;
but it was perhaps a more familiar text (through translations) among many Protestants
than among Roman Catholics. Its restoration to the Catholic liturgical tradition should
be considered to be one of the better decisions made by Lentini and his colleagues.
The choice of hymns for Epiphany falls along very traditional lines. For vespers the
assigned hymn is Hostis Herodes impie (formerly entitled Crudelis Herodes Deum) by
Sedulius, while the hymns for the office of readings and lauds-Magi videntes parvulum
THE HYMNS and Quicumque Christum quaeritis- are both from the writings of Prudentius. In addi-

12
tion to the three Epiphany hymns, Liturgia Horarum provides three hymns for the cele-
bration of the Baptism of the Lord. These are all drawn from the ancient Catholic hymn
tradition.
The Lenten season is represented by nine hymns, three of them for the minor hours
of terce, sext, and none. In addition, each of the major canonical hours has a Sunday and
weekday hymn, and these include the traditional Lenten hymns Ex more docti mystico,
Audi benigne conditor, and 0 sol salutis intimis, the third of these now bearing the correct-
ed title of lam Christe sol iustitiae. Holy Week also has nine hymns, which include the tra-
ditional Vexilla regis prodeunt and Pange lingua gloriosi, both by Fortunatus. These are as-
signed for use at vespers, lauds, and the office of readings. In addition, Liturgia Horarum
provides a single hymn for the minor hours on Palm Sunday, a vesper hymn for Holy
Thursday, hymns for each of the minor hours (except compline) on Good Friday and
Holy Saturday, and hymns for each of the major hours on Holy Saturday. Lent and Holy
Week, therefore, have a total of eighteen assigned hymns, compared with only one-third
that number in the old breviary. These hymns are taken from the old Latin repertoire,
many dating from the sixth to eighth centuries, and none later than the thirteenth.
Liturgia Horarum also provides a generous selection of hymns for Easter. In addition
to the two traditional hymns for Easter Sunday-Aurora caelum purpurat and Ad regis
Agni dapes (now with corrected titles of Aurora lucis rutilat and Ad cenam Agni providi)-
there is a complete set of hymns for each of the canonical hours during the Easter Season,
that includes two for the office of readings. There are three hymns for Ascension
Thursday-one each for lauds, vespers, and the office of readings-and four hymns for
Pentecost. Happily, Veni creator Spiritus has retained its role as the vesper hymn follow-
ing Ascension. Traditional hymns are provided for the offices of terce and lauds, and for
the office of readings during the Pentecost season.
The three Solemnities of the Lord which occur following Pentecost-Corpus Christi,
Trinity Sunday, and the Sacred Heart of Jesus-each have three assigned hymns for their
major canonical hours. Happily, the three traditional hymns of St. Thomas Aquinas-
Pange lingua gloriosi, Sacris sollemniis iuncta sint gaudia, and Verbum supernum prodiens-
have been retained for Corpus Christi. Regrettably, the three traditional hymns for
Trinity Sunday have all been reassigned to the weekly cycle, being replaced on Trinity
Sunday by newly composed hymns of Anselmo Lentini. There have also been changes
in the selection of hymns for the Solemnity of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, although the
current selection of two hymns by Filippo Bruni (1771) and one attributed to St. Bernard
(1153) appear to be well-reasoned and appropriate choices.
The end of the liturgical year is served by three hymns assigned to the Solemnity of
Christ the King and three hymns assigned for use during the thirty-fourth week in or-
dinary time. Two of the three hymns formerly assigned to Christ the King-Te saeculo-
rum principem and Aeterna imago Altissimi-have been retained in the new office, al-
though the latter hymn has been transferred from matins to lauds. Newly assigned to
Christ the King is lesu rex admirabilis, which dates from the twelfth or thirteen century.
For the final week in ordinary time, Lentini and his colleagues have wisely chosen to use
the Dies irae, divided into three sections for the three major canonical hours.

Hymns of the Sanctoral Cycle

Liturgia Horarum includes a particularly rich selection of 104 hymns for the sanctoral
cycle, compared with only about half that number in the Breviarium Romanum. 9 The
fifty-four dates which have assigned hymns include all seven solemnities, all but one of
the twenty-three feasts, and twenty-five of the memorials:

St. Agnes Oanuary 1) The Queenship of Mary (August 22)

The Conversion of St. Paul Oanuary 25) St. Bartholomew (August 24)
The Presentation (February 2) St. Augustine (August 28
The Chair of Peter (February 22) The Beheading of St. John the Baptist (August 29)
St. Joseph (March 19) St. Gregory the Great (September 3) THE HYMNS

13
 The Annunciation (March 25)
St. Mark (April 25)
St. Catherine of Siena (April 29)
St. Joseph the Worker (May 1)
SS. Philip and James (May 3)
S. Matthew (May 14)
The Visitation (May 31)
St. Barnabas (June 11)
The Birth of St. John the Baptist (June 24)
SS. Peter and Paul (June 29)
St. Thomas the Apostle (July 3)
St. Benedict (July 11)
St. Mary Magdalene (July 22)
St. James the Apostle (July 25)
SS. Joachim and Anna (July 26)
St. Martha (July 29)
St. Ignatius Loyola (July 31)
The Transfiguration (August 6)
St. Dominic (August 8)
St. Lawrence (August 10)
The Assumption (August 15)
St. Bernard of Clairvaux (August 20)
The Birth of Mary (September 8)
St. John Chrysostom (September 13)
The Triumph of the Cross (September 14)
Our Lady of Sorrows (September 15)
St. Matthew (September 21)
Michael, Gabriel, and Raphael (September 29)
St. Jerome (September 30)
Guardian Angels (October 2)
St. Francis of Assisi (October 4)
Our Lady of the Rosary (October 7)
St. Teresa of Avila (October 15)
St. Luke (October 18)
SS. Simon and Jude (October 28)
All Saints (November 1)
St. Martin (November 11)
The Presentation of Mary (November 21)
St. Andrew (November 30)
St. Ambrose (December 7)
The Immaculate Conception (December 8)
St. Stephen (December 26)
St. John the Evangelist (December 27)
Holy Innocents (December 28)

A selection of sanctoral hymns from the breviary has been retained in Liturgia
Horarum. These include the three hymns of Girolamo Casanate (1700) for St. Joseph--Te
Ioseph ce1ebrent agmina cae1itum, Cae1itum Ioseph decus atque nostrae, and Iste quem 1aeti co1-
imus fideli-and various hymns in honor of the Virgin Mary, such as Praeclara custos vir-
ginem and Te dicimus praeconio (for The Immaculate Conception), Solis 0 Virgo radiis am-
icta (for the Assumption), Stabat mater do1orosa (for Our Lady of Sorrows), and Te gestien-
tem gaudiis (for Our Lady of the Rosary). Also surviving the close scrutiny of Lentini and
his colleagues was Pope Urban VIII, who took such an unfortunate interest in the bre-
viary hymns during his pontificate. He is represented in Liturgia Horarum by two hymns
in honor of St. Teresa of Avila-Regis superni nuntia and Haec est dies qua candidae.
In spite of the retention of selected hymns, however, there have been major changes
in the hymns for the sanctoral cycle. Although the Breviarium Romanum was compara-
tively rich in hymnody for feasts of the Blessed Virgin Mary, it was surprisingly sparse
for many of the important saints of the calendar. For examples, no proper hymns were
provided for any of the four evangelists. The offices for Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John
shared the same two common hymns, Exsultet orbis gaudiis for vespers and lauds, and
Aeterna Christi munera for matins. By contrast, however, St. Martina, St. Hermenegild,
St. Venantius, and St. Juliana Falconieri all had at least one proper hymn assigned to
their feasts days.lO The process by which Juliana Falconieri deserved a proper hyrnn
("Bride of the Lamb, a Juliana...") while the four evangelists had to share common
hymns is perhaps an interesting commentary on the development of the sanctoral cal-
endar. Therefore, the process of correction and addition facing Lentini's study group
had to include addressing the serious deficiencies of the sanctoral hymns. This they ac-
complished not only by selecting appropriate hymns from the existing repertoire, but
also by providing newly written texts when necessary. Therefore, about one quarter of
the hymns for the sanctoral cycle are of modem origin. Contemporary authors include
Evaristo D'Anversa (1968), Vittorio Genovesi (1967), and Anselmo Lentini, the over-
whelming number of these new hymns are by Lentini.
One further observation needs to be made, this being an important distinction be-
tween the sanctoral and temporal hymns. Since the sanctoral cycle in general developed
later than the basic temporal cycle of the liturgical year, it should not be surprising to
note that the hymns of the sanctoral cycle are less likely to date back to the earliest cen-
THE HYMNS turies of Christian hymnody. As a matter of fact, approximately seventy percent of the
14
hymns for the sanctoral cycle of Liturgia Horarum date from no earlier than the eleventh
century. By contrast, about seventy-five percent of the hymns for the temporal cycle date
from no later than the tenth century.

Hymns of the Commons

Lentini and his colleagues have provided a total of fifty"common hymns," to be used
on occasions when there is no specific hymn provided in the sanctoral. These would in-
clude the offices for twenty-eight obligatory memorials during the church year plus all
of the optional memorials on the calendar. These "general hymns" include three for the
Dedication of a Church, six for the Blessed Virgin Mary, four for Apostles,lJ nine for
Martyrs, six for Pastors, two for Doctors of the Church, four for Virgins, ten for Saints
(i.e. those saints who are not Martyrs, Pastors, etc.), two for Religious, and four for the
Office of the Dead. Among the included hymns are some of the best-known of the ear-
lier Latin texts:
Aeterne Christi munera/et martyrum (5th c.?)
Angularis fundamentum (8th-9th c.)
Ave maris stella (8th-9th c.)
Deus tuorum militum (5th-7th c.?)
Exsultet caelum laudibus (10th c.?)
Iesu corona celsior (10th c.)
Iesu corona virginum (4th-5th c.?)
Iesu redemptor omnium/perpes (8th c.)
o glorisa domina (7th-8th c.?)
Quem terra pontus aethera (7th-8th c.?)
Rex gloriose martyrum (6th c.)
Sanctorum meritas inclita gaudia (11th.?)
Urbs Ierusalem beata (8th-9th c.)
Virginis Proles opifexque matris (9th c.)

In spite of the inclusion of such a rich selection from traditional sources, more than
one-quarter of the"common" hymns are of modem origin. These include texts by au-
thors such as Pietro Piacenza (1919), Francesco Saverio Reuss (1924), Biagio Verghetti
(1945), and Anselmo Lentini. Lentini has contributed eleven "common" hymns, includ-
ing one for Apostles, two for the Blessed Virgin Mary, two for Doctors of the Church, and
two for Religious. Of perhaps greater significance is the fact that all four hymns for the
Office of the Dead are by Lentini. The decision to write new hymns was prompted by
what Lentini described as the opportunity provided by the recent reforms for now ex-
pressing the "hopeful and glad Christian hope of entering the eternal kingdom of
God."12 Apparently the Dies irae was deemed inappropriate for this task.

Conclusion
The process of "restoration, correction, and addition" which occupied Anselmo
Lentini and his colleagues for seven years was a monumental task, coming as it did dur-
ing a period of extensive changes in the liturgical life of Roman Catholics. Although the
resulting collection of 291 hymns has much to recommend it, there has been inevitable
criticism from various quarters. For example, there are those who decry the loss of
Urban's revised versions of the ancient hymns, preferring the stylism of Renaissance
Latin poetry to the original texts of ancient authors such as Prudentius, Fortunatus, and
Ambrose. Such an attitude is not shared by many hymnologists. Nonetheless, the
restoration of the original texts meant the loss of familiar texts, and this was an unset-
tling development for some who could not appreciate or understand the reasons for the
changes. Others might criticize Lentini and his colleagues for omitting a favorite hymn,
or perhaps for transferring a hymn from one office to another. Still others might express
regret at the choice of some hymns, particularly newly-written texts. The fact that
Anselmo Lentini contributed so many texts to Liturgia Horarum, being the single most THE HYMNS

15
 frequently encountered author, may have troubled some observers. However, in spite
of such occasional criticism, the study group deserves praise for the inclusion of so many
hymns from the ancient Catholic tradition. The collection stands as an important testi-
mony to the important contribution made by Roman Catholicism to the Christian hymn
tradition, a contribution which is not always fully understood or appreciated.
The final question to be addressed is one of assessing the significance and influence
of the hymn selection for Liturgia Horarum. By the time the new Latin Office books were
published in 1971, movement was already underway throughout the Roman Catholic
world to produce vernacular versions. Unlike the psalter or canticles, or the biblical or
patristic readings, there was no expressed urgency or motivation to retain--or even to
translate-the Latin hymns. As a matter of fact, everyone was encouraged to develop
and utilize their own vernacular hymns. Paragraph 178 of the General Instructions of
"The Liturgy of the Hours" specified that, "For vernacular celebrations, conferences of
bishops may adapt the Latin hymns to suit the character of their own language and in-
troduce fresh compositions..." As a consequence, the English-language "Liturgy of the
Hours" contains no more than about twenty Latin hymns. And while there are several
other hymns which are translations from the Latin, it is safe to say that the Latin hymn
tradition is not a truly important feature of "The Liturgy of the Hours." That tradition,
however, is amply represented in Liturgia Horarum. This publication remains important
not only to those who continue to celebrate the office in the Latin language, but also for
anyone who has a particular interest and feeling for the Latin tradition of the Western
Church. For these individuals, Liturgia Horarum contains a rewarding collection of
hymns which truly should be cherished. 13
VINCENT A. LENTI

NOTES

1 A ninth study group was established three years later in 1967, being assigned responsi··

bility for the intercessions at lauds and vespers.

2 The specimen contained the revised office for one weekday (Monday of the Fourth Week;,

and one saint's day (St. Ignatius Loyola).

3 Published under the title Priere du temps present.

4 The Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy was the first constitution published by the

Second Vatican Council, its final approval and promulgation taking place in the presence
of Pope Paul VI on December 4,1963
5 The Breviarium Romanum containing the revised hymn texts was issued by Pope Urban

VIII on January 25, 1631, in the eighth year of his reign.

6 Hymni instaurandi Breviarii Romani. Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1968.

7 Realtor report of November 10, 1966.

8 The titles of the canonical hours are given here and elsewhere using their traditional

titles rather than the new terminology (e.g., daytime prayer, evening prayer). The only ex--
ception is the use of "office of readings" which is arguably a new canonical hour and not
simply a revision of matins.
9 The editio princeps of Pius V's breviary contained only seventeen hymns for the sanctoral

cycle.
10 The feast days for these four saints are no longer even observed as part of the General

Roman Calendar.
11 This number includes two hymns for specific use during the Easter season.

12 Lentini, Anselmo. Ie Decet Hymnus: L'Innario della "Liturgia Horarum." Typis Polyglottis

Vaticanis, 1984, p. 294.

13 Those with interest in the Latin hymns can turn to the four-volume Liturgia Horarum or

to the Liber Hymnarius published by Solesmes in 1983, which contains 290 of the Office
hymns with musical settings. The only hymn not included in this fine publication is
memoriaIe mortis Domini, the hymn assigned for Holy Thursday vespers. It was omitted
because the rubrics direct that "evening prayer" is said "only by those who do not
THE HYMNS participate in the evening Mass of the Lord's Supper."

16
St. John the Baptist Byzantine-Catholic Church (Youngstown, OH)

An Odyssey of "Resurrection": The Aeolian

Organ at Winona (MN) State University
If a business professor's essentially single-handed efforts since 1992 prevail, Aeolian
Opus 1544, bought as a Memorial to graduates of a Minnesota University during the
1920's but inoperable for decades, will play again. With only $8,000 raised so far, against
an estimated need of $250,000, it is a classic example of "tilting against windmills." But
eminently worth doing!
In southeastern Minnesota, Winona is an historic Mississippi River city that enjoyed
a late-nineteenth century boom based upon lumber, and which has since diversified into
manufacturing and services. It is also horne to Winona State University, part of the
Minnesota State Colleges and Universities System.
Established in 1858, the University opened two years later as Winona State Normal
School, primarily to train teachers. Only 12 similar institutions in the United States
began earlier, none west of the Mississippi. Since then, it gradually broadened its mis-
sion, became a four-year institution and changed its name repeatedly as appropriate.
Present enrollment is approximately 7,000.
After its Old Main was destroyed by fire on December 3, 1922, plans evolved quickly
for a new and larger, central administration building. Named Somsen Hall, after
Stephen H. Somsen, Resident Director from 1909 to 1933, it was to house classrooms, of-
fices, and a 1,OOO-seat auditorium.
Meeting at a St. Paul reunion on November 2, 1923, alumni(ae) considered various
proposals to replace nearly 40 lost class memorials that had been presented annually by
graduating classes since 1885. A decision was made to buy a pipe organ for the new au-
ditorium, the consensus being that one large memorial would serve better than many
smaller ones. An organ was seen as "a fitting and beautiful symbol of the fine loyalty AN ODYSSEY

17
 and generosity of the alumni and friends of the College." Furthermore, it would make
"an improtant, cumulative, cultural impression upon generations of students as they
come and go."
A directory of graduates and other former students was assembled and a Memorial
Organ Fund Committee set a goal of $25,000, drawing favorable responses from many.
Governor J.A.O. Preus approved the effort and assured them that he would accept the
gift officially when it materialized. Quick approval also came from Minnesota
Education Commissioner James M. McConnell. Four influential local organizations also
commended the project to Winona's citizens.
Support came rapidly. Faculty pledged $1,000. The Senior Class would give at least
$500, and Juniors, to be the first graduating class to enjoy the new organ's music, voted
to raise $600. It also would donate proceeds from its class play, anticipated to be at least
$250. In about one month, two-thirds of the $25,000 was realized in cash and pledges.
Pleased by all this, the Committee urged all possible speed in making further collec-
tions, since, by mid-February of 1924, concrete was being poured for the auditorium and
stage floors. Although openings had been left for blower pipes from the basement to the
organ chambers, complete construction details had to wait until the amount available for
the organ was known.
Meanwhile, donations continued. Engineers and janitors turned in an unsolicited
joint subscription "of good size." Casting a net farther afield, an Organ Bulletin was sent
to out-of-town alumni (ae), requesting donations and reporting progress.
On February 15, 1924, the Committee expressed concern about the difficulty of rais-
ing the last $5,000, but worry was unnecessary. At a student assembly, personal conb~i­
butions totaling more than $200 were made, in addition to previous class pledges. The
College's dramatic club announced that net proceeds of its production of Booth
Tarkington's comedy "Clarence" would also go to the organ fund. By February 20,
$22,237.50 had been realized; and by March 1, the Committee was sure that the goal
would be achieved. When complete, the drive secured secured 1, 050 pledges, ranging
from $1 to $2,000, totaling approximately $31,000. It had taken only two months. (If the
amount seem small, it should be remembered they are in mid-1920's dollars.)
In late February, the Committee focused on selecting the manufacturer and inviting
proposals. Horace G. Seaton, organist at St. Paul's Episcopal Church in Winona, helped
with technical details and drawing up specifications. After reviewing a half-dozen
builder proposals, he went to Chicago to inspect representative instruments. Later, he
also traveled to Newark, New Jersey to try out one built by the firm later selected.
Ultimately, the College contracted with New York City's Aeolian Company in April
1924 for an organ costing $28,500. Related installation costs, including electrical con-
nections, ductwork for the wind supply from the basement blower, and plaster grills to
cover the organ-chamber openings at either side of the stage and on the auditorium ceil-
ing, designed to provide room symmetry, added $4,000. Costs were covered fully by
paid subscriptions before installation began.
Following extended delay, console, pipes, chests, and other parts were finally shipped
from Aeolian's Garwood, New Jersey plant, arriving after a month-long trip aboard rail-
road flatcars. An accomanying expert then assembled the organ in Winona. First used
during the June 1925 Commencement Week Program, it was not totally complete and ac-
cepted until January 1926.
The organ was greeted with enthusiasm. The Winonan the (student newspaper) of
December 19, 1924 said that "the control console, the brain, the beauty and power of the
instrument, is a handsome giant walnut shell, encasing three manuals [with] a full range
of control switches and pedals." Equipped with a "Duo-Art Control," a reproducing de-
vice using player rolls, it "plays great organ selections in the exact manner in which they
are played by the artists themselves." The console came with a 30-foot connecting cable,
making possible various stage positions, or movement toward the orchestra pit.
AN ODYSSEY Describing the music-making parts, enthusiastic article continued: "Housed in a

18
room behind the wall to the right of the stage . . . this equipment boasts an intricate
arrangement of wires, circuits, and hundreds, perhaps more than a thousand metal and
wood pipes." (Note: Although two chambers had been provided, only the right one
contains organ equipment. Until Somsen Hall's major late-1980's renovation, the left
one was empty. Since then, it has housed unrelated electrical equipment.) The Aeolian
organ was proclaimed"a full-range musical instrument, with all the standard capabili-
ties, even by today's standards."
For the formal dedication on February 1, 1926, Palmer Christian, Director of the
Organ Department at the University of Michigan, was recitalist. American born and
Chicago based, Mr. Chrsitian included in his professional training, work with Karl
Straube in Liepzig and Alexadre Guilmant in Paris. As of his Winona concert, he had
appeared as soloist with the Chicago, Detroit, Rochester, Philadelphia, and Cincinnati
Symphony Orchestras.
Christian played an informal afternoon concert, then a formal evening one. The lat-
ter included "Fantasia and Fugue in G Minor" by Bach; "To the Evening Star" from
Wagner's Tannhauser; Prelude to "The Blessed Damozel" by Debussy; "Traumerei" by
Richard Strauss; "Minuetto Antico e Mesetta" by Yon; and "Preludio" by Corelli. Also
performed were works by Alfred Hollins, Alexander Russell, Sigfrid Karg-Elert, Gaston
Dethier, Mulet, and d'Anatalffy.
The program note for the Bach selection read, "In all the Bach organ works there is
nothing so strikingly dramatic as this 'Fantasia'. There are passages with an expressive,
declamatory character then unheard of, and chord progressions of unequaled daring.
The fascinating theme of the 'Fugue' is developed with marvelous skill; it has been
likened to a cathedral whose beauty as a whole is at once apparent, but whose beauty in
detail requires study."
After a period of use, the Winonan attested to a correct purchase decision: "The
instrument, which through tests has measured up to the highest standards of perfection
of its parts and in its voicing, blending, and ensemble, has indeed proved a very fitting
memorial. Its extensive use in college activities is promoting and enhancing a spiritual
and ennobling atmosphere in cultural college life." It was seen as a "memorial to that
long line of graduates who for over half a century have been daily realizing Winona's
ideals in their lives of service. The organ will sing your songs triumphant, the 'peace
that passeth understanding; and the joy and hope of all youth on the quest.'"
For years, the organ was used regularly in assembly programs, concerts, and recitals,
but by the 1970's it had fallen out of favor and was no longer being played or main-
tained. Pipework vandalism had occurred, wiring had gone bad, the console lost its
player mechanism somehow, and general neglect took its toll. Some pipes were even re-
moved as replacements for damaged ones, or fill-ins for missing ranks, in another
Aeolian in Winona, Opus 155t in the Paul Watkins Mansion-now called the Watkins
Home, a nursing residence for the elderly-apparently with the University's blessing.
This is regrettable, because the organ was then intact and completely restorable. The
console has since been moved to one side of the auditorium, where it has been subject
to abuse. The pedalboard is disconnected, the finish marred.
The State of Minnesota spent some $6 million renovating Somsen Hall during
1987-89. Many furnishings were returned to their original splendor. No funds, howev-
er, went toward restoring the Aeolian to operating condition. To this day, no effective
desire to restore exists, by Administration, alumni(ae), or others. The Music Department
does not consider it an appropriate teaching instrument, preferring a more 'classical'
one. Area organists and technicians differ about what should be done, some favoring
restoration, other rebuilding or replacement.Consequently, this historic Aeolian organ
languishes, awaiting a possible renewed appreciation of what it is, and continuing
progress toward the goal of the original fundraising drive: to make a "cultural impres-
sion upon generations of students."

AN ODYSSEY

19
 EPILOGUE
Efforts to restore the Memorial Organ started again in 1992. As a self-appointed com-
mittee-of-one, the author has received encouragement, but only modest support. As of
December 31, 1997, $7, 565 had been received. An initial article describing the situation
appeared in Chronicles (Spring, 1991), a publication of the Winona County Historical
Society. Other progress-reporting and fund-soliciting articles have appeared regularly
in local media. During 1997, the renovation effort received national publicity in the
Convention Issue of The Tracker (R), official jounral of The Organ Historical Society,
based in Richmond, Virginia. In addition, Winona State University Foundation funds
underwrote printing of a 40-page illustrated booklet giving more detailed information,
as well as analysis by knowledgeable people, and recommendations for further action.
A key item in ongoing fund raising, it is available upon request to the author.

APPENDIX
Specifications copied by Michael D. Friesen, upon inspecting the organ personally on
November 27, 1989:
Aeolian Organ Company, New York, NY, Op. 1544, 1925, a "3-41" (43 speaking stops;
some stops extended but not discemable; rank count uncertain)

Great Pedal
16' Double Open Diapason 16' Open Diapason
8' First Open Diapason 16' Violone
8' Second Open Diapason 16' Bourdon
8'Gemshom 16' Lieblich Gedeckt (Sw.)
8' Gross Flute 16' Dulciana (Ch.)
8' Claribel Flute 8' Open Diapason (ext.)
4' Principal 8' Flute (ext.)
4' Harmonic Flute 8' Cello (ext.)
8' Tuba Sonora 16' Trombone
Tremulant 16' Fagotto (Sw.)

Swell Couplers
16' Bourdon Great to Pedal 8'
8' Hom Diapason Great to Pedal 4'
8' Gedecket (ext.) Swell to Pedal 8'
8' Salicional Swell to Pedal 4'
8' Celeste Choir to Pedal 8'
8' Viole d'Orchestre Pedal Octave
8' Aeoline Swell to Great 16'
4' Octave Swell to Great 8'
4' Wald Flute (ext.) Swell to Great 4'
2' Flageolet (ext.) Choir to Great 16'
V Mixture Choir to Great 8'
16' Contra Fagotto Choir to Great 4'
8' Comopean Swell to Choir 8'
8' Oboe Swell to Swell 16'
8' Vox Humana Swell Unison Release
Tremulant Swell to Swell 4'
Great to Great 16'
Great Unison Release
Great to Great 4'
Choir to Choir 16'
Choir Unison Release
Choir to Choir 4'
Great to Swell 8'
Choir to Swell 8'
AN ODYSSEY Pedal to Swell 8'
20
Choir Accessories
16' Contra Dulciana Duo-Art Release
8' Open Diapason Aeolian Venti!
8' Hohl Flute Aeolian Reroll
8' Dulciana Tempo Indicator
8' Vibrato Dulciana Unison-Normal-Reverse
4' Flute d'Amour Tonal Indicator Off-Full (Crescendo)
2' Piccolo Sforzando
8' Cor Anglais Great pistons 1-6, 0
8' Clarinet Swell pistons 1-6, 0
Tremolant Choir pistons 1-5, 0
Upper-Lower Set pistons
Forte piston
Piano piston
Great chimes
Swell chimes
Choir chimes
Great expression pedal
Swell expression pedal
Choir expression pedal
Pedal expression pedal
Crescendo pedal
Toe studs for coupler and pistons
plates lost; exact functions not
discernabIe)

JOSEPH H. FOEGEN, Ph.D.

AN ODYSSEY

21
 High Altar of St. Matthew Cathedral (Washington D.C.)

VERSUS APSIDEM CELEBRATION IN TH:E

NOVUS ORDO-THE VATICAN RESPONS:E
The Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments has been
asked whether the expression in n. 299 of the Instituto Generalis Missalis Romani consti-
tutes a norm according to which the position of the priest versus apsidem (facing the apse)
is to be excluded.
The Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments, after ma-
ture reflection and in light of liturgical precedents, responds:

Negatively, and in accordance with the following explanation.

The explanation includes different elements that must be taken into account.
It is in the first place to be borne in mind that the word "expedit" does not constitute
an obligation but a suggestion that refers to the construction of the altar a pariete
sejunctum (detached from the wall) and to the celebration versus populum. The clause
ubi possibile sit refers to different elements as, for example, the topography of the place,
the availability of the space, the artistic value of the existing altar, the sensibility of the
people participating in the celebrations in a particular church, etc. It reaffirms that the
position towards the assembly seems more convenient inasmuch as it makes communi-
cation easier [d. The editorial in Notitiae 29 (1993) pp. 245-246], without excluding, how-
ever, the other possibility.
However, whatever may be the position of the celebrating priest, it is clear that the
Eucharistic Sacrifice is offered to the one and triune God, and that the principal, etenlal,
and high priest is Jesus Christ who acts through the ministry of the priest who visibly
VERSUS APSIDEM presides as his instrument. The liturgical assembly participates in the celebration in

22
virtue of the common priesthood of the faithful that requires the ministry of the
ordained priest to be exercised in the Eucharistic Synaxis. The physical position, espe-
cially with respect to the communication among the various members of the assembly,
must be distinguished from the interior spiritual orientation of all. It would be a grave
error to imagine that the principle orientation of the sacrificial action is towards the com-
munity. If the priest celebrates versus populum, which is legitimate and often advisable,
his spiritual attitude ought always to be versus Deum per Jesus Christum, as representa-
tive of the entire Church. The Church as well, which takes concrete form in the assem-
bly that participates, is entirely turned versus Deum as its first spiritual movement.
It appears that the ancient tradition, though not without exception, was that the cele-
brant and the praying community were turned versus orientem, the direction from which
the light that is Christ comes. It is not unusual for ancient churches to be "oriented" so
that the priest and the people were turned versus orientem during public prayer. It may
be when there were problems of space, or of some other kind, the apse represented the
east symbolically. Today the expression versus orientem often means versus apsidem, and
in speaking of versus populum it is not the west but rather the community present that is
meant.
In the ancient architecture of churches, the place of the Bishop or the celebrating priest
was in the center of the apse where, seated and turned towards the community, his
proclamation of the readings was listened to by the congregation. Now this presidential
place was ascribed neither to the human person of the bishop or priest, nor to his intel-
lectual gifts and not even to his personal holiness, but to his role as an instrument of the
invisible Pontiff who is the Lord Jesus.
When it is a question of ancient churches or great artistic value it is appropriate,
moreover, to keep in mind civil legislation regarding changes or renovations. Adding
another altar may not always be a worthy solution.
There is no need to give excessive importance to elements that have changed through-
out the centuries. What always remains is the event celebrated in the liturgy: this is
manifested through the rites, signs, symbols and words which express various aspects
of the mystery without, however, exhausting it, because it transcends them. Taking a
rigid position and absolutizing it could become a rejection of some aspect of the truth
that merits respect and acceptance.

JORGE A. CARDINAL MEDINA ESTEVEZ, PREFECT

ARCHBISHOP FRANCESCO PIO TAMBURRINO, SECRETARY

(CONGREGATION FOR DIVINE WORSHIP

AND
THE DISCIPLINE OF THE SACRAMENTS)

PROTOCOL NO. 2036/00/L

VATICAN CITY SEPTEMBER 25,2000

VERSUS APSIDEM

23
 Christ the King Chapel, Christendom College; Sanctuary (Front Royal, VA)

THE QUESTION OF A CHORAL SANCTU:S

AFTER VATICAN II-A CANON
LAWYER'S OPINION
Article 168 of the General Instruction of the Roman Missal and article 216 of the in-
troduction to the Missal 2000 read:

"The preface is said by the principal celebrant alone; the Sanctus is sung or recited
by all the concelebrants with the congregation and the choir".

This would seem to prohibit in practice the singing of a polyphonic Sanctus, sinCE' in
practice the singing of a polyphonic Sanctus would inhibit priest and people from say-
ing or singing the Sanctus together. This, however, is wrong and for several reasons.
First, we must look back at Vatican II's 1963 constitution on the liturgy which explains
the purpose of the liturgical reform and the principles to guide it. In Sacrosanctum con-
cilium the Council said that sacred music has a true liturgical function (art. 29) and that
it is necessary or integral to the solemn liturgy (art. 112). It also said that the Church has
always sought the aid of the arts in liturgy and preeminently so of sacred music (art.
112). Clothing the sacred text in song, "a liturgical service takes on a nobler aspect" (art.
113). More specifically, the Council said that the treasury of sacred music is to be pre-
served and cultivated with the greatest care, that choirs are to be assiduously developed
(art. 114), that Gregorian chant-the Latin Church's own music-is to be given the lead
spot, and that polyphonic music is by no means excluded from the liturgy (art. 116).
Two years later came the instruction Inter oecumenici, which provided the first install-
ment of liturgical reforms. One of the notable reforms of this document was to abrogate
THE QUESTION the practice under the Missal of Pius V whereby the priest was required to sing or say

24
all the texts of the Mass (other than those responses made by the servers)-even those
sung by the choir (art. 48). Thus, even at a missa cantata he had to recite the text of the
Gloria, Credo and Sanctus, even as the choir was singing every word of these texts. One
might add that, as moral theology was taught before these liturgical reforms, the omis-
sion of a notable part of the Mass's texts without excuse was considered a mortal sin.
Sensibly, this 1964 instruction ended the practice, for it necessarily implied that sacred
music was not "necessary or integral" to the liturgy (since for lawfulness the priest still
had to say the words). Instead, this practice implied that sacred music was merely an
add-on to the liturgy and one clearly dispensable at that.
One must also make note of the character of this 'instruction'. In general, as canon 34
states (and this was the law in 1964 as well), an instruction does not change the law, it
merely explains it. But clearly, this 1964 instruction was intended to change the law and,
indeed, abrogate or derogate from many parts of it. The key to understanding the im-
port of the instruction is in its last sentence. The instruction was not only approved by
the pope and ordered to be published-as is the case with all instructions emanating from
the Roman curia, the final clause says "Pope PauL.gave it specific approval as a whole
and in its parts, confirmed it by his authority, and ordered it to be published". Now the
pope can approve a curial act in either of two ways. He can approve it in forma generali,
in which case it remains an act of the curia and retains its original character. Or he can
confirm the act in forma specifica, in which case the act ceases to be merely the act of the
dicastery and becomes also that of the pope and enjoys his authority as well and so is
law and is no longer merely a curial instruction. Since the instruction was clearly dero-
gating from the law, such specific approval was necessary in order for the 1964 instruc-
tion to be effective.
Moving now three years to 1967 and the instruction, Musicam sacram, a similar situa-
tion obtained. It states that it is intended as a continuation in fact of the reforms of Inter
oecumenici. It also states that it is not intended to be an integral restatement of the law
(d. Canon 20) relating to sacred music (art. 3). But the instruction clearly was intended
to abrogate or derogate from the existing law, including the 1958 instruction on sacred
music which had been approved in forma specifica. To do what article 3 of the instruction
purports to do, the 1967 instruction needed to have the same character as the 1964 in-
struction. If you look at its final sentence, however, you also see that the 1967 instruc-
tion was approved by the pope in language different from that of the 1964 instruction.
It is not stated that the pope"gave it specific approval as a whole and in its parts;", but,
on the other hand, nor is it only approved by the pope in general form. Significantly,
however, the final clause adds that it was approved by the pope and also"confirmed by
his own authority". While the sentence does not say so as fully as one might wish that
the instruction was approved in forma specifica, that must needs have been the intention.
Thus, I argue that by intention and its express language"confirmed by his own author-
ity", Musicam sacram was also an instruction approved in forma spcifica. That means that
its norms are law themselves and not merely explanations of it.
If we look now to the body of the text of Musicam sacram, we see that it expressly fore-
sees that a polyphonic Sanctus might lawfully be sung. Its article 34 foresees two ways
of singing the Ordinary of the Mass, both a plan A and a plan B. Plan A is the case when
there is "part-singing for the chants of the Ordinary of the Mass [when] they may be
sung by the choir alone in the customary way, that is either a cappella or with instru-
mental accompaniment". Plan B is to divide the Ordinary between the choir and con-
gregation in which case "the Sanctus should as a rule be sung by the entire assembly
along with the priest". Musicam sacram thus provides as its plan B for what is described
in article 168 as well as for a plan A or polyphonic plan. This is perhaps why articles 15-
17 of the 1975 instruction and articles 35-37 of Missal 2000 do not place the Sanctus (and
certain other parts of the Ordinary) in the category of responses "that the gathered faith-
ful must contribute" or those "assigned to the whole congregation called together". THE QUESTION

25
 In short the value being guarded by the instructions or the object of the reform is thus
not to suppress the singing of the polyphonic Sanctus, but to end the practice wher.~by
the priest merely recites the text in disregard of the music which Vatican II declared in-
tegral to the liturgy or disregards the presence of the congregation. Laws-as canon 17
commands in cases of interpretation-must be interpreted according to the mind of the
legislator and so the evil to be remedied must be considered to inform our understand-
ing of the text.
While canon 20 states that a later law derogates from an earlier one, a universal law
does not derogate from a special one, unless the latter expressly so states. Here the 1975
or 2000 instruction forms a later general law and Musicam sacram forms a set of special
norms governing sacred music. Thus we have the case contemplated by canon 20 and
we may also note that Musicam sacram has also made provision-as its plan B-for arhcle
168. Since the latter general norm does not expressly abrogate plan A of Musicam sacram,
under canon 20 Musicam sacram's plan A must be still lawful. This seems a true applica-
tion of canon 20 and the result is reinforced by the approval of Musicam sacram in forma
specifica.
Furthermore, canon 21 says that where there is doubt whether a prior law has been
revoked, revocation is not to be presumed but rather the later law is to be interpreted.. so
far as possible to harmonize it with the earlier one. By treating the singing of a poly-
phonic Sanctus as subject to special norms and so as not governed by articles 168 or 216,
we can harmonize the two laws and so apply canon 21.
Moreover, if we understand the value of sacred music and its genuinely liturgical
function and the function of the choir as the vicar of the congregation and, here, too.. of
the priest, there is really no conflict between Musicam sacram and article 168/216, for
what is commanded by the latter is accomplished by its vicar, the choir. It is a venera-
ble canonical maxim and one accorded the place of a general principle of law (d. 19) that
qui facit per aliam facit per se". In this view the choir is but the vicar of the congregation
II

and the priest and so there is really no legal opposition between Musicam sacram's plan
A and plan B.
Thus, reading article 168/216 in the context of the intentions of the Council and the
other post-conciliar reform documents and applying canons 17, 19,20 and 21, one con-
cludes that the ius vigens does not proscribe the singing of a polyphonic Sanctus in the
Latin Church, even though the effect would be that priest and people might not thereby
themselves sing every word of the text of the Sanctus.

DUANE L.C.M. GALLES, JD, JeL

THE QUESTION

26
AD LIMINA ADDRESS BY THE POPE ON
ACTIVE PARTICIPATION
Discourse ofthe Holy Father to the Bishops ofthe Episcopal Conference of the United States ofAmerica
(Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana and Alaska) at their Ad Limina Visit October 9,1998.

Dear Brother Bishops,

1. With fraternal love in the Lord I welcome you, the Pastors of the Church in the
Northwestern United States, on the occasion of your ad Limina visit. This series of visits
by the Bishops of your country to the tombs of the Apostles Peter and Paul, and to the
Successor of Peter and his collaborators in the service of the universal Church, is taking
place while the whole People of God is preparing to celebrate the Great Jubilee Year of
2000 and enter a new Christian Millennium. The two thousandth anniversary of the
Birth of the Savior is a call to all Christ's followers to seek a genuine conversion to God
and a great advance in holiness. Since the liturgy is such a central part of the Christian
life, I wish today to consider some aspects of the liturgical renewal so vigorously pro-
moted by the Second Vatican Council as the prime agent of the wider renewal of
Catholic life.
To look back over what has been done in the field of liturgical renewal in the years
since the Council is, first, to see many reasons for giving heartfelt thanks and praise to
the Most Holy Trinity for the marvelous awareness which has developed among the
faithful of their role and responsibility in this priestly work of Christ and his Church. It
is also to realize that not all changes have always and everywhere been accompanied by
the necessary explanation and catechesis; as a result, in some cases there has been a mis-
understanding of the very nature of the liturgy, leading to abuses, polarization, and
sometimes even grave scandal. After the experience of more than thirty years of litur-
gical renewal, we are well placed to assess both strengths and weaknesses of what has
been done, in order more confidently to plot our course into the future which God has
in mind for his cherished People.

2. The challenge now is to move beyond whatever misunderstandings there have

been and to reach the proper point of balance, especially by entering more deeply into
the contemplative dimension of worship, which includes the sense of awe, reverence
and adoration which are fundamental attitudes in our relationship with God.
This will happen only if we recognize that the liturgy has dimensions both local and
universal, time-bound and eternal, horizontal and vertical, subjective and objective. It is
precisely these tensions which give to Catholic worship its distinctive character. The
universal Church is united in the one great act of praise; but it is always the worship of
a particular community in a particular culture. It is the eternal worship of Heaven, but
it is also steeped in time. It gathers and builds a human community, but it is also the
worship of the Divine Majesty (Sacrosanctum Concilium, 33). It is subjective in that it de-
pends radically upon what the worshippers bring to it; but it is objective in that it tran-
scends them as the priestly act of Christ himself, to which he associates us but which ul-
timately does not depend upon us (ibid., 7). This is why it is so important that liturgical
law be respected. The priest, who is the servant of the liturgy, not its inventor or pro-
ducer, has a particular responsibility in this regard, lest he empty liturgy of its true
meaning or obscure its sacred character. The core of the mystery of Christian worship is
the sacrifice of Christ offered to the Father and the work of the Risen Christ who sancti-
fies his People through the liturgical signs. It is, therefore, essential that in seeking to
enter more deeply into the contemplative depths of worship the inexhaustible mystery
of the priesthood of Jesus Christ be fully acknowledged and respected. While all the
baptized share in that one priesthood of Christ, not all share in it in the same manner.
The ministerial priesthood, rooted in Apostolic Succession, confers on the ordained
priest faculties and responsibilities which are different from those of the laity but which ADLIMINA

27
 are at the service of the common priesthood and are directed at the unfolding of the bap-
tismal grace of all Christians (d. Catechism of the Catholic Church, no.1547). The priest
therefore is not just one who presides, but one who acts in the person of Christ.

3. Only by being radically faithful to this doctrinal foundation can we avoid one··di-
mensional and unilateral interpretations of the Council's teaching. The sharing of all the
baptized in the one priesthood of Jesus Christ is the key to understanding the Council's
call for full, conscious and active participation in the liturgy (Sacrosanctum Concilium, 14).
Full participation certainly means that every member of the congregation has a part to
play in the liturgy; and in this respect and great deal has been achieved in parishes and
communities across your land. But full participation does not mean that everyone does
everything, since this would lead to a c1ericalizing of the laity and a laicizing of the
priesthood; and this was not what the Council had in mind. The liturgy, like the Church,
is intended to be hierarchical and polyphonic, respecting the different roles assigned by
Christ and allowing all the different voices to blend in one great hymn of praise.
Active participation certainly means that, in gesture, word, song, and service, all the
members of the community take part in an act of worship, which is anything but inert
or passive. Yet active participation does not preclude the active passivity of silence, still-
ness and listening; indeed, it demands it. Worshippers are not passive, for instance,
when listening to the readings or the homily, or following the prayers of the celebrant,
and the chants and music of the liturgy. These are experiences of silence and stillness,
but they are in their own way profoundly active. In a culture which neither favors not
fosters meditative quiet, the art of interior listening is learned only with difficulty. Here
we see how the liturgy, though it must always be properly inculturated, must also be
counter-cultural.
Conscious participation calls for the entire community to be properly instructed in the
mysteries of the liturgy, lest the experience of worship degenerate into a form of ritual-
ism. But it does not mean a constant attempt within the liturgy itself to make the im-
plicit explicit, since this often leads to a verbosity and informality which are alien to the
Roman Rite and end by trivializing the act of worship. Nor does it mean the suppres-
sion of all subconscious experience, which is vital in a liturgy which thrives on symbols
that speak to the subconscious just as they speak to the conscious. The use of the ver-
nacular has certainly opened up the treasures of the liturgy to all who take part, but this
does not mean that the Latin language, and especially the chants which are so superbly
adapted to the genius of the Roman Rite, should be wholly abandoned. If subconscious
experience is ignored in worship, an affective and devotional vacuum is created and the
liturgy can become not only too verbal but also too cerebral. Yet the Roman Rite is again
distinctive in the balance it strikes between a spareness and a richness of emotion; it
feeds the heart and the mind, the body and the soul. It has been written with good rea-
son that in the history of the Church all true renewal has been linked to a re-reading of
the Church Fathers. And what is true in general is true in particular. The Fathers were
pastors with a burning zeal for the task of spreading the Gospel; and therefore they were
profoundly interested in all the dimensions of worship, leaving us some of the most sig-
nificant and enduring texts of the Christian tradition, which are anything but the result
of a barren aestheticism. The Fathers were ardent preachers, and it is hard to imagine
that there can be an effective renewal of Catholic preaching, as the Council wished, with-
out sufficient familiarity with the Patristic tradition. The Council promoted a move to a
homiletic mode of preaching which would, like the Fathers, expound the biblical text in
a way which opens its inexhaustible riches to the faithful. The importance that preach-
ing has assumed in Catholic worship since the Council means that priests and deacons
should be trained to make good use of the Bible. But this also involves familiarity with
the whole Patristic, theological and moral tradition, as well as a penetrating knowledge
of their communities and of society in general. Otherwise, the impression is given of a
ADLIMINA teaching without roots and without the universal application inherent in the Gospel

28
message. The excellent synthesis of the Church's doctrinal wealth contained in the
Catechism of the Catholic Church has yet to be more widely felt as an influence on Catholic
preaching.

4. It is essential to keep clearly in mind that the liturgy is intimately linked to the
Church's mission to evangelize. If the two do not go hand in hand, both will falter.
Insofar as developments in liturgical renewal are superficial or unbalanced, our energies
for a new evangelization will be compromised; and insofar as our vision falls short of
the new evangelization our liturgical renewal will be reduced to external and possibly
unsound adaptation. The Roman Rite has always been a form of worship that looks to
mission. This is why it is comparatively brief: there was much to be done outside the
church; and this is why we have the dismissal ltc, missa est, which gives us the term
Mass: the community is sent forth to evangelize the world in obedience to Christ's com-
mand (d. Mt 28:19-20).
As Pastors, you are fully aware of the great thirst for God and the desire for prayer
which people feel today. The World Youth Day in Denver stands out as evidence that
the younger generation of Americans too yearns for a deep and demanding faith in Jesus
Christ. They want to have an active role in the Church, and to be sent out in the name
of Christ to evangelize and transform the world around them. Young people are ready
to commit themselves to the Gospel message if it is presented in all its nobility and lib-
erating force. They will continue to take an active part in the liturgy if they experience
it as capable of leading them to a deep personal relationship with God; and it is from this
experience that there will come priestly and religious vocations marked by true evan-
gelical and missionary energy. In this sense the young are summoning the whole
Church to take the next step in implementing the vision of worship which the Council
has bequeathed to us. Unburdened by the ideological agenda of an earlier time, they are
able to speak simply and directly of their desire to experience God, especially in prayer
both public and private. In listening the them, dear Brothers, we may well hear what
the Spirit is saying to the Churches (Rev 2:11).

5. In our preparation for the Great Jubilee of the Year 2000, the year 1999 will be de-
voted to the Person of the Father and to the celebration of his merciful love. Initiatives
for next year should draw particular attention to the nature of the Christian life as "a
great pilgrimage to the house of the Father, whose unconditional love for every human
creature, and in particular for the prodigal son, we discover anew each day" (Tertia
Millenia Adveniente, 49). At the core of this experience of pilgrimage is our journey as sin-
ners into the unfathomable depths of the Church's liturgy, the liturgy of Creation, the
liturgy of Heaven all of which are in the end the worship of Jesus Christ, the Eternal
Priest, in whom the Church and all creation are drawn into the life of the Most Holy
Trinity, our true home. That is the purpose of all our worship and all our evangelizing.
At the very heart of the worshipping community, we find the Mother of Christ and
Mother of the Church, who, from the depths of her contemplative faith, brings forth the
Good News, which is Jesus Christ himself. Together with you I pray that American
Catholics when they celebrate the liturgy will have in their hearts the same song that she
sang: "My being proclaims the greatness of the Lord, my spirit finds joy in God my
Savior ... He who is mighty has done great things for me, holy is his name." (Lk 1:46-
50).
In entrusting the priests, religious and lay faithful of your Diocese to the Blessed
Mother's loving protection, I cordially impart my Apostolic Blessing.

POPE JOHN PAUL II

ADLIMINA

29
REVIEWS
Recordings
In Cena Domini (Gregorian Chants for the Vesperal
Mass of Maundy). The Schola of Our Lady of
Guadalupe Seminary. 1:01:57. Griffin Road, :P.O.
Box 196, Elmhurst, PA 18416. Tel (717) 842-4000.
Fax (717) 842-4001.
This is a lovely CD, which I would recommend
highly. The singing is first rate. One wonders
why there cannot be more seminaries that sing the
chant in such a sublime manner-or sing chant at
all. Of course that is another story, but we can be
grateful that the Fraternity of St. Peter is here and
has persisted despite all of its recent difficulties.
They need our support.
To purchase a copy of this CD, send all mailing
information with a check for $15.00 (US currency
only, please, payable to Fraternity Publications
Service) to Fraternity Publications Service, :P.O.
Box 196, Elmhurst, PA 18416. The price of the CD
includes shipping. All proceeds go toward the
building of Our Lady of Guadalupe Seminary, the
Priestly Fraternity of St. Peter's new seminary in
Lincoln, NE.
Kurt Poterack
OPEN FORM
Dear Editor:
I deeply appreciated the article by Peter
Lamanna published in the Spring 2000 issue of
Sacred Music, perhaps because I know that it was
published posthumously. The article brought to
mind the memory of a great and good man who
was our choir director and teacher at St. Charles
Borromeo Seminary in Philadelphia. When I
studied for the priesthood there, I learned much
from that wonderful teacher, whose love for the
Sacred Liturgy was profound and contagious.
His magnificent voice could fill a cathedral with
sound like controlled thunder, or gently and hu-
morously explain a text he wanted his students to
learn. He will be greatly missed, but his lessons,
like the man himself, will not soon be forgotten.
In Christ,
Rev. Christopher J. Mould
St. Mary Catholic Church
Fredericksburg, VA
30
NEWS
In July of 2000 a new edition of the General
Instruction to the Roman Missal was issued. I
cannot find the reference, but I read somewhere
that a liberal liturgist had said that the new edi-
tion was "two steps backward." Being a "conser-
vative liturgist" I agree-except with the di.rec-
tion. I think it was two steps forward, albeit baby
steps forward. One of those baby steps forward is
in article 41. Chant and polyphony are actually
mentioned. The previous General Instruction did
not even mention such music, which-at least in
the case of chant-Vatican II said should be given
"pride of place."
+
The Church Music Association of America, in
collaboration with Christendom College, invites
church musicians, singers and parish priests to at-
tend the eleventh annual Liturgical Music
Colloquium from Tuesday June 19 to Sunday June
24 2001 on the College campus in Front Royal, VA.
The program again includes a special 3-day
track for priests desirous of honing their chanting
skills and becoming "singing celebrants."
Parish organists and choirmasters seeking in-
spiration and instruction in Gregorian chant, sa-
cred polyphony (English and Latin), and pastoral
liturgy from world-class international experts,
should contact kpoterack@cs.com or bldamozel
@yahoo.com. Limited scholarship help is avail-
able, information from Fr. Robert A. Skeris, (920)
452-8584 or rskeris@excel.net.
+
For those of you who surf the net, try the web-
site: www.sacredmusicamerica.com.This is the
special website devoted to "Sacred Music in the
Western Tradition," started by Professor Donald
Keyes of Duquesne University. The Roman
Catholic portion is supervised by the Church
Music Association of America.
+
Our member, Charles Callahan, Director of
Music and Organist at The Church of the Holy
Family, New York City has been keeping busy. I
recently received notice of six of his compositions
receiving premieres lately. Two of them-a
Divertimento for Organ and String Quartet and
Magnificat and Nunc Dimittis-have been pub-
lished by Morning Star Music (St. Louis) and
Randall Egan (Minneapolis, MN), respectively.
+
 The Christendom College Choir and Schola
Gregoriana have released a CD entitled "Out of
the Heart of Christendom." It is available for $13
and can be purchased from the Christendom
Press by calling 1-800-877-5456 or by accessing the
web site www.christendom.edu.
+ traditionalism, at least in its more immobile form.
There was an article in the September 10th New
York Times entitled "Nearing Retirement, Priests of
the '60s Fear Legacy is Lost." It says that "[a]s the
aging priests tum to pass the torch to the next
generation, many of the men who are taking it up
seem strangers to them. The younger, conserva-
tive generation is more interested in sacramental
matters and issues of faith, and less moved by sec-
ular calls for social justice, surveys show." Now,
while this is true in a very general way, one has to
be careful not to be smug. While overall that gen-
eration-not all of whom are bad-are nearing re-
tirement, some are entering their prime. Some of
this generation of priests are just now becoming
bishops or taking possession of important sees.
Also, they trained the largely lay bureaucracies
(e.g. ICEL) which still dominate church life. Alas,
their glory days may be over, but their influence
will be felt for some time.
Interestingly Msgr. Philip Murnion, a theoreti-
cian of the late Cardinal Bernardin's Common
Ground initiative, is quoted as wondering out
loud: "In our desire to extend the meaning of the
sacred, did we end up with a situation in which
nothing is sacred?" Answer: Well, yes. But you
have created such a mess in this area that it will be
extremely hard to clean up.
+ Rochester, New York, where he also serves as di-
The September-October issue of Catholic
Dossier was devoted to Sacrosanctum Concilium.
This is good. Unfortunately-and I hate to seem
like a complainer, but-the contributors to this
issue were largely non-experts in the liturgical
field. The contributors seemed to fall into one of
two categories: conservative liturgical activists
(Fr. Fessio, Helen Hitchcock, Michael Rose) or ex-
perts in another field writing about liturgical mat-
ters for the first time (Janet Smith, Gerard
Bradley). I do not want to be a snob. I am glad
that more and more people are becoming interest-
ed in the new liturgical movement, but there are a
good many liturgical experts who could have
been asked to contribute to this issue. Why a
moral theologian (Janet Smith) was asked to write
on sacred music, when I have a whole stable of ex-
perts on musica sacra at this journal is beyond me.
(I take no offense since I assume none was in-
tended, but still ...)
However, the column which caught my atten-
tion most was Gerard Bradley's entitled
"Orthodoxy and Traditionalism." One of his
basic points seems to be a criticism of liturgical
To this end he cites Vatican II's distinction be-
tween "immutable elements" and "elements sub-
ject to change" in the liturgy. Fine. But this begs
the question. Just because an element may be
"subject to change" does not mean it should be
changed. Well, who decides whether an "element
subject to change" should be changed? According
to Professor Bradley, it is "Rome. Peter. The col-
legium of bishops." This is both true and a bit of
a positivist cop-out. It is true because the Pope is
the Supreme Law Giver, and for the well-ordering
of the Church any such decision he makes is legal
and must be obeyed. It is a bit of a positivist cop-
out in that any such liturgical decision the Pope
makes is not a matter of magisterial teaching on
faith or morals. He could be wrong, and his deci-
sion could cause (unintentionally) harm to the
faithful. It may be necessary to restore a non-im-
mutable element or two (or three or four, etc.)
which were officially dropped.
What are they? Well, that is what the on-going
discussion is all about.
CONTRIBUTORS
Vincent Lenti is on the faculty of the piano de-
partment at the Eastman School of Music in
rector of the community education department..
Duane L.C.M. Galles is a canon and civil lawyer
who resides in Minneapolis, MN. He is a frequent
contributor to Sacred Music.
Joseph H. Foegan is a Professor of Business at
Winona State University in Winona, MN.
31
 CHRISTENDOM COLLEGE
(COWlGIUMOIIUSTENDOMIENSIS I

DEPARTMENT OF THEOLOGY
Christendom College invites applications from Roman Catholic priests for the position of
Chaplain/Assistant Professor of Theology beginning August 2001. Christendom College
is a four-year Roman Catholic liberal arts college institutionally committed to the
Magisterium of the Catholic Church.

QUALIFICATIONS: The applicant should have at least a masters degree in Sacred

Theology, preferably with experience in teaching moral theology, historical theology or
the dogmatic tracts. Also, since the college's Chapel of Christ the King is an ecclesia major,
the chaplaincy and music department strive to carry out the Divine Liturgy with all due
splendor. A love for the sung Latin Liturgy, which the College celebrates on Sundays and
Feast days, is essential.

SALARY/BENEFITS: Salary negotiable, depending on qualifications and experience.

Health, life insurance, and retirement plan.

Please submit applications by March 1, 2001. Direct curriculum vitae and three letters of
recommendation to:

Dr. William Marshner

Chairman, Department of Theology
Christendom College
134 Christendom Drive
Front Royal, VA 22630

SACRED MUSIC (00474960) is a quarterly. Subscription is $20 annually. Office of Publication is 134
Christendom Drive, Front Royal, VA 22630. Publisher is the Church Music Association of America
(same address). Officers are RobertA. Skeris, 722 Dillingham Avenue, Sheboygan, WI 53081-6028, pres-
ident; Robert Pasley, 809 Park Avenue, Collingswood, NJ 08108, vice-president; Amy Guettler, 2112
Glen Spring Court, Falls Church, VA 22043, secretary; Ralph Stewart, 5389 22nd Avenue SW, Naples,
FL 34116, treasurer. Total copies: 1100. No sales through dealers. Main subscription and total circulc.-
tion: 1025. No free distribution. Kurt R. Poterack, editor.

32