1.

Disaccharide Constituent Monomers Glucose and galactose Maltose Sucrose Glucose and fructose
[5]

One role in living organisms

Energy / food source in (germinating) seeds

2. (b)

(a)

(Linear) sequence / order / arrangement / pattern of amino acids;

+

Description of H bond / attraction between dipoles e.g weak electrostatic bond Between H and O; In amine and carboxyl groups

and

Reference to the helix / secondary structure / - sheet/ strand ; (Bond between) R groups in coiling / tertiary stucture / 3D shape (c) Long chain / long strand / fibrils / reference to linear molecule Repeating sequence of amino acids; Many parallel strands lie side by side /eq; Reference to a helix / (pleated) sheet; Collagen has triple helix; Max 3
[8]

Max 3

3. (b)

(a)

1 1

Repeat experiment at a range of pH values at closer intervals / at smaller intervals of pH /eq (on either side of the optimum)

(c)

In very /eq acidic conditions / high concentration of H+; Reference to changes in R group ionisation /eq Bonding disrupted /eq; Enzyme / active site changes shape / tertiary structure changes denaturation ; Substrate / urea does not bond /eq with active site; 3

(d)

Shape affected more at pH 9 than 8 / more denaturation at pH9 than 8 H converse ; Enzyme-substrate complex formed less efficiently / eq 2

(e)

Use (buffer solution) pH7 throughout / optimum pH ; Same / stated concentration / volume of urea / substrate Range of concentrations of urease / enzyme; Use the same / stated volume of urease / enzyme; Named variable (e.g. time / temperature / volume of buffer) kept constant Max 4
[11]

4.

(a) B C D (b)

Phosphate

Deoxyribose (Organic) base / thymine / adenine; Hydrogen bond / H bond; 4

Total percentage of C + G = 84 %; Therefore T will be (100 84) 2; = 8%; 3

(c)

(i)

CGC\AGU\ACG;; [all correct = 2 marks, 1 error1 mark]

(ii)

3;

1
[10]

5.

All points must be in an appropriate context Diffusion 1 2 (Molecules / ions) move down / with a concentration gradient Rate increased by larger concentration difference / higher temperatures / smaller molecules or ions / larger surface area of membrane / small diffusion distance (or converse) ; Credit example of diffusion e.g. oxygen, carbon dioxide, water; Facilitated diffusion 4 5 6 (Molecules / ions) move down/ with a concentration gradient/eq Requires protein channel / carrier in membrane; Credit example of facilitated diffusion, such as glucose / amino acids / named ion

Osmosis 7 8 9 Movement of water; From high / less negative water potential / to low / more negative water potential / /eq; Across partially permeable /eq membrane;

Active transport 10 11 12 (Molecules / ions) move up / against concentration gradient; Requires protein channel / carrier in membrane; Credit further details of mechanism of active transport;

13Credit example of active transport, such as sodium / potassium / proton pumps; Endocytosis / exocytosis /pinocytosis / phagocytosis 14 15 OR Diffusion / facilitated diffusion / osmosis do not require ATP / energy;
[10]

Description of process; Active transport / endocytosis / etc require ATP / energy;

6. Process Takes place against a concentration gradient Requires energy in the form of ATP

Diffusion

X X X

X X X

Facilitated diffusion

Osmosis

Active transport

Any two correct boxes for one mark

[4]

7.

Condensation / polymerisation ; Deoxyribose ; Thymine ; [watch spelling] (double) helix ; Hydrogen ; [accept H]
[5]

8. (b)

(a) A B (c) (d)

Phospholipid ; Glycerol / propan 1,2,3 triol ; Ester bond / ester linkage ;

1 2 1

Insoluble in water / does not dissolve in water / non-polar ; (Fluid because) phospholipids move (around membrane) ; (Mosaic because) membrane contains proteins / glycoproteins (lying amongst phospholipids) / eq ;

2
[6]

9.

(a) B C (b) 1 2 3 4 5

right atrium ; [accept right auricle] 3

(pulmonary) semilunar valve ; mitral / biscupid / (left) av, valve ; Reference to, pacemaker / SA node / SAN ; (Wave of) excitation / eq, in (walls) of atria ; Causes contraction of (muscle in) atria (walls) ; Delay at, AV node / AVN ; Conducted to ventricles via, bundles of His / Purkyne fibres ; max 4
[7]

10.

amino acids / polypeptides / peptides ; peptide ; [not dipeptide] [accept peptide / hydrogen / disulphide / ionic if peptide or polypeptides given above] condensation / polymerisation ; ( ) helix / (alpha) helix ; hydrogen / H ;
[5]

11.

(a) (net) movement / eq of, molecules / ions / particles / gases / solute / named example ; from high concentration to low concentration / down a concentration gradient ; [ignore references to membrane] (b) concentration gradient / eq ; temperature ; (diffusion) distance / thickness (of membrane) ; [not size] permeability (of membrane) ; surface area (of membrane) ; size of, molecules / ions / particles ; polarity / solubility in lipids / eq ; (active transport) up / against concentration gradient / from low to high concentrations / involves carriers / ATP / energy / respiration ;

(c)

1
[5]

12.

(a) 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. (b) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

1. (mRNA) is a copy of DNA ; (copy of) part of DNA / eq ; (copy of) one strand / sense strand ; mRNA is complementary (to DNA) / mRNA made up of complementary bases ; mRNA strand, built / formed (looking for idea that mRNA strand is put together during the process) / reference to enzyme ; carries genetic code to, cytoplasm / out of nucleus / to ribosome ; genetic information / base sequence / code, in mRNA determines amino acid sequence ; codons / base triplet on mRNA ; determines amino acid ; (codons) pair with, complementary triplet / anticodons, on tRNA ; reference to start / stop codons / sequences / binding sequences ; occurs on ribosomes ;

3
[6]

13.

(a) pH ; enzyme concentration ; enzyme (solution) volume ; substrate (solution) volume ; total volume ; (b) more collisions / complexes ; with, enzyme / active site (and substrate) ; in unit time / eq ;

(c)

enzymes are working as fast as they can / reference to Vmax ; all active sites occupied / eq ; substrate concentration is no longer a limiting factor ; enzyme concentration is limiting ; line on graph begins at zero and is below original line ; less kinetic energy / molecules moving more slowly ; fewer collisions (between enzyme and substrate) ; less energetic collisions ; in unit time / eq ;

(d)

3
[9]

14.

(a) B C (b)

A phosphate ; pentose / ribose / deoxyribose / 5C sugar ; purine / pyrimidine / (organic) base / named example ; [watch spelling]

UCGGCAGGGCAG;; [one mistake = 1 mark, two mistakes = 0] making new DNA / copying DNA ; makes identical copies ; new molecule has one old and one new strand ; DNA strands separate / eq ; each strand acts as a template ; individual nucleotides line up against (old) strand ; complementary base pairing ; nucleotides joined (by DNA polymerase) ; one eighth / 12.5% ; eight strands have been formed from each original strand / eq ; interphase / S phase ;

(c)

(d)

2 1
[12]

(e)

15.

Accept points only in correct context 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. phospholipid bilayer ; polar / phosphate / hydrophilic (groups of phospholipids) face outwards ; nonpolar / hydrophobic / fatty acid tails face inwards ; reference to cholesterol ; molecules can move around ; proteins present in membrane ; qualification of the location of these proteins ; glycosidic / carbohydrate side chains on lipids / proteins / glycolipids / glycoproteins / glycocalyx ; involvement of proteins in transport (across membrane) ; by active transport / facilitated diffusion described (e.g. reference to attachment / change in shape) ; some proteins are enzymes ; partially / selectively permeable / eq ; reference to cell-cell interaction / recognition / antigens ; reference to receptors for hormones / neurotransmitters ; vesicle fusion / formation / description of membrane involvement in exo- or endo-cytosis ;
[10]

16.

large surface area ; thin (wall) / single cell ; reference to surfactant ; reference to capillaries ; concentration gradient ;

increases diffusion ; reduces diffusion distance ; stops adhesion / eq ; maintains, diffusion / 2+2
[4]

17.

(a) narrowing of the arteries ; thrombosis / blood clot ; (b) (ii) (i) age and gender ;

2 1

both increased with age ; figures similar 0-34 / over 65 ; deaths in males greater between 25-74 / converse for females / valid comparison for any age group in this range ; males levels off 45 onwards, females rises throughout ;

3
[6]

18. Statement Contains glucose Is a reducing sugar Contains glycosidic bonds Is transported in the phloem of flowering plants Encircle CORRECT answers Any TWO correct responses = 1 mark Blanks and ambiguous ticks are incorrect Put correct numbers of ticks to correspond with total mark
[4]

Sucrose

Maltose

19.

H2O ; (di)polar ; Hydrogen / H ; Solvent ; (specific) heat capacity ; [not latent heat capacity]
[5]

20.

(a) Making more DNA ; Molecule unwinds / strands separate ; Each strand acts as a template / eq ; Each molecule contains, one parental/ one new / one daughter strand ; New DNA is identical to original DNA / identical to each other / eq ; (b) Folding of secondary structure / eq ; To form irregular / 3D / globular shape ; Maintained by, hydrogen / ionic / disulphide bonds / eq ; Bonding determined by R-groups ; Shape is important for function ;

max 3

max 3
[6]

21. (ii)

(a) (i) Movement down concentration gradient / eq ; Involves protein in membrane ; (Active transport) requires, ATP/ energy ; (Active transport) occurs against/up the concentration gradient ;

2 2

(b)

(i) (0.05 mol dm-3 =) 90% and (0.07 mol dm-3 =) 15% ; Difference = (90-15) = 75% ; [allow 14% reading, no consequential error] (ii) Water potential of solution is more than that of red blood cells / allow converse ; Water enters the cells ; By osmosis / down water potential gradient ; Expansion of cytoplasm / eq / increasing pressure / stretching the membrane ; Shrink / shrivel up / crenate / eq / water would move out / exosmosis ;

max 3 1

(iii) (c)

Cell wall ; Resists expansion / eq ;

2
[12]

22.

ACCEPT POINTS ONLY IN CORRECT CONTEXT 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen ; Insoluble (in water) / hydrophobic ; Triglycerides consist of glycerol plus three fatty acids ; Joined by condensation reactions / formation of ester bonds ; Correct reference to saturated and unsaturated fatty acids ; Phospholipids consist of glycerol plus two fatty acids and a phosphate group ; Reference to non-polar/hydrophobic tails/fatty acids and polar/hydrophilic heads/phosphates of phospholipids ; Correct orientation of phospholipids, in cell membrane / phospholipids bilayer ; Role of phospholipids in cell membrane (fluidity/permeability etc) / role of surfactants ; Energy stores ; Reference to energy from fats / oils, compared with carbohydrates ; (mechanical) protection / packing qualified ; Insulation qualified (either electrical or thermal) ; Buoyancy ; Qualified reference to waterproofing / protection against entry of pathogens in plants ;
[10]

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

23. (b)

(a)

A is, an artery / named artery, and B is, a vein / named vein ;

(Lining / wall) one cell thick ; Thin cells / simple epithelium / squamous epithelium ; Alternative to first two marking points Thin walls ; Pores ; Selectively / partially permeable ; For transport / eq of, solutes / named solute / nutrients / molecules, to / from, cells / tissues ;

(c)

OR Movement of waste products / named waste product from cells ; (d) Increased blood pressure / hydrostatic pressure / hypertension / increased capillary permeability / decrease in plasma protein / colloidal osmotic pressure / protein / amino acid deficient diet / blocked lymphatic vessels / faulty valves in lymphatic vessels ; 1

1
[5]

24.

(a) Arrow drawn between point where ventricular pressure curve starts to rise and where curve cuts 5 kPa line ; (b) 60 1.0 ; [accept equivalent calculations] = 60 beats per minute ; [accept range 60 to 64] Reference to closure of semilunar valve ; Elasticity / eq of aorta wall ; Recoil (in aorta) maintains pressure ; Reference to refilling / relaxation of ventricle ; Right ventricle pumps blood to lungs ; Left ventricle pumps blood all around the body ; Correct reference to relative thickness of ventricular walls ; Correct reference to pressure in relation to lungs / body / e.g. more pressure needed to pump blood round body / converse OR less resistance to blood flow in lungs / converse ; 3

(c)

(d)

[9]

25. Component Cytosine present Uracil present Pentose sugar present Is single stranded [Any two correct = 1 mark] [Blanks and alterations are incorrect]
[4]

DNA

mRNA

26.

Sequence / order ; Peptide ; Condensation / polymerisation ; Hydrogen / H ; (di)sulphide / covalent ; [accept sulphur] R groups / side chains / sulphur / SH groups / thiol groups ;
[6]

27. (b) (c)

(a)

Breaks the hydrogen bonds (between the strands) ;

1 1 1
[3]

Condensation / polymerisation ; Interphase / S phase / synthesis phase ;

28.

(a) {Fatty acid / tails} are {hydrophobic / non-polar} ; (so orientate themselves) away from {water / polar environment} ; {Phosphate / heads} are {hydrophilic / polar} ; (so can) interact with {water / polar environment} ; (b) Correct measurement ; [27 mm or 37 / 38 mm] Divide by magnification ; Correct conversion to m ; [answer = 0.009 or 0.012 / 0.013]

(c)

Carbohydrate: Cell recognition / cell adhesion / eq ; Protein: Transport of molecules / eq OR receptor for hormone / eq OR enzymes ;

1 1
[8]

29.

(a) Absorbance / arbitrary units Temperature / C 25 37 47 56 65 Tube A 0.13 0.17 0.54 0.93 3.42 Tube B 0.09 0.19 0.58 0.99 3.56 Mean 0.11 0.18 0.56 0.96 3.49

Suitable table ; [shaded columns optional] Correct rows and columns with labels and units ; Mean absorbance for each temperature calculated ; ; [1 error = 1 Mark, 2 errors = 0 Marks] [decimal place inconsistency = 1 error] (b) Line graph drawn ; Axes correct orientation and labelled with units (equal to or more than half of paper) ; All points plotted correctly ; Line joins points or good line of best fit ; {Loss of pigment / absorbance} increases with temperature ; Small increase in pigment from 25 47 C ; Increase larger above 37 C / very large increase 56 C / 65 C ; Discs could be cut from different parts of the root ; Handling discs could cause damage ; Discs take different times to reach temperature of water ; Liquid needs to be mixed well to ensure even dispersion of pigment ; Reference to damage to cell membrane ; Reference to any protein component of cell membrane ; Denaturation of protein likely above 56 C ;

(c)

(d)

(e)

2
[14]

30.

Catalysts ; Activation energy ; Substrate ; Active site ; Temperature / non-active site-directed inhibitors ; Change / increase or decrease ; [only accept decrease if referring to inhibitor]
[6]

31. Name of molecule Amino acid Formula H N H CH3 (CH2)4 COOH OR C5 H11 COOH ; ( ) Glucose / hexose ; C6 H12 O6 ;
[6]

Structure

O
H C R C

H ;
O ; O H

32.

(a) 2. 3. 4. 5. (b) 1. 2. 3. 4.

1.

Uptake of A increases throughout 6 hour period ;

Uptake of A is {proportional to time / linear} / rate of uptake of A is constant ; Uptake of B increases then {plateaus / levels off} / rate of uptake of B decreases ; {Uptake / rate of uptake} of A greater than of B ; Credit manipulation of figures ; Rate of uptake greater at start of experiment as diffusion gradient is high ; Rate of uptake decreases as diffusion gradients lower ; {Line / rate / uptake} plateaus out when concentration of substance B inside cell is same as concentration outside cell ; Concentration inside cell doesnt decrease ; 3 3

(c)

(increase in temperature) increases kinetic energy (of molecules) ; Therefore molecules move faster ; 2

(d)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Movement (of molecules) against concentration gradient / eq ; Requires {energy / ATP} ; Occurs in one direction ; Involves {carrier / transporter} proteins ; Which span the membrane / eq ; Molecule binds to {protein / carrier} ; {Protein / carrier} changes shape ; Reference to {sodium / proton} pump or other named example ; 5
[13]

33.

Bronchioles / alveolar ducts ; Single / thin / squamous / flattened / type I pneumocyte ; Increases / eq ; Blood / capillaries / red blood cells ; 4
[4]

34. 2. 3. 4. 5.

(a)

1.

Rhythmic / sequence (of events) in each heart beat ;

{Initiated / controlled} by {pacemaker / SAN (sinoatrial node)} ; Reference to atrial {systole / contraction} ; Reference to ventricular {systole / contraction} ; (complete) diastole / relaxation (of heart) ; [points 3 to 5 must be in sequence] 3

(b)

Coronary artery ; From aorta ; Supplies {blood / oxygen / glucose / nutrients / named nutrient} to heart {muscle / tissue / myocardium} / correct reference to removal of {waste products / named waste product} by coronary circulation ; Returns to right atrium / coronary sinus / cardiac veins ; 3
[6]

35.

(a) Rate of heart beat / beats minute -1 Time / minutes 0 2 4 6 8 10 Water flea 1 184 220 232 246 242 230 Water flea 2 180 222 234 240 240 234 Mean 182 221 233 243 241 232

Suitable table ; [accept with raw data or means only] Correct rows and columns with labels and units ; [accept with raw data or means only] Mean heart beat rates for each time calculated ; ; [1 error = 1 mark, 2 errors = 0 marks] (b) F A P L (c) Line graph drawn ; Axes correct orientation, scale and labelled with units ; All points plotted correctly ; Line joins points or good line of best fit through the points ; 4 4

Heart rate increases {most steeply / eq} for first 2 mins ; Heart rate reaches a maximum {at 6 mins / between 4 8 mins} ; Heart rate declines after 6 mins / eq ; Heart rate does not return to original level after 10 minutes ; 2

(d)

Adrenaline stimulates heart rate ; Adrenaline less effective after 6 minutes / {adrenaline may become toxic / eq} / effect lasts at least 10 minutes ; 2

(e)

Environmental factors such as {temperature / oxygen} not controlled ; Biotic factors such as {size / age etc.} not controlled ; {Concentration / dilution} of adrenaline when added to water fleas not controlled ; Difficult to count (fast) heart rate ; 2
[14]

36.

(a)

Right atrium;

B (b) (c)

Left ventricle;

2 1

Lung; [however qualified] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Reference to {narrow / extremely long} capillaries; Reference to blood in the lungs / reference to oxygenation of blood; Results in {low pressure / loss of pressure} of blood (when it emerges from the lungs); Not enough pressure to get through rest of {capillary network / the body}; Pumping the blood again {raises / restores} lost pressure OR provides extra boost of pressure / reference to second pump; Higher pressure in systemic circulation / lower pressure in pulmonary circulation; 3 Dartery vein; 1

6.

(d)

(i) AND E (ii)

Thick (muscular) {wall / layer} OR Rounded {shape / lumen} OR Smaller lumen; 1

[8]

37. (b)

(a)

Glycerol; (i) (mono)unsaturated; [reject: polyunsaturated]

(ii)

Softer / more likely to be liquid / less densely packed molecules / eq; 1

(c)

Bilayer; Heads outward and tails inward;

2
[5]

38.

(a) Cell membrane structure OR (steroid) hormone production OR Bile salt production OR Vitamin D production in the skin; (b) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. (c) (ii) High (LDL) cholesterol in blood circulation; Increases the likelihood of {deposits / plaques / atheroma} on arterial wall; Narrows arteries / blocks arteries / restricts blood flow; Hardens arteries / makes arteries less elastic; Reference to atherosclerosis; Increases risk of {CHD / blood clots / angina / heart attack / eq}; (i) Reduce intake of saturated fat / eat food with more plant sterols;

4 1

(Most) cholesterol produced by liver; Healthier margarine can only {affect dietary intake / reduce absorption from gut};

2
[8]

39. (b) (c)

(a)

CCUU;

Anticodon; 1 1. 2. 3. 4. About 20 amino acids; (Triplet) gives 64 permutations / 43; Of 4 bases; (Lowest number of bases with) enough permutations / calculation shown / one or two base mot enough permutations / more codes than needed; Code is degenerate / some amino acids have more than one code; 3

5.

(d)

1. 2. 3. 4.

Ensure that the correct amino acid (added to polypeptide) / converse; For given {anticodon / codon (on mRNA)} / eq; Reference to correct sequence of amino acids / correct polypeptide structure; Reference to complimentary base pairing; (i) 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. Radioactivity in protein rises sharply / eq; 2

(e)

Then falls (more) slowly; Protein peaks between 5 and 7 minutes; Radioactivity in RNA falls throughout; Compare rate before and after about 5 minutes; Reference to a relationship between protein and RNA; Amino acids (had been) taken up (first) by tRNA; tRNA {delivered / released} amino acids {at ribosome / passed to polypeptide}; Became part of protein (during translation); 2
[12]

(ii)

1. 2. 3.

40.

(a) 2. 3. 4. 5. (b) 1. 2. 3. 4. (c) 1. 2. 3. 4.

1.

(Prepare) a range of concentrations of amylase;

{Known concentration / excess} {substrate / starch}; Named controlled variables (e.g. temperature); Detail of measuring method; Calculation of rate / reference to timing; Increased rate with increased concentration; More active sites; More collisions with substrate molecules; More enzyme substrate complexes per unit time; Inaccurate measurements / experimental error / small number of readings; Specific reference to difficulty of measuring end point; Explanation of curve e.g. substrate becomes limiting / not a directly proportional relationship; Reference to other variable; 3 3 4

(d)

1. 2. 3.

Enzyme specificity / cellulase will not break down starch; Shape of active site; Reference to different bonds in cellulose and starch / and glucose; 2
[12]

41. (ii) (b)

(a) Ester

(i)

Glycerol / propan 1, 2, 3 triol 1

(Stearic acid / saturated fatty acids} have more hydrogen atoms; {Stearic acid / saturated fatty acids} have no double carbon-carbon bonds; {Stearic acid / saturated fatty acids} have no kinks; [allow converse statements about unsaturated fatty acids] 1. Energy stores; Qualification: {More than / twice as much as) carbohydrate OR Insoluble / compact / minimise mass OR Subcutaneous / adipose / blubber; 2. Protection / mechanical insulation; Qualification: Around {organs / named organ} OR Reference to adipose tissue OR Ear wax giving protection against infection; Waterproofing; Qualification: Of skin / fur / feathers / insect cuticle / ear wax OR Hydrophobic / insoluble / repels water;

(c)

3.

4.

Electrical insulation; Qualification: Reference to myelin sheath / nerve cells / neurones / axons / dendrons OR Non-polar; Heat insulation; Qualification: Buoyancy; Qualification:

5.

Subcutaneous / adipose / blubber OR Prevents heat loss from body; Less dense than {water / muscle};

6. 7. 8.

Making beeswax; Qualification: Formation of honeycomb; Membrane fluidity; Qualification: Reference to cholesterol;

9. 10. 11.

Cell membrane structure; Qualification: Reference to phospholipids; Reference to hormones; Qualification: As steroids; Source of metabolic water; Qualification: Reference to respiration OR Desert adaptation 2 x 2 mark
[8]

42. 2. 3. 4. 5. (b)

(a)

1.

Contains (r)RNA;

And protein; Has two (sub-)units; Binding{site/groove} to accept RNA; 20-30 nm in size; 2

Glycine; Lysine;

2 H N H R O C H H H R C O H O N C C

(c)

(i)

Correct amino acid parts on either side;; Carbon nitrogen back bone; (ii) Condensation 1

[8]

43.

(a)

Catalyst: reaction;

1. (Chemical that) {speeds up / increases rate of} a

2. Without itself being changed / used over and over again / not used up; Activation energy: 4. Enzymes reduce it; 3. Energy needed for a chemical reaction to begin; 4

(b) (ii) (iii)

(i) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Hydrolysis; Use water as basis to compare effect; Copper sulphate decreases rate of cellulose breakdown; {Increase in concentration / higher concentrations) decreases rate of breakdown even more; After six days more cellulose broken down at lower concentrations; Credit manipulations of data to compare breakdown of solutions at different concentrations Disulphide bonds maintain {(tertiary/3D)structure/shape}; If disulphide bonds break, the active site will be altered; Cellulose will no longer fit into the active site / eq; Cellulose will not be digested; As copper ions increase more enzymes are affected; Reference to non-active site directed inhibitor;

1 1

Glycosidic ( -1,4)

(iv)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

3
[12]

44.

(a)

3 Structural feature Blood vessel Capillary Vein Valves present Wall has pores Wall a single layer of cells

(b)

(Elastic recoil) maintains pressure (in artery) (flexibility) to allow for {blood pressure / pulse};

1
[4]

45. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

(a)

1.

DCPIP decolourised by vitamin C;

Use vitamin C solution of known concentration; Determine {volume / number of drops} needed to decolourise known volume of DCPIP / converse; Repeat for different concentrations of vitamin C; Draw calibration curve / any relevant calculation; Determine {volume / number of drops) of apple juice needed to decolourise same volume of DCPIP /converse; Avoid shaking (of tubes); 4
[4]

46. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

1. Gene is{sequence of DNA / length of DNA / bases / codons / nucleotides}; Occurs at a specific {point / locus} on a chromosome; (Its function is to) codes for {proteins / polypeptides}; Alleles are {different / alternative} forms of a gene; Usually two or more alleles for each gene / reference to multiple alleles; Only one allele will be present at a locus; 4
[4]

47.

(a) (i) Secretes amniotic fluid; Cushioning / mechanical protection / shock absorber; Provides support; Protects from temperature changes; (ii) Maternal blood separated from fetal blood / keeps two bloods separate / protects fetus from maternal blood pressure; {Prevents / restricts} passage of {harmful substances / bacteria / viruses / disease organisms / eq}; Allows removal of {toxic wastes / urea / eq}; 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Amniocentesis;

(b)

Fetal cells removed; Staining of chromosomes; Preparation of karyotype / description of laying chromosomes out in matched pairs; Look for {extra chromosome / abnormal chromosome}; 4

(c)

{Technique / amniocentesis} increases risk of {abortion / miscarriage}; Risk of abnormality too low in women under 35 to risk this; Risk of abnormality {increases significantly / eq} above 35; Reference to another possible risk (e.g. introduction of infection / physical damage}; 2
[10]

48.

(a) 2. 3. 4. 5. (b) (ii)

1.

Compact / eq;

{Polymer / eq} of glucose; Can be (easily) hydrolysed / can be broken down to release energy; Insoluble / does not affect osmosis / eq; Will not diffuse out of cells / will remain in cells; (i) Correct glucose structure for each molecule where the reaction is taking place;; Hydrolysis; 1
[5]

max 2

49.

(a)

[Points must be comparative] Arteries Veins Less (smooth) muscle Less elastic {fibres / tissue} Valves present Wider lumen Thin layer of collagen fibres Thin wall

max 3

More (smooth) muscle / eq More elastic {fibres / tissue} / elastin No valves (except aorta and pulmonary artery) Narrow lumen / eq Thick layer of collagen (fibres) / eq Thick wall

(b) (c)

Higher (blood) pressure / more chance of damage to endothelium; High {hydrostatic / blood} pressure; Which is higher than {solute potential gradient / eq} / correct osmotic effect described; (Plasma forced out) through {pores / gaps} in capillary wall; The fluid is forced out of the capillary into the intercellular space;

(d)

(i) Blocked lymph vessels / high blood pressure / {low solute potential / high water potential} in blood / loss of plasma proteins / damage to tissue / histamine / eq; (ii) Oedema; 1

1
[8]

50.

(a)

Parents Hh and hh;

Gametes of each parent shown; Correct genotypes of offspring Hh and hh; Probability 50% / 1 in 2 / 0.5 / eq; (b) (i) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Level one answers introduce a relevant idea Reduce risk of heart disease; Allows early medical intervention / prenatal testing / abortion / decision not to have children; Allows a change in lifestyle; Able to reduce risk factors; Named risk factor; 4

6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Able to monitor cholesterol levels; Take diuretic drugs / sympathetic nerve inhibitors lowers blood pressure; Use beta-blockers reduces heart rate and blood pressure; Use {anticoagulant / platelet inhibiting drugs / clot busting drugs} reduces the risk of a clot forming; Eat less salt to reduce blood pressure; Have a low fat diet / reduce intake of cholesterol / take {stanins / stanols / other cholesterol lowering drugs} / have a more balanced diet / eat less saturated fat / eat more fibre / eq prevents the build up of {fatty plaques / atheromas / atherosclerosis / narrowing arteries}; Eat five portions of fruit or vegetables a day / take vitamin supplements / take antioxidants prevents cellular damage due to free radicals; Exercise more - to increase strength of cardiac muscle / make heart stronger / help prevent build up of {atheroma / fatty plaques} / reduce fat (burns fat) / reduce BMI / reduce risk of obesity / eq; Stop smoking to reduce {nicotine / free radical} levels; Reduce stress lowers blood pressure; Avoid heavy drinking avoid risk of damaging {heart tissue / liver tissue} / reduce LDL production; [If there are level one answers only, allow a maximum of two marks] 4

12.

13.

14. 15. 16.

(ii)

Depression / stress OR Cost of screening to NHS / eq OR Problems with life insurance company / confidentiality / eq OR May decide not to have children / increased number of abortions / increased chance of miscarriage / ethical {considerations / issues} (related to testing / abortion) / problems of false {negative / positive} results;

1
[9]

51.

(a)

(i)

W Guanine / G;

X Nucleotide; Y Phosphate / phosphoric acid; Z Deoxyribose / pentose sugar / 5C sugar; (ii) (b) (ii) (iii) Hydrogen; (i) 1 Transcription; 1 1 max 4

Aspartic acid, Arginine, Cysteine, Lysine; 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Incorrect amino acid inserted into polypeptide chain / {chain / sequence} of amino acids changed; Named {Gly / glycine}; Different {side group / R group / eq}; Different bonds formed; Different (3D) shape when folded / eq;

3
[10]

52. (b)

(a)

Hydrogen / H

Charge is not equally distributed throughout molecule / one part is positive and the other part is negative}; Hydrogen (atoms) have (slight) positive charges; Oxygen (atom) has a (slight) negative charge ; Idea that a lot of {energy / heat} is needed to change temperature ; Temperature of their {environment / habitat} does not {fluctuate / change} much / reference to {thermostable / thermobuffer}; Reference to effect on metabolic {rate / reactions};

(c)

2
[5]

53. (ii) (b) (ii)

(a)

(i)

Nucleus / nucleoplasm; [allow nucleolus]

1 1

Condensation / polymerisation (i) 6; 1

GCT TGG CGG GCT TAG TGG;; [all correct = 2 marks, one error = 1 mark, more than one error = 0 marks]

(c)

Reference to start codon; Reference to stop codon; Reference to post transcription modification; 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Occurs {on / in} ribosome;

(d)

Two tRNA molecules (held in position in ribosome); Each carrying a specific amino acid; Anticodons on tRNA; Reference to binding of tRNA to complementary bases on mRNA; Peptide bonds form between amino acids; Ribosome moves along mRNA; Until a stop codon is reached 5
[12]

54. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

(a)

1.

Making more DNA;

Strands separate ; Idea that each strand acts as a template / eq; Nucleotides line up against complementary base pairs; (Each) new (daughter) molecule contains one old and one new strand; Reference to molecules being identical to {each other / original parent molecule}; 4 (i) DNA in B is lighter (than the DNA in A) converse; Because A contains all heavy nitrogen; B contains both heavy and light nitrogen;

(b)

(ii)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

(Bacteria) in B have one heavy and one light strand of DNA (in each molecule); All newly synthesised strands will contain light {DNA / nitrogen}; Some molecules will consist of only light DNA; Some molecules will consist of one light strand and one heavy strand; Each type of molecule is present in equal proportions; 3

(iii)

Two bands shown in correct position; Lower band is thinner than the one shown in D and upper band is thicker than one shown in D;

2
[11]

55.

(a)

1.

Thin / squamous / flattened (cells);

2. 3. 4. 5. (b)

Decreases diffusion distance; Large surface area (of cells); Increases diffusion; Of {respiratory gases / oxygen / carbon dioxide}; 3

Increased {heart rate / diameter of lung (blood) vessels} OR increased {cardiac output / stroke volume};

1
[4]

56.

[Only allow points if linked to aspect of diet] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. High intake of {saturated fat / animal fat / example of fat / cholesterol}; Atherosclerosis / description of deposition inside arteries; (Which leads to) reduced {blood flow / oxygen / eq) to heart muscle / increased blood pressure (in coronary circulation) / reference to thrombosis; High {salt / Na } intake; High blood pressure / hypertension; (Which leads to increased) {risk / eq} of {heart attack / heart failure / myocardial infarction}; 3
[3]
+

57.

(a) (i) Member A Hh Member B hh Member C Hh Member D Hh [One mark for every two correct answers] [If wrong symbol used, allow correct working for max 1 mark] [Genotype must not be separated by comma or encircled] (ii) (b) 2. 3. 4. Already {reached child bearing age / had children}; 1. Reference to chromosome mutation;

2 1

Reference to mutagen; Example of mutagen such as {X-rays / UV / nitrous acid}; Description of how the chromosome mutation took place; 2

(c) 2. 3. 4.

1.

Protein {binds to / blocks / competes with substrate for} active site;

Prevents substrate from binding / prevents formation of enzyme-substrate complex / eq; Protein binds to point other than the active site of the enzyme / reference to allosteric; Changes shape of active site; 3
[8]

58. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

1.

Polysaccharide;

Made from {alpha / } glucose; Joined by glycosidic bonds; Branched / compact; 1-4 and 1-6 (at branches); Energy store in {liver / muscle}; Excess glucose stored as glycogen / glycogenesis; To prevent blood glucose (levels) rising; Can be {hydrolysed / broken down} to release glucose / reference to glycogenolysis; For {respiration / production of ATP};
[6]

59.

(a) Alters a codon / changes genetic code / changes base sequence / correct named example of point mutation / reference to frameshift; Results in substitution of one amino acid for another / changes amino acid sequence / eq; During translation; [Only award points in context] (b) Genotypes of gametes (shown circled or in Punnett square); Correct genotypes of children; Probability 0.25 / eq; (c) Restriction enzymes {cut DNA at specific point / recognise specific base sequence / are specific / eq}; This sequence is altered in the haemoglobin S allele / eq; Therefore does not cut at this point / produces fragments of different sizes / cuts at different position; 3
[8]

60.

(a)

Flatworm has a large surface area : volume ratio / converse;

Diffusion {sufficient / effective} for flatworms {needs / eq} / converse; Mammal {has higher metabolic rate / is warm blooded / eq} / converse; (b) (ii) (iii) (c) (i) Top two open; Bottom two closed;

2 2 1 1

X drawn anywhere in the right atrium; Pacemaker / sets rhythm of heart / initiates cardiac cycle / eq;

Blood at high pressure; High concentration of oxygen / eq; High concentration of glucose / eq;

2
[8]

61.

(a) Process

4 Requires energy from respiration (ATP) 7 7 7 3 Requires a concentration gradient 3 3 3 7

Diffusion Facilitated diffusion Osmosis Active transport

[Two correct for one mark] (b) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Large surface area; due to Many alveoli / eq; Large number / networks of capillaries / eq; Small diffusion path / thin exchange surface / eq; {Flattened / thin / squamous} alveolar (epithelial) cells / walls; Capillary (endothelial) cells / walls; Large difference in concentration; due to Ventilating the lungs / eq; Circulation of blood / eq; 4
[8]

62.

(a)

Platelets;

Prothrombin;

Fibrinogen;

(b)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Lack of blood to {cardiac / heart} muscle; So lack of {oxygen / glucose} / ischaemic / anaerobic / eq; Muscle stops working / damaged / cells die; Pain / angina / lactic acid build up; Myocardial infarction / heart attack / eq; 3 1
[7]

(c)

Warfarin / aspirin / streptokinase / adheparin / hirudin / clopidogrel;

63.

(a) 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. (b) (ii)

1.

Test is inexpensive;

Test is reliable / no false positives / eq; Test is {simple / painless / eq}; Quick turnaround of results; Counselling follow-up; Education about the test / advertise the test; Confidentiality; (i) 1. 2. 3. 4. 2 1

Amniocentesis / chorionic villus sampling; Reference to extraction of DNA (from cells) / eq; Use of restriction enzymes; Gel electrophoresis; Any detail of gel electrophoresis e.g. {large and small sections / positive and negatively charged sections} separate; Southern blotting / use of nylon sheet / eq; Correct reference to use of gene probe; Detail of (gene probe) e.g. {complementary / radioactive}; Reference to comparison to identify the gene; 4440; 1 Change in amino acid sequence / primary structure; Affects the (specific) shape / tertiary structure of the protein; Channel does not allow passage of chloride ions; Does not allow chloride (ions) to leave epithelial cells;

5. 6. 7. 8. (c) (ii) (i) 1. 2. 3. 4.

(iii)

1. 2. 3. 4. By osmosis;

Chloride (ion concentration) builds up in the cell; Causes water to move into the cell; Loss of water from mucus makes it sticky / eq; 2
[12]

64.

(a) P Q R S mRNA; tRNA; amino acid; anticodon; 4 (b) DNA Transcription mRNA / messenger RNA Translation Complementary Uracil Guanine Peptide 4 [1 mark for each two correct]
[8]

65.

(a) 2. 3. 4. 5.

1.

Higher death (rate) among men than women in all countries;

Highest (rates) of death in Russia / lowest (rates) of death in France; Any valid comparison between countries; Supporting data quoted to back up any valid point; Correct reference to different ratio of men / women death rates between countries; max 3

(b)

There is no {difference / correlation} in the death rates between people who eat lots of fruit and vegetables and those who {dont eat / eat less} fruit and vegetables / eq;

(c)

[Paired points - marks for reasons must be linked to a potential difference] Potential difference Reason Better treatment / diagnosis / drug availability / eq; Smoking can cause atherosclerosis / carbon monoxide reduces oxygen transport / nicotine increase blood pressure / eq; Raises blood cholesterol level / HDL : LDL ratio / eq; Exercise strengthens heart / eq; Higher {fat / cholesterol} levels / eq; Adrenaline / high blood pressure / fast heart rate / eq; Knowledge of risk factors aids preventative action / eq; Affects {diet / health / eq}; High levels increase blood pressure / {low levels may reduce risk of CHD / red wine antioxidants}; CHD increases with age; Genes may affect health of heart, e.g. hypercholesteraemia (gene / allele); High blood pressure; Any valid linked reason;

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

Different levels of health care; Smoking; {Saturated fat / red meat / eq} intake / converse; Lack of exercise; Obesity levels; Levels of stress; Health awareness; Poverty / poor living conditions; Alcohol intake; Age profile of country; Genetic differences; Salt intake; Any valid point;

[8]

66.

(a) (i) Hydrogen; Ionic; Disulphide; 2 (ii) It has two (polypeptide) chains / an A and a B chain / more than one (polypeptide) chain; (i) (ii) 1. 2. 3. 4. {Sequence / order} of amino acids; Reference to bonds between R groups; The R groups are always in the same position; [Bonds / named bonds} will always form in the same place; Reference to {hydrophilic groups on outside / hydrophobic groups on inside}; 2
[6]

1 1

(b)

67.

(a)

(Fluid because) phospholipids move (around membrane);

(Mosaic because) membrane contains {proteins / glycoproteins} (amongst phospholipids); (b) To remove the red pigment released by the cells {cut open / damaged} during preparation; 1 1. (Increasing bile salt concentration) results in increase of red coloration; 2. 3. 4. 5. (d) 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. (e) No further increase in red coloration {between 1.6% and 2.0% / after 1.6%}; Reference to linear relationship between red coloration and bile salt concentration up to 0.6%; Reference to change in gradient after 0.6%; Manipulation of figures to compare gradients before and after 0. 6 %; 1. Disruption of membrane by bile salts increases its permeability;

(c)

Bile salts may emulsify lipids (within membrane); Proteins (in membrane) may be affected; Pigment leaks through (plasma) membrane; Pigment leaks through vacuole membrane; By diffusion; More bile salts, {more cells break down / more membrane disrupted}; Reference to plateau as all cells have lost pigment / all membranes disrupted; Reference to plateau as there is no longer a diffusion gradient; 4

Any ONE of the following regarding Beetroot 2: was different age was stored under warmer conditions was stored in different conditions had more cells damaged during preparation had discs with skin still on them had discs taken from a different region of the beetroot was different species contained different concentrations of pigment was grown in different conditions

1
[11]

68. (b)

(a) 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. (c) (ii)

Ring drawn around one phosphate, one sugar and one base (linked together); 1. Part of the DNA molecule unwinds; DNA strands {separate / unzips / H-bonds break}; (Mono)nucleotides line up against their complementary bases; Against {sense / one} strand; Reference to RNA polymerase; Individual mononucleotides join up by [condensation reactions / (phosphodi)ester bonds}; mRNA strands separate from DNA molecule; mRNA migrates into cytoplasm / eq; (i) Ribosomes / rough endoplasmic reticulum;

5 1 1
[8]

Ring drawn around U C G;

69. B C (b) 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

(a)

{Aortic / semi lunar / SL} valve; 2

Aorta / aortic arch; {Atrio-ventricutar / AV / bicuspid / mitral} valve; 1. {Valves / named valve / C} close;

(To) prevent backflow (of blood); Reference to {contraction / systole} of ventricle; Thick (muscular) wall / more muscle; Provides high {pressure / force / eq}; To pump blood through {systemic circulation / round body / eq}; Reference to elasticity of {aorta / B} (to accommodate blood expelled from ventricle) / eq; 4

(c)

(i) 2. 3. 4. (ii) 1. 2. 3.

1.

Uterus bigger / more tissue;

More muscle development / eq; Reference to {development / maintenance} of {placenta / eq}; Reference to development of {fetus / baby}; {More / greater} contraction / heart works harder; (Because) {blood / oxygen / nutrients}; (Pumped to) {uterus / placenta / fetus / mothers body}; 4
[10]

[Maximum three marks]

70.

Alveoli: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. (Thin wall) of {squamous / flattened} epithelium; Decreases diffusion distance; Reference to blood flow in the capillaries; Reference to ventilation / eq; {Maintains / eq} {concentration / diffusion} {gradient / difference} of {(respiratory) gases / carbon dioxide / oxygen}; [Maximum 4 marks for Alveoli marking points (1 - 5)] Reference to thin barrier between placenta and endometrium / eq / accept reference to chorionic villi; Reference to counter-current flow; Concentration gradient {maintained by / eq} blood flow; Reference to fetal haemoglobin taking up oxygen;
[5]

Placenta: 1. 2. 3. 4.

71.

(a) 2.

(i)

1.

Reference to use of callipers;

Reference to needing to take several readings from several sites / two suitable named sites, e.g. {waist / triceps / back / upper arm / thigh hip}; Pinch {skin and fat only / no muscle}; Place jaws of skinfold callipers over the fold (close to the fingers); Continue to hold the fold of skin and release the trigger of the calliper; Read skinfold thickness from scale; Reference to using [table / graph / chart} to determine body fat; 4

3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

(ii)

Raised {cholesterol / lipid / fatty acid / triglyceride} level in {plasma / blood}; Increased risk of {atheroma / formation of plaques / atherosclerosis} (in arteries); Restricted blood flow / narrowing of lumen; Raised blood pressure / hypertension / coronary heart disease; 2

(b)

Increasing LDL levels increase {risk / eq} of CHD; Credit manipulation of figures / biggest increase between 120-141 and 142167 / eq; 2
[8]

72.

(a) Concentration of sucrose in solution is higher than in the potato cylinder / converse / correct reference to water potential /eq; Water moves out of {the cells / potato}; By osmosis; Reference to {plasmolysis / loss of turgor}; (b) (i) 2. 3. (ii) 1. 1. To the right of the original curve; 2 2

Curve follows a similar shape to original line; Curve starts and finishes at the same values as the original curve; {Sucrose / sugar} {increases the solute concentration / reduces water potential} of the {cells / potato} / eq; More sucrose in the potato cells so cells reach {equilibrium / eq} at a higher concentration of sucrose solution / eq; Concentration difference is {less / reduced} / eq; At the start {full turgor / eq}; At the end {full plasmolysis / eq}; Reference to starch having {no / little} effect on osmosis; 2
[6]

3. 4. 5. 6.

73.

(a)

4 Statement Is a polymer Glycosidic bonds are present Is an energy store in animal cells Has high solubility in water [One mark for every two correct] Starch Glycogen Monosaccharide

(b) (c)

30; 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

1 DNA {uncoils / separates / unzips} / hydrogen bonds break / eq; (Template) strand used to form {mRNA / complementary strand} / transcription; Reference to RNA polymerase; mRNA passes {to ribosome / out of nucleus / to the cytoplasm}; tRNA picks up specific amino acid; Codon and anticodon binding; Correct reference to {start / stop} codons; Peptide bonds forming between amino acids; Example of correct complementary base pairing; 5

(d)

(Different) R groups; Determine bonds formed between R groups of different amino acids; Named bond between R groups, e.g. S=S / H / etc; [not peptide] Reference to {secondary / tertiary} structure; 2
[12]

74.

(a) Suitable symbols used (dominant upper case, recessive same letter lower case); Parent gamete shown; F1 genotype; F2 genotypes; F2 phenotypes related to genotypes; F2 genotypes related to 3:1 ratio; [Maximum of 3 marks if suitable symbols not used] (b) (Back) cross to suitable recessive plant / self fertilise; Examine phenotypes of offspring; Suitable ratios e.g. if back cross then (phenotypes) offspring all dominant or 1:1 dominant : recessive / if self fertilise all dominant or 3:1 dominant : recessive; Linked to explanation i.e. if all dominant then F2 plant is homozygous / if mix of dominant and recessive then F2 plant is {heterozygous / carrier / eq}; 4

2
[6]

75.

(a) B C D

Fatty acid / hydrophobic {region / tail} / phospholipid tail

Phosphate / glycerol / hydrophilic {region / head} / phospholipid head (Channel / transmembrane / intrinsic) protein Glycoprotein 2 [Half mark each, rounded down]

(b)

Facilitated diffusion Through {channel / carrier} protein; Down a concentration gradient / eq; Active transport Using carrier protein; Energy from ATP; Against concentration gradient; Exocytosis / endocytosis Vesicle containing glucose fuses with membrane; Vesicle forms (from membrane enclosing glucose); [Maximum 2 marks if only one process mentioned or described. Marks must be in context of a correct process]

(c)

(i) 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. (ii) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

1.

Discs cut from the same beetroot;

Pre-treatment of beetroot / washing discs; Standardised method of obtaining beetroot discs / discs the same {mass / volume / surface area}; Further detail of method e.g. way of keeping the discs from clumping in the water; Use of water baths at fixed temperatures; Fixed time in water baths / fixed volume of water; Use of colorimeter / description of method of measuring intensity of colour; Detail of colorimeter e.g. use of {reference blank / filter}; Membrane selectively permeable at lower temperatures; {Temperature increase above 40 C / higher temperatures} / membrane breaks down / eq; Increase of kinetic energy of {pigment molecules / phospholipids in membrane / eq}; Proteins are denatured; Membrane becomes {freely / more} permeable to (pigment molecules) with increasing temperature; Reference to diffusion of pigment molecules out of the cells / reaches equilibrium at high temperatures; 3
[12]

76.

(a) C

(i)

COOH;

H ;;

(ii)

Saturated; No double bonds in (hydrocarbon) chain; 2 1

(b) (ii)

(i) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Anything that {affects / raises} the chance of harm / eq; Strain on the heart; Raises blood pressure; Raises cholesterol / LDL (in the blood); Increased risk of formation of {atheroma / plaques}; Atherosclerosis / atherosclerosis explained / eq; Increased risk of type 2 diabetes / explained;

(c)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Glucose is {a monosaccharide / soluble / doesnt need to be digested} / eq; Glucose can be quickly absorbed into the blood stream; Can pass into muscle (cells); Can be used for respiration; To provide energy; For (muscle) contraction; 3
[11]

77.

(a) Disaccharide Galactose Sucrose Maltose Lactose [One mark for each correct row] (b) Glycosidic; 1
[4]

Monosaccharide Glucose Fructose

78.

Nitrogen / N; Peptide; {Alpha / } helix; Hydrogen / H; R groups / side groups / side chains;
[5]

79. (ii) (iii)

(a) B 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

(i)

Glycoprotein; 2 1

Phospholipid; [do not allow bilayer] {Fatty acids / tails} are {hydrophobic / non-polar}; Idea that fatty acids are in the middle of the bilayer; {Phosphate / heads} are {hydrophilic / polar}; Idea that phosphate groups are on the outside of the bilayer; Reference to {cytoplasm / tissue fluid} being {polar / eq} in nature;

Cell {recognition / attachment} / {receptor / eq} / antigen;

(b)

1. 2. 3. 4.

The membrane is fluid; (Because) {phospholipids /B} are able to move (within membrane); (Therefore) proteins can move (within membrane / phospholipid bilayer); Idea that there is a new arrangement of proteins; 2
[8]

80. (b)

(a)

Ventricular systole; 1. Relaxation of atria and ventricles;

2. 3. 4. (c) 2. 3. 4. 5.

Reduces pressure (inside heart) / eq; Refilling / eq; AV valves are open; 1. Correct reference to the coronary circulation;

Via the coronary artery; From the aorta; Reference to capillaries (within) cardiac muscles; Reference to {red blood cells / haemoglobin} {carrying / releasing} oxygen; 3
[6]

81.

(a)

(i)

Mortality falls as dietary fibre intake increases;

Almost linear relationship / negative correlation / inversely proportional; Small increase in fibre has large effect; Quantitative use of figures. (ii) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Increases bulk of faeces; Increases speed of {passage / peristalsis} (of faeces through the colon); Carcinogens pass through the gut more quickly; So less chance of their absorption; Fibre absorbs carcinogens; 2 3

(b) 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

1.

Weakening of gut musculature / eq (with age);

Increase in {pressure / eq} in colon; Reference to {pouching / formation of pouches} (in the mucosa); Lower dietary fibre (in diet of elderly); (Because) eating {less food / more convenience food}; Poor diet when young; 3
[8]

82. 2. (b) 2. 3.

(a) 1.

1.

Alternative form of a gene / eq; 2 Reference to {amniocentesis / chorionic villus sampling};

At the same locus / eq; Taken from {amniotic fluid / fetal membranes / chorionic villus}; Using {instrument / syringe / eq} inserted through {abdominal wall / uterine wall / cervix / vagina}; (i) 2. 3. 4. 1. 0.25 / 25% / / 1 in 4;

(c)

F and G are both {carriers / heterozygous} for MSUD; Because {they have a child with MSUD / J has MSUD}; (Fourth child would) have to {be homozygous for MSUD / inherit MSUD from each parent} to have the disorder. Female F {inherited / eq} MSUD allele from one of parents; (Therefore) at least one of them is {a carrier / heterozygous} (for MSUD); No evidence that both A and B are {carriers / heterozygous}; Because neither {of their children have / E or F has} MSUD; 2
[9]

(ii)

1. 2. 3. 4.

83. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

(a)

1.

Reference to thin wall;

Single cell layer / reference to squamous epithelium; Decreases diffusion distance; Reference to surfactants prevent {alveolar collapse / cells sticking together}; Reference to {network / eq} of capillaries; Reference to maintenance of diffusion gradient; 3

(b)

(i) 2.

1.

Alveolar air has had oxygen removed;

Expired air is mixture of {(inspired) air / air in tubes} and alveolar air; 2 Air (in alveoli) {ventilated / replenished frequently} / eq; Idea of blood flowing through the capillaries; Reference to {oxygen / oxygenated blood} being carried away / allow converse for carbon dioxide; Smokers {babies have lower birth weight / fetus has low growth 2

(ii)

1. 2. 3.

(c) 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. (d) 2. 3. 4. 5.

1. rate};

Baby may have poorer {lung / eq} function; Reference to poor brain {development / function}; Reduced oxygen supply to fetus as carbon monoxide (in smoke) replaces oxygen; Smoking interferes with mothers uptake of vitamin {B / C / folic acid}; Increased risk of placental complications e.g. placental abruption / eq; Increased risk of {still birth / premature birth / miscarriage / eq}; Reference to nicotine interfering with fetal development; Reference to baby having nicotine addiction; 1. Increased {death rate / eq} in older people / eq; 3

Increased {death rate / eq} in {middle-aged people / 40-60 year olds}; Reference to {cancer / emphysema / bronchitis / circulatory disorders / eq}; Decreased birth rate / fewer children; Decreased fertility / {failed pregnancy / eq} / childhood disease; 2
[12]

84.

(a) Structure Letter on diagram Y X Z [all correct = 2 marks, one or two correct = 1 mark] 2

(b)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Walls of alveoli one cell thick / thin (epithelium); Walls of {blood capillaries / endothelium} {one cell thick / thin}; Alveoli covered with a dense network of capillaries / eq; Concentration gradients maintained by (blood flow / ventilation mechanism); Large surface area provided by alveoli; Oxygen combines rapidly with haemoglobin; Correct reference to diffusion; 4
[6]

85. (ii) (iii) (b)

(a)

(i)

Water; 1

Active site;

Glycosidic bond; 1 (i) Sucrase {has a (specific) tertiary structure / is a protein};

Reference to specific shape of active site; Only sucrose will fit (the active site of sucrase) / enzymes are specific to substrate / correct reference to lock and key; Form an enzyme-substrate complex; Correct reference to induced fit; (ii) Facilitated diffusion; Use of (specific carrier) proteins / moves molecule down a concentration gradient / correct reference to kinetic theory; OR Active transport; Use of (specific) carrier proteins / moves molecules against a gradient / uses {ATP / energy}; OR Endocytosis; Description of endocytosis e.g. formation of vesicle / use of ATP / eq; 2
[8]

86.

(a)

Increasing the number of risk factors increases risk of CHD;

Increase by one risk factor double incidence / eq; Adding third risk factor has larger effect on incidence; Relevant use of manipulated figures; (b) High blood cholesterol: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Fatty deposition in artery walls / plaque formation; Atheroma formed; Increased blood pressure; Lumen of (coronary) arteries narrowed / reduced elasticity of artery wall / eq; Correct reference to LDLs; Damage to (lining of) arteries; Risk of aneurysm / damaged lining (of arteries) rupturing; Increased risk of blood clot blocking coronary arteries; Correct reference to inflammatory response; Increases blood pressure; Increases risk of aneurysm; Less antioxidants / more free radicals; Increases {number / activation} of platelets; (Leading to) increased risk of blood clot blocking coronary arteries; Reduced blood supply to heart muscle; Angina / increased risk of heart attack; Reference to interactions between factors to increase risk; Correct reference to atherosclerosis; [Maximum 3 marks for each risk factor]
[9]

High blood pressure:

Smoking:

General points [allow in any section]: 15. 16. 17. 18.

87.

(a)

(i)
2

32.9 / 33; 2 Increase level of exercise;

kg m ; (ii) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

(Which) increases metabolic rate / uses more energy / eq; (Which) increases weight loss / eq; Reference to change in diet; Decrease saturated fat intake; (Therefore) reducing blood cholesterol level; Low carbohydrate diet / reduce alcohol intake / reduce sugars in diet; To restrict calorie intake; To reduce risk of type 2 diabetes; Lowers blood pressure; Reduces risk of cardiovascular disease;
1

(b) (ii)

(i) BMR = 7.6;

10.6 MJ day ; 2

BMR = EAR PAL / BMR = 10.6 1.4; [allow CE from (b)(i)]

[10]

88. (b)

(a)

Water ;

Correctly drawn 6membered ring

O O RC C C C O C

OH group on carbon 1 below the ring

( O C O H ; )

Rest of molecule drawn correctly

C O H O

H O H O H

; 3

[Accept correct vertical or horizontal transposition] (c) Energy source / eq ; Idea that it is a source of glucose ; In germinating seeds ; 2

[6]

89.

(a)

Phosphate and base joined to pentose sugar twice ; 3

Base correctly joined to sugar ; Phosphate joined to two sugars ; (b) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. (c) Held by hydrogen bonds (holding 2 strands together) ; {Between complementary base pairs / detail of base pairing} ; Reference to {5 to 3 and 3 to 5 strands / anti-parallel strands / DNA polymerase} Reference to double helix ; Reference to association of DNA with histones ; Called chromatin ; Reference to nucleosomes ; Further {folding / coiling} / ref to scaffold proteins ; (i) Cytosine : 36 ; 3 1
[12]

Guanine : 36 ; Thymine : 14 ; (ii) 50 (%);

90.

(a)

Artery / arteriole ;

(b) (ii)

(i)

Tunica media / middle coat ;

Provide {strength / support } / prevents bursting ; Idea that they enable artery to withstand high blood pressure / eq ; Separation of deoxygenated and oxygenated blood ; (Therefore) better {oxygenation of blood / oxygen supply to tissues} ; Maintains different pressure to lungs and rest of body / eq ; Mammals have a high (er) demand for oxygen ; Idea of repressurisation ;

(c)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

2
[6]

91. 2. 3. (b)

(a)

1.

Heterozygous / heterozygote; 2

Have {recessive allele / allele that is not expressed / eq} Idea of future inheritance / eq; (i) 2. 3. 4. 1. Smaller surface area;

Less haemoglobin; ref. to different haernoglobin structure / eq; Get stuck in capillary;
A S A S S

2
S

(ii)

1. 2. 3.

Parents genotypes: both Hb Hb OR Hb Hb and Hb Hb ; Gametes shown; Identification of Hb Hb as sickle cell anaernia;
S S

3 1

(iii) (c) 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

1 in 2 / 50% / 0.5 / ; 1. {Codon / triplet} codes for amino acid;

Reference to substitution a base / eq; Idea of DNA used as a template; (So) error transferred to mRNA(during transcription) / eq; translation at ribosome / potypeptide formed at ribosome; Ref. tRNA with amino acid (s) used; Reference to different anti codon; [Marks could be gained from good diagram]
[12]

92.

(a)

Chemical compound

One example of the chemical compound found in living organisms Starch / Glycogen / Cellulose / Amylose / Amylopectin; Enzyme Phospholipid DNA/RNA;

Subunit(s) of the chemical Monosaccharide / Glucose / named monosaccharide eg glucose; Amino acid; Fatty acids and Glycerol; Nucleotide

Elements contained in the chemical C,H,O; C,H,O,N,S C,H,O C,H,O,N,P

Polysaccharide Protein Lipid Nucleic acid

(b) (c)

Unsaturated contain one or more (C=C) double bonds / eq; Diagram showing a bilayer of phospholipids; Heads on outside and tails on inside [Must have two tails]; Proteins included in the diagram; [distinguishable from the phospholipids, can be intrinsic, extrinsic or transmembrane with suitable label]

3
[11]

93.

(a) A change or damage to a gene / DNA / chromosome / allele / change in base sequence (on DNA); (b) (i) Parents phenotypes: unaffected; [Reject carrier Parents genotypes: (ii) Genotype TT Tt tt Phenotype normal normal thalassemia Frequency 1//25% 2//50% 1//25% normal / unaffected and normal /

Tt and Tt;

Phenotypes correctly assigned; [Allow carrier e.c.f.] Frequencies correctly given; 2

(iii) (iv)

3 3 in 4 / 4 / 75% / 0.75;
Genetic screening / amniocentesis / chorionic villus sampling / IVF / embryo screening; [Allow genetic testing]

1
[7]

94. (ii) (b)

(a)

(i)

0.14% / 0.07% per year; 1

3.9 - 4 times;

(i) The greater the BMI the greater the chance of dying due to coronary heart disease / eq; Correct reference to figures; (body) mass (in kg) (ii) (iii)
2 BMI = height (in metres) ;

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Fatty deposits in arteries / atheroma / plaques / reference to atherosclerosis; Higher cholesterol levels; Higher blood pressure; Risk of damage to (coronary) arteries; Risk of blood clot blocking coronary arteries; Risk of type II diabetes; 3
[8]

95. (ii)

(a) 1. 2. 3. 4. (iii) 1. 2. 3. 4.

(i) 1

Heart is visible / transparent organism / reference to ethical issues / eq; Temperature;

Volume of solution; Daphnia {same age / growth conditions} / eq; Time in solution prior to counting heart rate / eq; Very active / high metabolic rate; Supplies oxygen / removes CO2; Slow diffusion (through body surface) / diffusion insufficient / eq; Low SA/V ratio / eq; 2 2

(b) 2. 3. 4. 5.

1.

Will increase blood pressure;

Risk of damage to arteries; Increase risk of heart attack / stroke / aneurysm; More chance of atherosclerosis / eq; Vasoconstriction / eq; 2
[7]

96. 2.

(a) 1. Oxygen (from alveoli) to capillary and carbon dioxide (from capillary) to alveoli; By diffusion / movement of molecules from area of high concentration to an area of low concentration / eq; 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. (c) Large surface area / lots of alveoli;

(b)

Large surface area of capillaries / eq; Thin alveoli walls; Thin capillary walls; {Circulation of blood / ventilation of lungs} to maintain concentration difference; Short diffusion pathway; (i) 2. 3. 1.

CFTR (protein channel) does not work / eq;

Lack of Cl ions transported into mucus / eq; Water does not move into mucus by osmosis / eq; Mucus blocks airways/bronchioles/alveoli / eq; Reduces surface area for gas exchange / diffusion; Less oxygen (diffuses) into blood / eq; Long diffusion pathway; 2
[9]

(ii)

1. 2. 3. 4.

97. (ii)

(a) 1. 2. 3.

(i)

Relates to the sequence of amino acids / eq; Reference to R groups;

Reference to (specific) folding of the chain / tertiary structure / eq; Reference to named bonds [not peptide]; 2

(b) 2. 3. (c) 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

1.

Enzymes have a (specific) active site; 2

Will only fit substrate with the correct shape / eq; Reference to lock & key / enzyme-substrate complexes / induced fit; 1. Correct reference to translation;

mRNA lines up at the ribosome / eq; tRNA attaches to specific amino acids / eq; Codon - anticodon binding / complementary base pairing between mRNA and tRNA; Peptide bond; Correct reference to start / stop codons; 4
[9]

98.

(a) Description of the stages for gene therapy: Plasmids inserted into liposomes. Gene for CFTR protein isolated using a restriction enzyme. Liposomes enter cells of lung tissue; normal allele is expressed. Plasmid cut with the same restriction enzyme. Normal CFTR gene inserted into plasmid using DNA ligase Liposomes taken as nasal spray. All 5 correct 4 marks, 3 correct 3 marks, 2 correct 2 marks, 1 correct 1 mark. (b) Cells (lining the lung die and) need to be replaced / replacement cells do not contain the new gene /eq; (i) cells; 2. 3. 1. Germ line gene therapy affects gametes / gamete producing sequence of stages for gene therapy: 4 [1] 6 2 3 5

(c)

Somatic gene therapy affects body cells; Somatic gene therapy cannot be passed onto next generation /converse; 2

(ii)

1. 2. 3. 4.

Idea of germ line gene therapy affecting every cell in the body; Germ line gene therapy can pass genes on to next generation / eq; Future generations unable to give consent; May result in designer babies / eugenics / can cause new mutations; 2
[9]

[Allow converse somatic gene therapy will not cause new genes to be passed onto the next generation/eq]

99. Statement Double stranded Adenine and uracil Pentose sugar Phosphodiester
[Any 2 correct = 1 mark] [4]

DNA

mRNA

100. 2 3 4

Energy store ;

Heat insulation / protection / buoyancy / energy store ; Heat insulation / protection / buoyancy /energy store ; Waterproof/eq ;
[4]

101.

(a)

Peptide bond drawn correctly ; 2

Rest of both amino acids drawn correctly ; (b) (i) Reference to -helix / -pleated sheet ;

Reference to hydrogen bonds ; (ii) 1. 2. 3. 4.

The primary structure is the same length at both temperatures ; The secondary structure is shorter at 25 C ; Length decreases from primary to secondary at both temperatures ; Correct manipulation of figures ; 2

(iii)

1. 2. 3. pleated 4.

Reference to increase in kinetic energy at (55 C) ; (More) vibrations within molecule ; Therefore hydrogen bonds (holding -helix / sheet together) reak/eq; (Molecule) starts to unwind ; 2
[8]

102.

(a) (i) Very overweight ; BMI 30 / or above ; Due to excessive{adipose tissue / fat} ; (ii) {Relationship between / eq}(body) mass and height ; (a measure of) overweight / underweight ; 2 [BMI = mass (kg) height (m) = 2 marks] (i) 2. 3. 4. 5. (ii) 1. Overweight increases in children ; But in boys slightly more than in girls ; Obesity increases in children ; Particularly in boys ; Any quantitative comparative figure ;

(b)

Eating more junk food / eq ; Increased advertising of junk food / eq ; Higher {fat / calorie / carbohydrate} intake ; {More sedentary life style / watching more TV / less exercise} eq ;

(c)

Increased risk of {fractures / high blood pressure / diabetes / (coronary) heart disease}/eq ;

1
[10]

103. (ii) (iii)

(a)

(i)

B;

1 1

Mitosis ;

(Plasma cells) {secrete / produce} antibodies ; (Memory cells) respond to a second {exposure/eq} (to the same antigen) /faster response to infection / eq ; 2

(b)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Receptors on cell surface bind to {antigen / cell / opsin/ particle / named example} ; Cells engulf {pathogen / eq} / pseudopodia extend around the {pathogen / eq} / reference to endocytosis ; {Phagosome / (phagocytic) vesicle} is formed(inside the cell) ; Lysosomes fuse with vesicle membrane /eq ; {Secrete/ release} (hydrolytic) enzymes into vesicle ; {Pathogen / antigen} is {digested / destroyed} ;

3
[7]

104. Introduction could include outline structure and properties of the cell surface membrane Specific membrane transport process to include: Unit 1 Diffusion Facilitated diffusion Osmosis Active transport Endocytosis Exocytosis Illustrated with reference to specific examples such as: Unit 2 & Unit 5B Diffusion and gas exchange Unit 2 Absorption of monosaccharides Unit 4 Reabsorption of solutes and water in the nephron Movement of ions and release of transmitter substances
Scientific content 11 marks Balance 2 marks Coherence 2 marks [15]

ESSAY MARK SCHEME Total maximum mark available: 15 11 available for Scientific content 2 available for Balance 2 available for Coherence

Scientific content (S) Scientific content (S) Description The essay demonstrates a sound understanding of the topic, contains a significant amount of material relevant to two (or more) Units(including A2 units) of the specification, and includes suitable examples where appropriate. The candidate has clearly and coherently linked together information from different parts of the specification. An above average essay, with accurate content. The essay includes a good balance of material from two (or more) Units(including the A2 units), and examples where appropriate. There may be some minor factual errors. The essay includes relevant information from two (or more) Units(including A2 units), and the candidate links together some facts and principles. Some examples are included. There may be some minor factual errors. The essay includes some generally factually accurate and relevant material, and there is some attempt to link material from more than one Unit. However, the discussion lacks details, particularly of A2 Units. There are some correct facts, but the essay lacks depth and accuracy. Little or no relevant information from A2 Units is included. There are very few correct facts. The essay is generally superficial and inaccurate. No correct, or relevant, information included.

11 (good)

9 (above average) 7 (average) 5 (below average) 3 (poor) 1 (poor) 0 (poor)

Note: If a scientific content mark of 0, 1, or 3 is awarded, it is very unlikely that a balance mark of more than 1 is appropriate.
S = 11 marks

Balance(b) 2 Most of the main topic areas outlined are covered Some discussion of each of the areas chosen, illustrated with suitable examples where appropriate Material included is all relevant to the topic and the candidate has linked information from more than one area of the specification. Few, if any, errors Some of the main topic areas outlined are covered. Some discussion of each of the areas chosen. Some irrelevant material included. There are some examples which link together different areas of the specification. Some errors Very limited account, possibly only one aspect chosen Material mostly irrelevant No examples of the candidate linking information from different topics Large number of errors
B = 2 marks

Coherence(c) 2 Material logically presented, with little or no repetition Essay has coherence, ideas are developed well; continuous prose used throughout Essay has an introduction and a conclusion, summing up the main points Technical terms have been used correctly Spelling, punctuation and grammar are sound Material is presented in an orderly way and some ideas developed Continuous prose used throughout The introduction and conclusion may be present, but brief Technical terms are used and generally in the correct context Spelling, punctuation and grammar are generally sound Essay style not used Material in note form or numbered points Very poor standard of spelling, punctuation and grammar
C = 2 marks

105. (ii) (iii)

(a) water;

(i)

condensation 1 1

glycosidic

(b)

(i) 1. 2. 3. 4. (ii)

An explanation to include two from: compact therefore large numbers of molecules can fit in a small space / eq insoluble therefore osmotically inactive / eq large molecule therefore remains within cells / cannot pass through membranes / contains a tot of energy easily hydrolysed when required for energy /eq 2

glycogen has side branches only / more side branches / starch composed of two components / amylose and amylopectin

1
[6]

106.

(a)

protein; 3

fatty acid / [/ phospholipids] tail phosphate / glycerol / [/ phospholipids] head (b) A suggestion to include two from: 1. 2. 3. (c) (ii) small (molecular size) recognised by protein receptors /eq Lipid soluble/non-polar/hydrophobic [uncharged] (i) both involve (carrier) proteins / both transport hydrophilic molecules / named molecule / selective active transport requires energy / ATP, facilitated transport does not / active transport moves molecules against a concentration gradient, facilitated diffusion allows molecules to move down a concentration gradient / eq 2

1
[7]

107. p thromboplastin prothrombin fibrinogen fibrin red blood cells All six correct five or four correct three or two correct one correct - 3 marks - 2 marks - 1 mark - 0 marks
[3]

[one mark for each two correct answers rounded down]

108. (ii) (iii) (b)

(a) uracil

(i)

adenine 1 1

phosphate

A description to include two from: 1. 2. 3. double [ / helix] base pairing / A-T,C-G hydrogen bonds (easily broken) 2

(c)

Any two from: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. DNA replication - both strands copied / transcription only one strand copied DNA replication uses T, transcription uses U Reference to DNA polymerase / RNA polymerase DNA replication copies whole strand / transcription only copies part of the strand / eq mRNA synthesised in transcription, not in DNA 2
[7]

109.

(a) parents genotypes shown (Nn and t) parents gametes shown (Nn for both); son NN and daughter nn

(b) (i)

(i)

amniocentesis / chorionic villus sampling /CVS

1 1
[5]

peace of mind if result is negative / can consider abortion / can prepare for another child with cystic fibrosis

110. (ii) (b)

(a) H;

(i) 1

CN 1

peptide

An explanation to include two from: 1. 2. 3. 4. chain folds into secondary structure / reference to a-helix or 3 pleated sheets then folds into tertiary structure [ / interactions) between R groups reference to named bond 2 An explanation to include: substrate concentration limiting the rate / eq or converse correct reference to not all active sites occupied by substrate / eq 2

Reject peptide (c) (i) 1. 2. (d)

An outline to include four from: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. identify independent variable and dependent variable select suitable range of concentrations (at least 5); fixed volumes of enzyme / substrate control of named variable(s) description of apparatus used correct method of obtaining quantitative results reference to replication / calculation of rate / mean values 4
[10]

111. (ii)

(a)

(i)

{semilunar / aortic} valve

ventricular systole 1

(iii)

A description and an explanation to include three from: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. ventricles contract atrioventricular(AV) valves dose semilunar valves open /eq due to higher pressure in ventricles; compared to (atria / artery} blood passes into {aorta / artery) A suggestion to include three from: reduced flow of blood to heart [ / cells] lack of oxygen (to cells) / reference to anaerobic respiration / ischaemic / eq cells / muscles damaged / die / eq reference to lactic acid / angina 3 1 3

(b)

(i) 1. 2. 3. 4. (ii)

walls of the artery are elastic /eq

(c)

An explanation to include: 1. 2. angioplasty operation has less risk / eq angioplasty is less invasive / less major operation / may not need general anaesthetic / faster recovery rate 2 1
[12]

(d)

arteries carry blood under higher pressure / eq

112. 2. 3. 4. 5.

1.

Covalent;

Dipole / dipolar; NOT polar / bipolar Solvent; Hydrogen / H; NOT H2 (Specific) heat capacity; NOT latent heat
[5]

113. (ii) (iii)

(a) 1. 2.

(i)

Hydrogen / H; 1 A {triplet of / three} bases (on tRNA);

Amino acid;

complementary to codon (on mRNA) / complementary to the triplet on mRNA; 2

(b) 2. 3. 4. 5.

1. tRNA molecule is {folded/cloverleaf shape/L-shaped} but mRNA is a {straight chain / hairpin loop}; tRNA is a fixed length but mRNA molecules are of variable length / eq; tRNA molecule is (usually) a short chain but mRNA is (usually) longer; tRNA molecule contains (regions of) {hydrogen bonds / H bonds / double-stranded regions} within it; Ref. to modified base (or named modified base) in tRNA; 2
[6]

114. (ii)

(a) 1. 2.

(i)

7;

1 UCUGA; 2

TCTGA;

(b) 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. OR 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. OR 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

1.

(%) adenine must equal (% of) thymine;

(double figure) 58.8; Guanine and cytosine must make up rest of molecule / eq; (subtract from 100) = 41.2; (% of) guanine = (% of) cytosine / eq; (divide by 2) = 20.6; Adenine (and guanine) are purines; purines bind to pyrimidines; (purines) must equal 50%; Guanine = {50 29.4 / 20.6}; Guanine and cytosine bind together; Therefore cytosine = 20.6(%); Adenine binds with thymine; Therefore thymine = 29.4 (%); Thymine and cytosine are pyrimidines; Thymine + cytosine = 50 (%); 50 29.4; Cytosine = 20.6(%); 5
[8]

115. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. (b)

(a)

1.

Ref to cellulose;

Cellulose arranged into microfibrils; Embedded into a matrix; Named component of matrix e.g. pectin / hemicellulose; Ref to {primary and secondary cell walls / several layers of microfibrils}; Ref to plasmodesmata; (i) Cells damaged / some cell content released (during blending) / some of the added water coming through / eq; 3

(ii)

1. 2. 3. 4.

Enzyme A and enzyme B (both) increase the yield of apple juice; Both enzymes yield similar volumes of apple juice/eq; A combination of enzymes yields a greater volume of juice than either enzyme on its own /eq; Ref to any correctly manipulated figures; Disrupt the cell wall /eq; {Breakdown / digest} the {pectin I cellulose /eq}; ref to glycosidic bonds being broken; Resulting in an increase in permeability / juice able to leak out of cells /eq; (one) enzyme could be pectinase; (other) enzyme could be cellulase; Enzyme A breaks down a different component (or named component) to enzyme B; Two enzymes together destroy more molecules / cell wall; 4
[10]

(iii)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

116.

(a)

(i) 2. 3. 4. 5.

1. There is no increase (in the intensity of red coloration) until 45C /eq; There is a small/eq increase in the (red coloration) from 45-65C; At 65-75C there is a large increase in (red coloration); There is a small/eq increase after 75C / No further increase in (red coloration) above 85C / eq; Manipulation of data; 3

(ii)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Up to 45C there is no effect on the membrane; Increasing temperature increases the kinetic energy of the molecules (in membrane) /eq; Proteins may change shape/eq; Phospholipids move more /eq; Allowing pigment to leak through vacuole membrane / eq; And plasma membrane / eq; By diffusion /down a concentration gradient; Reference to plateau /eq as {all membrane now disrupted/ no longer a diffusion gradient}/ eq; 3

(b) 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

1.

Movement (of molecules) against concentration gradient/eq;

Requires{energy/ATP}; Occurs in one direction; Involves proteins; Which span the membrane / eq; Molecule binds to protein/carrier; Protein/carrier changes shape / eq; Reference to sodium pump or named ion pump; 5
[11]

117. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

1.

(alveoli) have a thin wall / squamous epithelium / eq;

(and) have a large surface area; ref. to increased diffusion / decreased diffusion distance / eq; ref. to presence of surfactant; function of surfactant; ref. to capillaries; {transport of (respiratory) gases / movement of blood} maintains diffusion gradient; 5
[5]

118.

(a) diffusion; facilitated diffusion; active transport / uptake; energy / ATP; carrier / channel; endocytosis; [Reject exocytosis] 6 correct 3 marks 5 or 4 correct 2 marks 3 or 2 correct 1 mark 1 or 0 correct - 0 marks (b) (i) similarity

both passive / do not require energy /eq / move (molecules) down a concentration gradient; difference osmosis involves transport of water only / converse / osmosis always involves movement of molecules through a partially permeable membrane / converse;

(ii)

similarity both involve the use of vesicles to move contents / eq / both involved in bulk transport / eq both require energy / ATP; difference endocytosis involves transport of substances into the cell, exocytosis transports substances out of the cell; 2
[7]

119.

(a) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. (b)

A description to include two from: narrowing leads to higher blood pressure; increases risk of {further damage to the artery wall / aneurysm} platelets stick to damaged wall; triggers blood clotting process / eq; correct reference to mast / foam cells / inflammatory response; (i) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. A description to include three from: platelets stick to damaged wall of artery / eq; thromboplastin released (from damaged tissue/platelets); correct reference to Ca
2+

/ Vit. K;

prothrombin converted to thrombin; fibrinogen converted to fibrin; fibrin mesh traps blood cells forming a clot; 3

(ii)

An explanation to include two from: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. blood clot blocks coronary artery; restricts blood flow to heart muscle; lack of oxygen to heart (muscle) / ischaemic; for respiration / reference to anaerobic respiration; insufficient energy release for contraction / infarction / damage to heart muscle; 3
[8]

120.

(a) (i) COOH group; NH2 group; ACCEPT correct structures drawn out

(ii)

An explanation to include three from: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. appropriate reference to {secondary structure / -helix or -pleated sheet}; polypeptide chain folded in a specific shape / reference to tertiary structure; reference to R groups; bonding between R groups determines the shape; named bond ie. hydrogen, disulphide, ionic; 6; 1 1 2
[9]

(b) (ii) (iii)

(i)

transcription;

AUG CCA UAC GGU UGG AAG;; [1 mark if T instead of U given]

121.

(a) Polysaccharides Are polymers Have ester bonds Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen Form components making up the structure of cell membranes 12 correct 6 marks 11 or 10 correct 9 or 8 correct 7 or 6 correct 5 or 4 correct 3 or 2 correct 1 or 0 correct (b) 5 marks 4 marks 3 marks 2 marks 1 mark 0 marks Lipids Proteins

(i) saturated (lipids) have no double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain / C = C / between carbon atoms and unsaturated have double bonds / C=C saturated (lipids) from animal sources and unsaturated from plant sources saturated (lipids) tend to be solid and unsaturated liquids at r.t.;

(ii)

starch has {two components / amylose and amylopectin} and glycogen does not starch stored in plant cells and glycogen in animal cells glycogen has a branched structure but {starch / amylose} has a coiled structure glycogen has more branches than {starch / amylopectin}; 2
[8]

122.

(a) (i) reduce intake of fat / particularly saturated fat / correct examples / increase fibre / fresh fruit and vegetables / increase intake of foods containing sterols / stanols / include oily fish; 1 (ii) A suggestion and an explanation to include two from: 1. 2. 3. 4. cholesterol synthesized by the body; further detail e.g. made in liver / cholesterol made from saturated fats; genetic factors; further detail e.g. hypercholesterolaemia / number of LDL receptors; 39.9 / 40.0%;; 2

(b)

(i)

(if wrong, 14.8 8.9 OR 5.9 seen;) (ii) (iii) (Statin) B; 1

ref to {validity / reliability /identification of anomalous results / allows for variation }; NOT accuracy / precision to confirm the drug was having the effect / eq; 2
[8]

123.

(a) 1. 2. 3. 4.

(i)

A description to include three from:

increase in the percentage of {all / the population} classed as obese (from 1980-2000); increase in both males and females / females higher than males; bigger difference between males and females in 1986; 3 to 4 fold increase from 1980-2000 / correct manipulation of figures; 3

(ii)

A suggestion to include two from: 1. 2. 3. 4. inactivity / lack of exercise / high fat diet / eq; energy intake greater than energy loss; advertising and commercial pressures; genetic reference to male and female differences / women {post-pregnancy / menopause}/ eq; 2

(b)

(76 1.702) / 26.29 / 26.3 / 26; no; ALLOW 76 1.70 = 45 = yes / obese; 2

(c)

An explanation to include three from: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. increase in blood pressure; increased risk of {damage to arteries / plaque / atheroma / atherosclerosis}; increased risk of stroke / blood clotting an artery / coronary heart disease / CVD / eq; increase in blood cholesterol; increased risk of Type II diabetes; joint damage / eq; 3
[10]

124. 2. 3. 4. 5.

1.

covalent;

fatty acid; glycerol / propan-1,2,3-triol / propantriol; condensation; unsaturated;

[5]

125.

(a) 1.

Facilitated diffusion: (proteins provide) {channels / gates / pores / carriers / transporters} in membrane; OR {channels / gates / pores / carriers / transporters} carry molecules across the membrane;

2. 3. 4.

(channels / gates / pores) can open or close / (carriers / transporters) can change shape; for ions / {large / polar} molecules / molecules insoluble in lipids to pass through; down {concentration / diffusion} gradient / eq; marks) molecule {binds to / fits into / attaches to / combines with} protein; use of {ATP / energy}; up concentration gradient / eq; for faster uptake / eq; marks) 5 (i) 2. 3. 1. increase in concentration (in cytoplasm) for first {2.3 hours / 2.4 hrs / 2h 18 min / 2h 24 min /eq}; (then) concentration remains {constant / plateau / levels off}; calculation of rate of uptake e.g. (2.8 2.3 = 1.22 g cm h ); active transport cannot occur; at first, X diffuses in / can enter down concentration gradient / eq; idea that once concentration of X in cytoplasm equals concentration outside, no more can be taken up; correct reference to some ATP present at start, so some active transport will occur; 2
[9]
3 1

(Max 3

Active transport: 5. 6. 7. 8.

(Max 3

(b)

(ii)

1. 2. 3. 4.

126.

(a)

(i)

Uracil and cytosine (or vice versa);

ACCEPT U and C1 (ii) C T A G C A C; 1

(b)

200 3 / 600; 50; 12 seconds; 3

(c) 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. (d) 2. 3.

1.

The mRNA {attaches /eq} to a ribosome;

two tRNA molecules (held in ribosome) / eq; tRNA carries one {specific / eq} amino acid; ref to anticodons on tRNA; (which bind to) {complementary bases / codons} on mRNA; peptide bonds form between amino acids; idea of ribosome moves relative to mRNA; until a stop codon is reached; 1. 5

{DNA / bacterial chromosome} is in the cytoplasm / not in a nucleus; 2

[12]

idea of mRNA doesnt have to travel / ribosomes bind straight away; (because) {transcription / mRNA formed) in the cytoplasm;

127. (ii)

(a)

(i)

codominance;

1 1
P C P C

1 chevron + 2 mixed + 1 patch;

(iii)

1. 2. 3. 4.

(genotypes of parents:) V V and V V ; correct gametes shown for each; cross correct to give genotypes; genotypes matched with phenotypes; 3

(b) 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

1.

both involve single {gene / allele pair / locus};

ref. to codominance in both / eq; NOT just A and B, A B must use I and I ref. to multiple alleles in blood groups / ABO involves three alleles, clover patterns only two alleles / eq; ref. to dominance of {I / I } over I / I is recessive to A B {the others / I / I }; no {dominance shown / recessive allele} in clover patterns; the ABO blood group has 4 phenotypes, the clover pattern has 3 phenotypes; both show {discontinuous / discrete} variation; 4
[9]
A B O O

128. 2. 3. 4.

1.

made of C, H, O;

glycerol / propan (1, 2, 3) triol; three fatty acids; correct location of ester {bond / link}; 3
[3]

ACCEPT points 2, 3 and 4 made on a clearly labelled diagram

129.

(a) {fatty deposits / plaques / cholesterol / atheroma / eq} {narrows / blocks} arteries; less blood flow {to cardiac muscle (cells/tissues) / through coronary artery}; less oxygen; anaerobic respiration; build up of {lactic acid / lactate} (causes pain); (b) (i) 1873, 1614, 1790 kJ; [all three required for (1) mark] (ii) (iii) A; 1

A less saturated fatty acids / FA; less {cholesterol/LDLs} (made by liver); less / no cholesterol in diet; less chance of atherosclerosis/eq / {atheroma / fats} building up / depositing / being laid down on arteries;

3
[8]

130.

(i) arrows moving from direction of veins through the atria towards ventricles on both sides; (ii) sinoatrial node / SAN / pacemaker;

1 1
[2]

131.

(a) mothers and fathers genotypes correctly stated e.g. mother Aa and father aa; gametes shown clearly and correctly; F1 genotypes clearly linked to phenotypes; probability 50% / 0.5 / 1 in 2 / / eq; (b) (i) amniocentesis / chorionic villus sampling / CVS / pre-implantation genetic diagnosis / PIGD; (ii) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. extract DNA from cells; cut DNA using a restriction enzyme; gel electrophoresis; credit one further correct detail of gel electrophoresis; treat with alkali / make DNA single stranded; southern blotting / transfer to a {nylon/nitrocelluose} membrane; use of a gene probe; further detail of a gene probe (complementary sequence / radioactively labelled / fluorescent marker / eq); disclosure {x-ray film / UV light / laser}; comparison with marker gene;

5
[9]

132.

(a) (i) X: phospholipid; Y: (channel) protein; Z: glycoprotein / carbohydrate;

(ii)

P: (passive) diffusion; Q: active transport; R: facilitated diffusion;

(b)

1. CFTR protein defective / eq; 2. chloride ions remain in cells / eq; 3. mucus lacks water/is very sticky / eq; 4. mucus blocks pancreatic (duct); 5. {fewer enzymes / correctly named enzyme} released into the small intestine; 6. lower concentration of enzymes / fewer active sites; 7. fewer collisions between substrate and the active site of the enzymes / named substrate and enzyme; 4
[10]

133. (ii) (iii) (iv)

(a)

(i)

ester; 1 1

hydrolysis; fatty acids; glycerol;

unsaturated / eq are {liquid at room temperature / lower melting point} whilst saturated / eq solid at room temperature; MUST be a comparative point (i) phosphate;

1 1

(b) (ii)

ref. to {hydrophilic / charged / polar / water attracting} {head/group} and {hydrophobic /not charged / non-polar / water repelling} {tail /group } / eq; ref. to forming a bilayer; ref. to orientation in membrane;

2
[8]

134.

(a) (i) F: ribose; G: uracil; (ii) (b) nucleus; (i)

E: phosphate; 3 1 Tyr, Val, Glu, Arg;; 2

(ii)

translation;

1
[7]

135. (b)

(a)

energy / glucose storage; (i) diagram showing 1 glucose molecule / monosaccharide; diagram shows H and OH groups on each of carbon 1 and carbon 4;

(ii)

ref to specificity / shape; correct ref to active site on enzyme; correct ref to enzyme-substrate complex / eq; lock and key concept / induced fit; ref to amino acids in proteins versus glucose in glycogen / peptide versus glycosidic bonds;

(c)

reduces activation energy / provides an alternative reaction pathway; (biological) catalyst / speeds up reaction without being used up; allows reactions to occur rapidly at body/lower temperature;

2
[8]

136.

(a) (i) BBhh black, long hair; bbHH white, short hair; (ii) (b) BbHh; (i) 1 BbHh x bbhh;

bh BH BbHh Bh Bbhh bH bbHh bh bbhh 1 for gametes correct; 1 for offspring correct; 1 for phenotypes: black short, black long, white short, white long; (ii) new combinations of characteristics/alleles; in offspring but not parents; example; 2

(c)

mutation produces new alleles/changes DNA /eq; independent assortment mixes alleles/ new combinations of alleles;

2
[10]

137.

(a)

has gene(s) which increase chance of developing CVD / eq;

named example of gene (e.g. SRY, APOE4, AZE, MTHFR); genes do not necessarily mean you will develop the disease /eq; {other risk factor / named risk factor}also contributes to chance of developing CHD; (b) more than one gene can (cause the condition) / the condition is caused by different genes in different people; one copy of APOE4 increases risk (3 fold / 2 copies increases risk 8 fold) in French people; Alzheimers tends to affect the elderly / eq; high rate of death among pygmies (due to {disease / accidents}) means that few survive to an age where Alzheimers will be seen / eq; APOE4 may be less dangerous to {pygmies / Africans} than Europeans/ environmental differences / eq; APOE4 has negligible effect on reproductive success so may not be selected against / invisible to natural selection / eq; (d) Falling childhood mortality rates / {elimination / reduction} of most fatal childhood infectious diseases / eq; reproduction is less common when food is in short supply; less energy / resources given over to reproduction (when energy / food is in short supply); {energy / calorie} deprived flies reduce gene expression for genes involved in reproduction; {energy / calorie} deprived flies increase gene expression for genes involved in the immune system; enhanced immune system; immune system protects against {disease / other causes of ageing / cancer / diabetes / autoimmune disease}; restricted growth aids survival; ref. IGF; marsupial mice spend most of their adult life copulating and die young; restricted diet may result in fewer free radicals being released; 3 3 3

(c)

(e)

(f)

superoxide dismutase protects against free radicals / few free radicals means less damage to DNA / eq; {SOD(1)/overactive superoxide dismutase} may cause {amytrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)/neurological disease/Lou Gehrig disease/early death}; SOD may kill neurones / eq; SOD linked to Downs syndrome; free radical theory of aging may be wrong / eq; gene may {have other roles / moonlight} (that may be harmful); SOD results in production of {hydrogen peroxide / H2O2}; need balance between SOD and catalase to avoid damage / eq; 3

(g)

(i)

MARKS IN THIS SECTION NEED TO BE IN CONTEXT

identify the gene responsible for the disease; {use of / design} a gene probe for the disease gene; further detail of probe (e.g. complementary to gene / radioactively labelled / fluorescently labelled); extract DNA from patient / cheek cell swab / eq; {cut / digest} DNA using restriction {enzymes / endonuclease}; separate DNA using gel electrophoresis; further detail of gel electrophoresis; [e.g. use of {agarose/polyacrylate} gel / apply {current through/ pd across} / DNA moves towards anode / smallest fragments move {fastest / furthest}] treat with alkali to make DNA single stranded; southern blotting / transfer onto a {nylon/nitrocellulose} membrane; disclosure using x-ray film / UV light / laser; provide counselling (with results); ask for family history of the disease/eq; (ii) advantage: can avoid passing disease onto children if negative / if positive can use Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis / eq / change diet to delay {onset/symptoms} of disorder / peace of mind with negative result / suitable ref. to existing children / choose not to have children (if positive) to avoid passing on / eq; disadvantage: no known cure available so increased stress with positive result / worry that subsequent children may inherit the disease / eq / insurance discrimination / high insurance premiums / ref to abortions / may choose not to have children due to risk / eq / increased risk of miscarriage (due to antenatal screening); 4

2
[20]

138. 2. 3. 4.

1.

(simple ) diffusion;

facilitated diffusion; active transport; ATP;

[4]

139. (ii) (b)

H N H

(a)

(i)

the {sequence / order} of amino acids; 1

hydrolysis;

H C C O C
2H

O O H

1
[3]

140.

(a) A phosphate B deoxyribose; (b) (ii) (i) 1. 2. 3. 4. (c) 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. Adenine 29, Guanine 21, Cytosine 21; a purine always bonds to a pyrimidine; % thymine must equal % adenine / eq; guanine and cytosine must make up rest of molecule / eq; % guanine = % cytosine / eq; DNA contains genetic information / eq;

1 1

max 3

DNA codes for protein / eq; a change in DNA could produce a different {protein / mRNA} / eq; idea that it is required throughout life (or {cell / organism}); idea that it is needed to pass on to next generation (of {cell / organism}); max 2

(d) 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

1.

part of the DNA (molecule) unwinds;

DNA strands separate / {hydrogen / H} bonds break; idea only one strand acts as a template; (free) nucleotides line up against DNA; OR reference to complementary base pairing / correct description; correct reference to RNA polymerase; reference to {nucleotides joining together / formation of phosphodiester bonds}; (to form) mRNA; exits through nuclear pore / from nucleus to cytoplasm / movement to ribosomes; max 5
[12]

141.

(a) Statement about Daphnia (i) The movement of fluid through the heart is an example of mass transport (ii) Daphnia uses diffusion to transport oxygen into muscle cells (iii) Daphnia tends to lose water from its body to the freshwater by osmosis (iv) Daphnia can use active transport to move ions from the freshwater into its body 4 (b) (ii) (i) 200; A = 50, B = 75 & C = 100; 1 1 Tick or cross ; ; ; ;

(iii)

1. concentration; 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

only three Daphnia used / not enough {samples / repeats} to be representative / only one Daphnia used per different Daphnia used (for each caffeine concentration) / different Daphnia used for 35 au; range not large enough to make prediction / eq; Daphnia may respond differently at higher concentrations / eq OR they may die; taking readings for 10 seconds not sufficient; describe one environmental variable to be controlled / allow time for Daphnia to acclimatise; need for a control; max 3
[9]

142.

(a) 2. 3.

(i)

1.

(waxy layer) is waterproof;

{enzyme / pectinase} in (aqueous) solution; (therefore) {enzyme / pectinase} unable to pass through (waxy layer) / unable to get to {pectin / polysaccharide / carbohydrate} / eq; pectinase is specific and will not digest lipid / waxy surface; max 2 shape of (enzyme / pectinase) active site; fits pectin / does not fit cellulose / reference to specificity of enzymes; 2 1. increases the surface area;

4.

(ii)

1. 2.

(b)

(i) 2.

more {substrate /pectin} available / increases the number of {enzyme-substrate complexes / collisions between enzyme / eq and substrate / eq}; hydrolysis uses up water; evaporation of water /eq; idea of same number of the {enzyme / pectinase} molecules but in less {solvent/water}; pectinase released from orange tissues/eq; correct reference to osmosis (into orange);

(ii)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

max 2
[8]

143. (b)

(a)

(nitrogenous / organic) base / named base; 1. 8 double strands drawn;

2. (c) (d) (e) 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

2 hybrid and rest all light DNA;

2 1 1

DNA polymerase / helicase / DNA ligase / primase / eq; TCG AAT GGT; 1. correct reference to description of gene mutation;

change {mRNA / codon / eq}; {different / wrong / no} amino acid included / stop codon; different / eq {sequence of amino acids / primary structure of protein}; different R groups; change bonding in protein / correctly named bond(s); protein forms different {secondary / tertiary / quaternary} structure; different (3D) shape; max 5
[10]

144.

(a)

(i)

X = aorta/ aortic arch; 3 1 1

Y = (left) ventricle / cardiac muscle; Z = coronary artery /eq; (ii) (iii) (b) second box down on the left; SAN / sino atrial node / pacemaker / eq; (i) 2. 3. 1. sequence of events from one beat to the next beat / eq;

reference to {contraction / systole} and {relaxation / diastole}; correct detail of sequence e.g. atrial systole ventricular systole diastole / approx 30% of time spent in systole and 70% in diastole; correct detail of electrical regulation of cardiac cycle/eq; left ventricle has {more / thicker} muscle / eq; max 2

4. (ii) 1.

2. 3. (iii) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. (c) 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 1.

blood from (left ventricle) has to divide between more capillaries / eq; left ventricle has to pump blood further / eq; pressure increases as blood forced into ventricle during atrial systole; pressure increases during (initial) ventricular systole/eq; (due to) reducing volume of ventricle (causing pressure increase); pressure starts to decrease due to blood into artery / loss of blood from ventricle; decreases during diastole / eq; (due to) increasing volume (of chamber); gender max 2 max 2

smoking genes / inheritance / eq stress high LDL level / LDL to HDL ratio / high blood cholesterol reference to inappropriate diet such as high {salt / fat / cholesterol / calorie} intake / eq high alcohol intake obesity lack of exercise / eq max 1
[12]

Notes: two correct answers needed for one mark

145. 2.

(a) 1. fluid (phospholipid) molecules can move within phospholipid {layer / monolayer}; mosaic {proteins / glycoproteins / eq} dotted throughout the {membrane / bilayer / eq}; (i) (ii) 1. 2. 3. (c) glycerol; phosphate; 3 (act as) receptors / antigens; two {fatty acid / eq} tails; 2 1

(b)

1. charged region (of cholesterol) only in line with hydrophilic phospholipid head /non-charged region only in

line with hydrophobic phospholipid tails; 2. (d) 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. all within 1 monolayer; 1. LDLs carry most cholesterol / HDLs more protein / eq; 2

LDLs bind to receptors on cell membranes; if in high concentration, they overload receptors; results in high blood cholesterol; high risk of atheroma / atherosclerosis / eq; HDLs transport cholesterol to liver; cholesterol broken down therefore less risk of atherosclerosis /eq; max 4
[12]

146. 2. 3. 4. (b)

(a)

1.

cross over recombines existing alleles;

mutation produces new alleles / changes DNA; mutations happen in any cell division / cross over only occurs in meiosis; mutations more likely to be non-viable; (i) Genotype RLT rlT RlT RLt Rlt rLt 2 marks all correct, lose one mark per error 2 max 2

Tick

(ii)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. (F1) RrTt;

(Parents) RRTT rrtt; (Gametes) RT rt; (Gametes) RT, Rt, rT, rt; (F2 genotypes) R_T_, R_tt, rrT_, rrtt; 9:3:3:1; Correct phenotypes (purple present, purple absent, red present, red absent); max 5
[9]

147. Process Requires transport proteins Requires energy in the form of ATP

Simple diffusion Facilitated diffusion Osmosis Active transport NB 1 mark for every two correct answers
[4]

148. 2. 3. 4. 5.

1.

hydrophobic / non-polar / not charged;

glycerol / propan-(1,2,3)-triol; (saturated / unsaturated) fatty acids; ester / covalent; insulation / buoyancy / energy store / protection / source of metabolic water;
[5]

149. 2. 3. 4. 5.

1.

{fatty acids / tails} are {hydrophobic / non-polar / eq};

(so orientate themselves) away from {water / polar environment / eq}; {phosphate/heads} are {hydrophilic / polar / eq}; (so orientate themselves) towards {water / polar environment}; idea that phospholipids arranged in bilayer due to aqueous environment on both sides of membrane / eq; max 3
[3]

150. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

(a)

1.

idea that part of the DNA helix unwinds;

DNA strands separate; hydrogen bonds are broken; idea of one strand acting as a template; (RNA) (mono)nucleotides line up against complementary (DNA) bases; reference to formation of phosphodiester bonds / eq; correct reference to {RNA polymerase / DNA helicase}; reference to detachment of mRNA (molecule) from the DNA; max 4 1. reference to translation / eq;

(b) 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. (c)

mRNA becomes {associated / eq} with ribosomes; idea that a ribosome hold two transfer RNA molecules; reference to transfer RNA attached to amino acid; peptide bonds formed (between adjacent amino acids); reference to ribosome moving along mRNA; (i) GGG CGC UCG AAA;; 2 max 3

[1 mistake : 1 mark] (ii) (glycine) arginine serine lysine;; [1 mistake = 1 mark] (iii) ATT / ATC / ACT;

2 1
[12]

151. 2. 3. 4. (b) 2. (c) 2.

(a) 1. capillaries {have thin walls / made of flattened epithelium / thin cells / eq}; reference to presence of pores; reference to basement membrane; reference to permeability of capillary wall /eq; 1. proteins are large (molecules); 2 max 3

cannot pass through capillary wall / eq; 1. idea of reduced concentration of plasma proteins / eq;

therefore reduced osmotic effect / eq;

2
[7]

152. (ii)

(a)

(i)

artery;

Any two from the following pairs: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. thick {wall / layer} of (smooth) muscle / thick elastic {layer / wall}; allows artery to expand / withstand pressure from the pulse of blood / eq; collagen (fibres); provides strength / eq; smooth lining; prevent resistance to blood flow / eq; small lumen / eq; to maintain high pressure / eq; inhibits the enzyme (that catalyses the conversion); max 4

(b) 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

1.

by active site-directed inhibition / eq; inhibitor {is a similar shape to the substrate } / blocks active site; by non active site-directed inhibition; inhibitor attaches to enzyme at point other than active site / eq; (and) causes active site to change shape; max 4
[9]

153.

(a) 2. 3. 4. (ii) 1. 2. (b) 2. 3. (c) 2. 3. 4. 1.

(i)

1.

(one of) {alternative / different} forms of a gene / eq;

reference to responsible for determining different varieties of one characteristic; idea of each allele has unique sequence of bases; (allele)situated at a (gene) locus / eq; appearance / characteristics (of an organism) / eq; depends on genotype and environment; gametes shown correctly; 3 2 max 2

genotypes of offspring; probability = 0.33 / / 33%; 1. idea that ears etc., have a lower temperature (than the rest of body); (therefore) enzyme is {active / not denatured / eq}; pigment produced / eq; no pigment produced in other parts because enzyme is {inactive / denatured} / eq; max 3
[10]

154. (b)

(a)

right-hand 1 box down; 1. (skeletal) muscle contracts / eq;

st

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

squeezes vein / named vein; blood forced in both directions (away from squeezed area) / eq; (one way) valves present (in veins); one way flow / prevent backflow / eq; reference to role of thorax e.g. pressure changes during inspiration / expiration / breathing; lower pressure in {heart / atria} during {diastole / eq}; max 3

(c) 2. 3. 4.

1. {squamous / pavement / flattened /thin / eq } cell / endothelium; (only) one cell thick; small lumen present /(capillary) small diameter; pores present / gaps present / eq; max 2
[6]

155.

(a) 2. 3. (ii) (b) (ii) (c) 2. 3. 4.

(i)

1.

active {transport / uptake}; max 2

facilitated diffusion; endocytosis / pinocytosis / endopinocytosis / eq; 1 299; 1 1 {ATP / ADP / Pi / (inorganic) phosphate};

translation; (i) 906; 1. mRNA; tRNA; rRNA;

max 2
[7]

156.

(a) Drink Time taken for 180 heart beats / seconds Caffeine concentration / mg per 100ml 33 to 34; 58 to 60; 30; 3

Instant coffee Filter coffee Tea

(b)

no {difference / effect} due to : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. genotype / eq; age; size / eq; gender /eq; physiological state / eq; pre-treatment / eq; absorption rate /eq;max 3 1. 2. 3. 4. variation due to chance / eq;

(c)

still some caffeine present within the organism / still some caffeine present on the surface; idea of time to recover from effect of caffeine; inaccuracy of measurements / eq; max 2
[8]

157.

(a)

(i) CH 2O H CH 2O H O H H O O H H H O H H H O H H O H O H H O H

H H

O H O H galactose;

glucose 2 breaking of (glycosidic) bond / eq;

(ii)

1. 2. 3.

{addition of / using} water / eq; breaking larger molecule(s) into smaller molecules / named example other than lactose to glucose and galactose OR disaccharide being broken into two monosaccharides; reference to {hydrolytic / named} enzyme; max 2

4.

(b)

(i)

1. Parents genotypes : Gg / gG for both parents and parents gametes: G g for both parents; Possible genotypes of second child: GG Gg Gg gg; 3

2. 3.

Probability of not having the condition: 0.75 / 75% / ; more than one {triplet / codon / eq} may code for same amino acid; third base in {triplet / eq} often not important / eq; at 3rd base {point mutation / base changes / eq}; amino acid swapped but does not change shape of protein / eq; (mutation occurs) in intron / eq; risk of miscarriage; risk of harm to {fetus / eq} / eq; reference to a fetus right to life; should the pregnancy be terminated / eq; {practical / financial} issues; mental and emotional issues;

(ii)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

max 2

(iii)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

max 3
[12]

158. (b)

(a)

far right-hand box; (i) 110 / first one / higher one / eq;

1 1

(ii)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

high salt {intake / in diet / eq}; high (saturated) {fat / cholesterol / LDL / eq} {intake / in diet / eq}; high alcohol intake; smoking; stress; hardening of arteries / atherosclerosis / eq; old age; inherited trait / eq; obesity / overweight; lack of exercise / eq; 100%; max 2 1 1
[6]

(c) (ii)

(i)

{twice as / 2 more / 100% more} likely to have heart disease / eq;

159. 2. 3. 4. 5.

(a) 1. (ion / Ca ) {binds / eq} to protein (in membrane) / {named / channel / carrier} protein; reference to {specificity / eq} of protein to {ion / 2+ Ca }; protein spans the membrane / eq; protein changes shape / description of shape change / eq; (ion / Ca ) moves across from a region of high concentration to a region of lower concentration / down a concentration gradient / eq; until both sides are equal / eq; (i) minutes; 2. 3. 4. 1.8. 1. {linear / rapid / steady / eq} increase for first {3 / 4} max 4
2+

2+

6. (b)

uptake slows after {3 / 4 / {next 2 / eq}} minutes; no further {increase / uptake} after {5.5 / 6 minutes}; credit correct manipulation of the data e.g. uptake is to 2 au min ;
1

max 3

(ii)

1. diffusion / eq; 2. 3.

(a 10C rise) increases the (initial rate of) uptake /

no effect on final concentration / eq; credit comparative manipulation of the data e.g. doubles the (initial) rate; max 2 more kinetic energy / moving faster / eq; therefore more collisions with {membrane / protein / carrier / eq}; more ions moving into cell per unit time / eq; (dynamic) equilibrium will occur (independent of temperature) / eq; more {membrane / named} protein altered / eq; more channels open; max 2
[11]

(iii)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

160.

(a)

(i) Feature 1-6 glycosidic bonds present Made up of many monomers One mark per correct column. 4 Glucose Glycogen Maltose Starch

(ii) (iii)

lactose;

Award one mark for each of the following points in context to a maximum of two. 1. 2. one unit of glucose correctly drawn; second identical unit; 1 1

(iv)

hydrolysis;

(b)

Award one mark for each of the following points in context to a maximum of three. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. large molecule/made up of many monomers allows storage of large amounts of energy; compact therefore large amounts can be stored in a cell; insoluble therefore does not have an osmotic effect/eq; inert so not affected by other reactions in cells; large molecule therefore cannot pass out of cells; can be hydrolysed to release large amounts of energy / glucose when required; Max 3
[11]

161.

(a) Award one mark for each of the following points in context to a maximum of three 1. 2. 3. 4. {during first 5 years / initially} there is little change in death rates; from late 70s/early 80s in most countries there is a lowering of death rates; Poland is an exception when death rates have increased; any quantitative manipulation of data e.g. death rate in Finland has halved over period; (i) Award one mark for each of the following points in context to a maximum of two. 1. 2. (ii) Finland has high rates of CHD and high B.P.; UK has high rates of CHD and high B.P.; Max 2 Max 3

(b)

Award one mark for each of the following points in context to a maximum of two. 1. 2. there is conflicting evidence; Italy has high b.p. but low death rates; Max 2

(c)

Award one mark for each of the following points in context to a maximum of three. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. damage to artery walls; ref. to blood clot; blood clot can block arteries; ref. to coronary arteries; lack of (oxygenated) blood flow to heart muscle; Max 3
[10]

162.

(a)

W = coronary arteries

X = aorta Y = (left) pulmonary artery Z = pulmonary vein 4 correct = 2 marks 2 or 3 correct = 1 mark 0 or 1 correct = 0 marks (b) Award one mark for each of the following points in context to a maximum of four. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. ventricle (muscle) contracts; higher pressure in ventricles relative to atria; (pressure) closes atrioventricular valve; higher pressure in ventricles relative to the {aorta / pulmonary artery / arteries}; (pressure) opens the semilunar valve; blood forced into the {aorta / pulmonary artery / arteries}; Max 4

(c)

Award one mark for each of the following points in context to a maximum of three. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. place Daphnia on {cavity slide / eq} with caffeine; (focus on heart) using microscope; ref. to range of caffeine concentrations; ref. to repeats; ref. to {water as control / zero caffeine concentration}; Max 3

Award one mark for each of the following points in context to a maximum of three. 1. 2. 3. 4. control temperature; reference to similar organisms used; accurate measurement of DV; reference to pretreatment; Max 3
[12]

163.

(a) P aorta Accept pulmonary artery Q vena cava Accept any named vein R capillary 1 (b) Correct answer (with or without working) = 2 marks Answer: 76(.2)%; Correct working with incorrect answer = 1 mark 10.5 2.5 or 8 seen; (c) (i) (pulses) due to {elastic recoil/eq} / general drop due to {friction / dividing into more vessels}; (ii) (pressure drop) due to large volume of capillary network / friction between blood cells and walls of capillary;

1 1

1
[7]

164.

(a)

Arginine alanine threonine glutamine glycine 2

Accept arg ala thr glu gly 2 [All correct = 2 marks, one mistake = 1 mark, more mistakes = no marks] (b) ACT Accept adenine cytosine thymine thiamine (c) AGA GCC ACC CAG GGU 1

[All correct = 2 marks, one mistake = 1 mark, more than one mistake = no marks] (d) (i) Award one mark for each of the following points in context to a maximum of two marks. 1. 2. 3. (ii) alanine would replace threonine; {primary/secondary} structure would be altered; 3D shape would not be correct / eq;

Max 2

Award one mark for each of the following points in context to a maximum of two marks. 1. 2. 3. a stop signal would be inserted; the protein would be shorter/eq; protein would be 46 amino acids long/eq; Max 2
[9]

165. (a) Statement Movement of water Requires ATP Molecules move down a concentration gradient Carrier proteins are needed One mark for each two correct boxes. 6 Osmosis Facilitated diffusion Active transport

(b)

(i) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Award up to four marks for any of the following in context. Rapid rate of uptake {in first 4 hours / initially}; Substance A passes down concentration gradient (into the cell) / eq; {Between 4 and 8 hours / gradually} the rate of uptake decreases; Due to smaller diffusion gradient / eq; Rate of uptake is proportional to diffusion gradient /eq; After 8 hours there is no further uptake; Concentrations inside cell equal concentration outside cell/eq; Max 4

(ii)

Award one mark for each of the following points in context to a maximum of two marks. 1. 2. Substance B has less kinetic energy; Movement through membrane is slower/eq; Max 2
[12]

166.

(a) Award one mark for each of the following points in context to a maximum of two marks. 1. 2. 3. (b) Fluid because phospholipids moving (within membrane); Causing proteins to move; Mosaic due to presence of proteins/eq; (i) 1. 2. 3. 4. Award up to three marks for following in sequence or context. (The presence of ) cholesterol decreases the permeability of membranes (to substance A); The higher the cholesterol content the lower the permeability; An increase in temperature increases the permeability of all 3 membranes (to substance A); A change in temperature affects the permeability of the membrane without cholesterol more than the membranes with cholesterol/eq; Max 3 Max 2

(ii)

Award up to two marks for following in sequence or context 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. cholesterol binds the tails of phospholipids together; phospholipid layer is more rigid; phospholipids more closely packed; idea that substance A cannot pass through gaps created when phospholipids moving; ref to some effect on polarity of membrane; Max 2
[7]

167.

(a) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Award up to three marks for the following in context (thin wall) of {squamous/flattened} (epithelial cells); small diffusion distance; ref to blood flow in capillaries; ref to ventilation; maintains {concentration/diffusion} gradient of {gases/carbon dioxide/oxygen}; Max 3

(b)

Award up to two marks for the following in context 1. 2. 3. 4. mucus builds up in airways; cilia cannot move it because it is thick/eq; reducing ventilation (below blockage); gas exchange occurs over {fewer alveoli / smaller surface area}; Max 2 (i) (ii) (iii) Zac / Samir 0.25; Accept , 1 in 4, 25% Reject 1:3, 1 to 3 1 Priya 1 1

(c)

(d)

Award one mark for identifying a potential benefit and a further mark for an explanation of the benefit. For example 1. 2. or 3. 4. determine whether or not embryo has disease; informed decisions can be made about {future care for child / termination of pregnancy} / treatment could start immediately; to determine whether or not a parent is a carrier; therefore can make informed decision about having children;

Award one mark for identifying a potential disadvantage and a further mark for an explanation of the disadvantage. For example 5. 6. or 7. 8. other abnormalities may be found; some social implication e.g. life insurance, finding {partner / job}, depression; 4
[12]

ref to false positives / negatives; decisions on whether to terminate a pregnancy or not are based on wrong information;