Study on Child Trafficking

in Khaira Block of Jamui A Reality Check

Submitted To: Stichting Kinderpostzegels Nederlands Conducted By: Jai Sri Laxmi Mahila Vikas Kendra At: Lohanda, P.O: Sikandra District: Jamui, Bihar 811315 Jslm_vk@yahoo.co.in

Preamble
India has the largest Child Population in the world. The constitution of India guarantees children various rights which include quality before law & Provision for protection. India is also a signatory to the UN Convention on rights of the child. In spite all such commitment & guarantee trafficking in children are on rise not only due to greed or huge profits only but perhaps more due to the fact that we have not been able to address key Socio- economic issues , patriarchy and deep rooted discrimination within family and society which are rarely questioned. Another situational irony is that the district administration and law enforcing agencies denies the alarming situation of human trafficking as most of the incidences go unreported. The study is an effort to understand the aspects and dimensions of child trafficking in Khaira block of Jamui district in Bihar and to build a database for sensitization of the different stakeholders aimed at unified approach and advocacy to address these issues which are serious violation of child rights and growing threat to the potential and protection of children. The findings of the study will be helpful in identifying the grey areas responsible for child rights violation enabling the community and stakeholders to plan key strategies for reduction in the incidences of child trafficking. I am happy to place this booklet in the hand of the readers. Your suggestion and critical reflection are welcome.

Sanjay Kumar (Secretary)

Contents 1. Background Information

Rationale of the Study Objective Child trafficking in Bihar An Overview Legal framework & child Rights

Page No.

01 02 03- 05 06 - 08

2.

Methodology
Study Design Respondent Profile Universe of Study 08 09 09- 10

3. 4. 5.

Issues Covered & Findings Conclusion Way forward

11 15 16 17

Annexure
1. 2. District Profile of Jamui Interview Schedule

Background Information
Rationale of the Study:
The recent years have witnessed a spurt in the trafficking of women and children at the state and national level and the district of Jamui is no exception to it. Children are market, transported and sold by traffickers to be exploited for economic gains. The district of Jamui is sensitive to the issue of child trafficking owing to various factors: Well connected with national capital and major metros which serves as most easy and safe route for illegal transport of Human beings. The economy of the districts is agriculture base and of subsistence nature and rain fed in nature making it least remunerative. The district of Jamui is also drought prone which exerts pressure on poor and marginalized to migrate making condition conducive to child trafficking. The district has a history of large number of child laborers who are the most vulnerable and easily accessible groups for child trafficking.

There are a large number of child populations in the district which is vulnerable to inhuman practice as trafficking, physical torture and other forms of discrimination and violation of child rights. Barring a few incidences there is no authentic study, survey or fact sheet top understand the magnitude and forms of discriminations and its aftermath. Rehabilitation and rescues programmes are much talked and held in high priority by district administration and governments but it is lacked by data and figures. There is a gross under reporting of crimes as child trafficking as brutal denial of right of child to growth and independence which in itself is indicative is low priority accorded to children by parents, community and law enforcing agencies. Reported cases of where police did not even lodge cases in case of child trafficking is substantial fact to supplement the statement. Jai Shri Laxmi Mahila Vikas Kendra, Jamui has been consistently working of the issues of child right in Jamui district of Bihar with resource support from SKN. In its campaign it was

experiences that the law enforcing agencies/ district administration / stakeholders are either aware of incidences of child trafficking in the district or leave no efforts left to prove that such incidences are stray in the district due to lack of data and figures. It was in this context that the organization decided to conduct the study for building a data base on status of child trafficking in the district and plight of child rights. Objective of the study: The Key Objective of the study was: To determine the levels of awareness among stakeholders and status of Child trafficking in Jamui . To ascertain the suspected or confirmed case of child trafficking has been dealt by social institution and related agencies. To build a data base on child trafficking to be shared with the community members and district administration and police department for advocating strong implementation of anti trafficking laws.

Child Trafficking in Bihar An Overview

There has been dramatic increase in the incidence of Child trafficking at national and State level to rising demand for young children in prostitution and Sex tourism as an outcome of fear from sporadic transmission of HIV in the country. Women, Young Boys and girls have been exposed to unprecented vulnerabilities & further commercial exploitation of these vulnerabites has been a multi million dollar business. Trafficking of Children is a worldwide phenomenon affecting large number of boys and girls everyday. Trafficking in Children can translate in violation of child rights, inhumane treatment and various forms of abuse and exploitation. While there are numerous contributing factors the primary root is poverty, most particularly among women and children who may have little or no access to education, support services or resources. What is Trafficking? The Oxford English Dictionary defines traffic as trade Especially illegal (as in drugs).It has also been described as the transportation of goods, the coming and going of people or goods by rail, road, sea etc.

The UN General Assembly in 1994 defined Trafficking as The illicit and clandestine movement of persons across national and international borders, largely from developing counties and some countries with economies in transition, with the end goal of forcing women and girl children into sexually or economically oppressive and exploitative situations for the profit of recruiters, traffickers and crime syndicates, as well as other illegal activities related to traffickers, such as forced domestic labor, false marriages, clandestine employment and false adoption. (Resolution 491166)

Article 3 a) Trafficking in person means the recruitment, transfer, transportation, harboring or receipt of persons ,by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion of abduction of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or position of

vulnerability or of receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include a minimum ,the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labor services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs.

b) The consent of a victim of trafficking in person to the intended exploitation set forth in the subparagraph (a) of this article shall be irrelevant where any of the means set forth in sub paragraph(a) have been used. C) The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of a child for the purpose of exploitation shall be considered trafficking in person even id this does not involve any of the means set for the in the sub paragraph(a) of the article; d) child means any person under eighteen years of age.

Key factors for trafficking in Bihar

Deep rooted poverty - failure of government programme and Schemes in poverty reduction and the adverse impact of globalizations has impoverished the poor and disadvantaged communities, pushing them outside their village, district or state.

Natural calamities and poor rehabilitation of victims of natural disasters, Recurrent floods have left people living between embankments are inundated, lives and cattle lost, villages and assets submerged. Vast areas of agricultural land remain submerged for six months a year. The people of this area are growing steadily poorer. and so they are forced to migrate, accepting whatever work conditions are available.

Male unemployment and loss of family income put pressure on women and children to earn.

The feudal nature of rural society in Bihar and the biased cultural and religious practices that go against women - such as child marriage, stigma attached to single, widowed or abandoned women are factors responsible for the trafficking of women and girls.

Customary practices are phenomena of culturally disguised prostitution". In Bihar traditionally girls from the Tharu and Nat community, may be introduced into sex work by their families, and are vulnerable to trafficking.

Weak law enforcement in border areas due to inefficient or corrupt policing are conducive to trafficking and the soft border with Nepal is used by touts and agents to move human traffic in and out of the country.

Types of Trafficking in Bihar

Trafficking within State Inter State Trafficking Cross Border Trafficking

Status of Child Trafficking:

Their has been a marked increase in the number of women and children being smuggled from the state in the recent year . Bihar has the 4th largest number of working children in the country. There were 50 cases in 2008 and 21 in 2007 reported in the state. The State government launched the Human Trafficking Prevention Programme for checking smuggling of women and child labourers and ensures a comprehensive rehabilitation scheme for the victims. According to a report prepared by the state government along with NGOs, most children smuggled from the state end up as bonded labourers, domestic workers and employees at roadside restaurants or small textile units. Most young girls are either forced to marry men from Punjab and Haryana or work in brothels.

Legal framework & Child Rights

There are several laws which has been enacted by the parliament to safeguard the rights of children and protect them form various forms of exploitation providing them equal opportunities of growth and to support their potentials. Under the law, children are entitled to special case and assistance. There are more than 250 central and state laws in India applicable to children in various spheres of life. Few Salient laws & provisions for protection of children from trafficking are:

Article 23 of Constitution: Guarantees rights against exploitation; prohibits traffic in human beings and forced labor and makes their practice punishable under law. Article 24 of the constitution: Prohibits employment of children below 14 years of age in factories, mines or other hazardous employment. Indian Penal Code 1980 : There are 25 provisions relevant to trafficking : significant among them are : Section 366 A Procuring minor girl (below 18 yrs of age) from one part of the country to another is punishable. Section 368 B: Importation of a girl below 21 yrs of age is punishable. Section 374- Provides punishment for compelling any person to labor against his will.

Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956 (renamed as such by drastic amendment to the suppression of immoral trafficking in women and girl Act ,1956 ) Deals exclusively with trafficking, the objective is to inhibit /abolish traffic in women and girls for the purpose of prostitution as an organized means of living ; offences are: a) Procuring , including or taking persons for prostitution b) Detaining a person in premises where prostitution ids carried on. c) Prostitution is or visibility of public places. d) Seducing or soliciting for prostitution. e) Living on the earnings of the prostitutes.

f) Seduction of a person in custody. g) Keeping in a brothel or allowing the place to be used as brothel.

Child Labor (Prohibition and regulation Act): prohibits employment of children in certain occupations and also lays down condition of work of children.

Information Technology Act 2000 : Penalizes publication or transmission in electronic form of any material which is lascivious or appeals to prurient interest or if its effect is such as to tend to deprive and corrupt persons to read see or hear the matter contained or embodied therein. The law has relevance to addressing the problem of pornography.

Juvenile Justice ( Care and Protection of children)Act , 2000 :

a) Enacted in consonance with the convention on the rights of child (CRC)

b) Consolidates and amends the law relating to juveniles in conflict with law and to children in need of care and protection. c) The law is especially relevant to children who are vulnerable and are therefore likely to be inducted into trafficking.

Establishment of National Commission for protection of Child Rights : has been set up in March 2007 as a statutory body under the commissions of protection of child rights Act 2005 (4 of 2006) to protect, promote and defend child rights in the country. A child has ben defined as a human being blow the age of eighteen years. Child rights as per section 2 (b) of the act includes the rights provided under the CRC. The major standards for children prescribed in the CRC are as follows:

(a)

The child is protected against all forms of discrimination, based upon race, color ,sex, language ,religion, political or other opinion, national , ethnic or social origin property disability , birth or other status.

(b)
(c)

In all actions concerning children best interests of the child shall be the primary consideration. The child shall have the right to identify , names & nationality Every child has the inherent right to life, survival and development, including the right to highest attainable standard of health & to facilities for the treatment of illness , the right to education , which shall be directed to the development of the

(d)

childs personality , talent and mental and physical abilities to their fullest potential and the right to benefit from social security. (e) (f) Right of the child to rest & leisure & to engage in play and recreational activities. Right of every child to a standard of living adequate for the childs physical, mental spiritual, moral and social development. No child is subject to illicit transfer and non return of children abroad and prevent the abduction of, the sale of or traffic in children for any purpose or in any form. Views of child are given weightage. The child shall have the right to freedom of expression& access to information, ideas and material, freedom of thought, conscience and religion. (j) (k) A child shall not be separated from parents against the will, except when child separation is best in the interest of the child. A child deprived of family environment, shall be entitled to special protection and assistance provided by the state. Institution ,services and facilities responsible for the care or protection of children shall conform with the standards established (m) A mentally or physically disabled child should enjoy a full & decent life , in conditions which ensure dignity promotes self reliance & facilitate active participation in the community. (n) Children are protected from economic exploitation. Children are not subjected to illicit use of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. (p) Protect the child from all forms of physical or mental violence injury or abuse, neglector negligent treatment, mal treatment or exploitation, including sexual abuse. (q) No child shall be subjected to torture or other cruel, inhuman o degrading treatment or punishment or be deprived of his or her liberty unlawfully or arbitrarily. Take all appropriated measures to promote physical and psychological recovery and social reintegration of a child victim of any form of neglect, exploitation, or abuse torture. (s) (t) The rules of international humanitarian law applicable to children in armed conflicts are respected. Rights of every child alleged as, accused of, or recognized as having infringed the penal law to be treated in a manner consistent with the promotion of the child s sense of dignity and worth.

(g) (h) (i)

(l)

(o)

(r)

(u)

No child shall be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful interference with his/ her privacy, family home or to unlawful attack on his / her honor and reputation.

Methodology
Study Design:
With Limited sample size and without compromising on the accuracy of the data the study was specifically designed to capture the indicate aspects and the factors of child trafficking at three levels i.e Community level ,Panchayat representatives Level and at the level of trafficked children through random sampling method.

Respondent Panchayat Representative Community Level

Sampling criteria 2 Representative from each Panchayat , (one Male & One female) 150 community leaders ( coverage of all

revenue village and Hamlets to make the Trafficked families Three sets of questionnaire was developed for elected representatives, Local Community and families of trafficked children/ trafficked in collaboration with other researchers and inputs from other stakeholders. The survey was conducted on random sampling method ensuring the study to be conducted in all the panchayat of the block for obtaining holistic and comprehensive representation. study comprehensive) children/ All identified Cases

Semi structured interview schedule at the level of elected representative Panchayat,

local Community and families of trafficked /trafficked victims. Interview with elected representatives of the panchayat.

One- on - one meeting was organized with ERs for understanding their perspective about the impact of the child protection laws and child rights. Focused group discussions were organized with the child laborers and local community to understand issues related to their rights and entitlements.

Respondent Profile: Three Levels of respondents were covered in the study to have a comprehensive understanding of the stakeholders on the issues related with child trafficking

1. Local Community : Various issues as understand on child trafficking , Migration

pattern, status of child labor, access to provisions for ensuring child rights, understanding demand & supply factors of child trafficking , was covered to develop a data base on concern of the community on issues of child rights and issues and challenges for tacking child trafficking at community level.

2. Elected representatives of Panchayat (local governments): Panchayats are the

lowest tier of local government responsible for ensuring good governance in their areas. The Panchayat Raj Institutions have been provide with provisions as for promoting education and welfare of children and to prevent violation of child rights through legally constituted committees Known as standing committees in consonance with state panchayat Raj Ct 2006. Study was conducted with the elected representatives of panchayat to understanding their role and functions in ensuring child rights and to understand the issues and problems faced by them to check child trafficking.

3. Trafficked children / Families of trafficked children : Several issues as type &

occurrence of incidence, Area where children are trafficked, factors for which trafficking is done , Attitude of law enforcing agencies and government official to check child trafficking Issues related with law for trafficked children rescue, rehabilitation. Protection etc were covered to understand the status of trafficked children in the block.

Universe Of the Study:

The Study was conducted in Khaira Block of Jamui district, a tribal dominated block of Jamui having a large number of working children. The economy of the block is dependent of Agriculture with some dependency on forest for livelihood. The block has witnessed naxal

movement for quite some time and the law enforcement is relatively weaker. Migration is a common feature among a large number of populations.

Khaira block of Jamui At a Glance

Area Population Literacy Rate Sex Ratio Villages No. of Panchayat 418.71 Sq Km 177008 42.68 935 96 21

Issues Covered and Findings

Elected Representatives of Panchayat (local Governments) :

Understanding of ERs on child trafficking : 93.1% of the survey representatives did not have understanding on child trafficking ,its concept and implication of development of the children, 2.3% understood trafficking as Illegal movement of Children for labor / prostitution /organ trade etc for Money whereas remaining 4.6% understood child trafficking as Migration for search of livelihood.

Knowledge of ERS on incidences of child trafficking in their constituencies: 95.4% of the ERs were unaware about the incidences of child trafficking in their constituencies whereas 4.6% accepted that child trafficking is taking place in their constituencies.

Action Taken by Local Governments (PRI) to check child Trafficking: 95%of the respondents admitted that their panchayats had not taken any action to check child trafficking. 5% of the panchayat had taken some actions as motivating parents to send their children to child labor school rather than engaging then in labor activities and initiated discussion with voluntary agencies working in their panchayats.

Action taken by Local Government (PRI) to Check Child Traficking

Y es 5%

No 95% Y es No

Key challenges / problem faced by panchyat representatives in addressing Child Trafficking : 97.7% of the respondents admitted that unawareness / poor knowledge base on child rights /protection laws as the key challenges in addressing Child Trafficking whereas 2.3% of the representatives reflected lack of resources as constraint in addressing Child Trafficking.

Im plem entation Status of child Protection law s

Effectively Implementate Dont know 5% d 9%

Implementation of child protection Laws/ Rehabilitation Programs : 86% of the respondents were of the opinion that the child protection laws are poorly implemented by the implementing authorities and district

P oorly implemented 86% Effectively Implementated P oorly implemented Dont know

administration where as 9% expressed that the laws were adequately implemented to address the issue. 5 % of the respondents were not in position to provide their opinion.

Issues / problems related to effective implementation of child rights: 88.6% of the respondents admitted lack of information among representatives/demand by community as most vital hurdle in addressing child rights whereas 11.4%of the respondents expressed poor functioning of the law enforcing agencies as the key obstacle in functioning of child rights.
Sg e to sf rpe e to & u g si n o r v ni n Cnr lo C I D R FI K G o t o f H T AF I L CN

Suggestion for prevention and control of child Trafficking: Several suggestions were provided by the respondents for addressing child rights in the district. Organizing a Awareness drive on legal literacy on Anti trafficking on child trafficking and child rights was suggested by 65. 5 % of the respondents, 11.3 % suggested enhancing of Livelihood opportunity address to ease pressure on

3 0 2 5 2 0 1 5 1 0 5 0 5

2 9

1 1 S g e to s u g si n

Eh n i g i eh o Op ru i i s n a c L l o d p ot n e n vi t A ae e sCm i n g i s Cid w r ns a p g a a t h a n l t a ci g r ffi k n I v l i g o aGv r m t n o n L c l o en e s v n Dn Ko o nw t

( PIs R

children to earn, 2.7% said the local governments should be made more responsive and 6.85% respondent were unable to provide any answer.

( B) Community Level :

Community Understanding on Child Trafficking : 86% of the respondent admitted that they do not understand the term and concept of child trafficking whereas 12% understood it as a process of Illegal transportation of children for labour/ prostitution/ organ trade / marriage /etc and remaining 2% as

U nderstanding of C ommunity on C hildTrafficking

1% 2

2%

8 6%

Ille a tra sporta gl n tion of c ild nfor la ou h re b r/ prostitu / org ntra / mrria e/e tion a de a g tc In olv mn of c ildre inliv lih v e et h n e ood a tiv s c itie D n u de n in Ch tra k g o ot n rsta d g ild ffic in

Involvement of children in livelihood activities as Bidi making / carpet weaving for livelihood.

Categories of children vulnerable to child Trafficking : 1650 Boys and 1477 girls(approx) working as child labor were identified as most vulnerable segment for child trafficking in the block . These children are involved in Bedi Making, Servitude, employment at stone chipping industry, agriculture and cattle rearing. Several cases of atrocities on these children have been reported in which key types are Physical beating by parents when children refuse to work, Physical beating by employers, Verbal abuse by employers.

Community Awareness on Child Protection laws: 95.3 % of the respondents from the community expressed unawareness on child protection laws whereas 4.7% of the respondents were aware about the child labor Act and anti trafficking laws.

Action taken by local governments / local police station to check child trafficking: 100 % of the respondents reflected that no action /initiative was taken by the local government / local police stations to check child trafficking and violation of child rights.

Suggestion for prevention of child respondent rescue trafficking expressed at the and and community Level: 52% of the views that strengthening of /rehabilitation programs development

Dont Know 11% Effective law enforcement 1% Strengthening livelihood of families 21%

Aw areness Campaign among community 15%

Awareness Campaign among community Strengthening rescue/ rehab and developmental facilities for children Strengthening livelihood of families Effective law enforcement

policies as major trigger for addressing the issue of child trafficking, 21% observed that strengthening of family

Strengthening rescue/ rehab and developmenta l facilities for children 52%

Dont Know

livelihood to be effective for prevention of child trafficking, 15 % stressed the need for initiating awareness campaign for sensitizing the community and 1% were of the view that child trafficking could be addressed through tougher enforcement of Anti trafficking laws.

Access to Social services by working children of local Community: There is one RBC (Residential Bridge Course) with a capacity of providing residential educational facility to Hundred Children. In addition to it there are only two Child Labor Special School provide educational facility to another hundred children and another Kasturba School which has residential educational facility for one hundred Girl Child.

C. Trafficked Children/ Family:

Incidences of Child trafficking: of cases

24 incidences of child trafficking were reported in the

Incidences of child trafficking
1 6 Total, 1 4 1 4

block from 2000 to 2009. out of the total number 75% case reported were from boys category and 255 from girls category. In age wise category 58% trafficked cases were from 14-18yrs of age group followed by 29.1% from 10-14 yrs category and remaining 12.5 from 6-10yrs. Analyzing the trends in Trafficking it was observed that 62.5% incidences were reported between 2000-2003, 21.1 % between 2003- 2006 and 16.4% between 2006-2009. All the 24 trafficked children are traceless till date.

1 2 1 0 8 6 4 2 0 6-1 0yrs 1 1 yrs 0- 4 age and c at egory Total, 3 Boys, 2 Girls, 1 Girls, 2 Boys, 5 Total, 7

Boys, 1 1

Girls, 3

1 8 Yrs 4-1

Boys

Girls

Total

5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1 .5 1 0.5 0

Migratory Trends of Families

5 4 3 5

Socio- Economic Background of Trafficked children: 79.1 % of the families of the trafficked children were from the BPL section of the society whereas the remaining 20.9% of the families were from poor section of the

1 0 0-3Mths 3-6Mths 6-9Mths

society. On further classification of the means of the livelihood it was observed that 87.5% of the families were primarily working as daily waged labor whereas the remaining 12.5% were from marginal farming household with involvement as daily waged labor during lean season.

destination W ithinState Outside State

61.9% of the studied families had history of migration in search of livelihood.

Demand factors for Child trafficking: Demand in labor and service sector was observed
De m a n d fa c to r s
4% 4% 8%

as the most prominent factor for trafficking of young children from the block followed by rising demand for domestic help 8% ,fake marriage and sex work

8 4% L a bo r / S e r v ic e D o me s tic h e lp s Fa ke Ma r r ia g e S e x W o rk

occupying the third position with 4% each.

Lodging of Complaint with Law: First Information Report (FIR) has not been filed in 96% of the case of child trafficking covered in the study. In only one out of 24 identified cases of child trafficking formal complaint was lodged with police. When discussed on the key reasons for not lodging of the complaint it was observed that 54% of the families expressed unawareness about the legal procedure, 33% of the families did not take up the case with law because of fear of reactions and their poverty whereas 13% of the families are hopeful and still waiting for the return of their children.
Re asons for not lodging com plaint w ith Still law w aiting for Children to return 13% Poverty and fear of reaction 33% Unaw aren ess about legal procedure 54%

Unaw areness about legal procedure Poverty and fear of reaction Still w aiting for Children to return

Access to Law Enforcing /Protection/ rescue /rehab Agencies in the district: 100% of the respondents reflected that they were unaware about any rescue /rehab/ child protection committee working in the district.

Conclusion

The key findings of the study was analyzed and shared with different stakeholders and based on the analysis several issue were identified for child trafficking in the district as :

Lack of understanding and Information on Child Protection laws: There is an acute lack understanding about child trafficking at Local Government and community level. The aspects become more chronic in absence of information on Anti Trafficking Act, Prevention of Child trafficking Act and Child Rights.

Poor Livelihood Options: Agriculture and allied actives is main source of livelihood of the community which is rain fed in nature. As a result there is employment of 90-140 days on an average in the sector. The local community being resource poor is compelled to engage their children in economic activities and tend to migrate in search of livelihood falling easy prey to the traffickers.

Prevalence of Child Labor key factor for Child Trafficking: Abject poverty and lack of Livelihood opportunities are creating pressure on children to earn in the block. The traffickers are luring the parents of better economic returns for the labor of their children and taking advantage of their deprivations are succeeding in Trafficking of the children.

Non Formation/Improper functioning of law enforcing agencies: There is provision of child protection committees at block level in compliance of the policies of the state to address child rights. These committees are either not formed or not working proactively as an result of which issues as child trafficking and child labor remains unchecked.

Non registration of Compliant: Non registration of complaint of Child trafficking is one of the key reasons that traffickers are operating without any fear. The local Community are not registering complaint out of ignorance, do not desire to get caught in long legal formalities or out of fear of repressive measures from the traffickers.

Inadequate facilities for development of Child Labor: Though there are facilities of child labor School, RBC for rehabilitation and support for development of child labor in the block. But these facilities are limited in context to large number of child labor in the block. A large number of child labors do not get the facilities of the instutions.

WAYS FORWARD

The Conclusion drawn from the Study presents a gloomy picture on the fate of the trafficked children as all the 24 (100%) of the trafficked children (suspected of confirmed) are missing. These children in the study were never investigated and 96%of them were never recorded as victim of trafficking and we have no trace of them. The situation is even more serious as the issue is not being proactively taken up at community, panchayats and district administration level. The need of the hour is to protect children from sexual exploitation and other forms of abuses /discrimination in the best interest of child, child right to life, survival, respect and dignity and opportunities of development through actions and initiatives as :

Designing an Awareness Campaign to sensitize various actors (Governments departments, Panchayats, Local Community, Intellectual and vulnerable groups ) on child rights and Provision duly enacted for protection , prevention from discrimination and prosecution for the offenders violating child rights.

Create social mobilization for immediate implementation of polices and plans for elimination of child trafficking and access to social services for the victims.

Strengthening rehabilitation services, provisions for development of children especially vulnerable groups to quality services and adequate resources.

To build a common Platforms for promotion of unified actions action the immoral trade through strengthening Public Private Voluntary Intervention.

Promoting of Mass and Media Advocacy for building a public mandate against child trafficking & and effective implementation of Anti trafficking policies and programs.

Advocacy and pressure building on district administration for enhancing existing Educational and rehabilitation facilities for more vulnerable children to provide them social security against discrimination and child trafficking.

Annexure 1

District Profile of Jamul District of Bihar

Jamui is one of the famous district of Bihar, which has a glorious past. Historical existence of Jamui has been observed from the Period of Mahabharta war. Archaeological and historical evidence shows its close association with Jain tradition for a long past to the present time. History of Bihar will remain incomplete without the history of Jamui. There are mainly two hypotheses which have been mentioned by historians regarding the origin of the name of the district Jamui. The first hypothesis said that the name of Jamui derived from Jambhiya Gram or Jribhikgram village, which has the place of attaining Omniscience (Kevalaygnan) of Vardhaman Mahavir and according to another hypothesis the name Jamui is originated from Jambuwani.

PHYSIOGRAPHICAL DIVISION Most of the part of the district has hilly topography. Western portion of Jamui like Sikandra Jamui & a little part of Khaira has plain area. Sikandra block is situated in alluvial zone. A sizeable part of the district comprise plains which are paddy-growing lands. Southern part of the district is covered with hills and forest characteristically reminiscent of the Chhotanagpur plateau in physical features.Hills of the district are considered to be the out laying extension of Vindhya Range. Southwest part of the district has another block of hills known as Gidheswar Pahar.

RIVER & DRAINAGE SYSTEM Kuil and Ulai River are the chief rivers of the district. Beside these rivers, tributaries and sub tributaries, rainy rivers flow in scattered way. There are two irrigation dams Nagi & Nakti Dam situated in the southern hilly terrain of the district. Both Dam are declared as Bird Sanctuary. CLIMATE The climate of Jamui can be described as transition between the dry and moderately extreme climate of the northern Bharat and warm and humid climate of Bengal Basin. Like the rest of Bihar, the various seasons in the district can be divided as 1. Winter season November to February

2. Summer season 3. Monsoon season 4. Autumn TEMPERATURE -

March to May June to September October to November

Like another part of Bihar temperature changes from season to season. However the minimum temperature in the district range between 300 to 50 Celsius in winter season whereas the maximum temperature ranges between 380 to 420 Celsius in summer season. RAINFALL The monsoon usually breaks in the second half of June and lasts till September. The average rainfall in the district is approximately 1000 mm. The average maximum rainfall is usually recorded in August. Chakai. Sono and Jhajha get rainfall more than the district average. SOIL Jamui has a typical topography. The soil pattern of the district differs widely due to topography of the region. Important soil are sandy soils and alluvial soil of heavy texture having natural or alkaline reaction. Jhajha, Khaira, Sono, Chakai & Laxmipur block contain forest soil. A sizeable part of the plain of northern side of the district lies in the Basin of Kiul River & its tributaries.

LAND USE PATTERN As above-mentioned Jamui has variable nature of topography, according to 1981 only 58.49% area is cultivable. Following table shows total area cultivable area and growing main staple food in the district:TABLE BLOCK WISE LAND USE PATTERN Sl no. BLOCK TOTAL AREA %OF CULT.AREA MAIN STAPLE FOOD

1 2 3 4

JAMUI LAXMIPUR BARHAT GIDDHOUR

14208.26

83.33

RICE WHEAT

45279.86

52.96

RICE WHEAT

5 6 7 8 9 10

KHAIRA SIKANDRA ALIGANG JHAJHA SONO CHAKAI TOTAL

42070.90 34211.28

47.78 71.62

RICE WHEAT RICE WHEAT

39616.89 36147.75 72659.83 384194.83

55.49 61.84 40.43 58.49

RICE WHEAT RICE MAIZE RICE MAIZE

Source: - District Census Hand Book 1981 Above table shows the poor cultivable situation of Khaira and Chakai Blocks where more than 50% of the land are not useful for cultivation. As far as the land use pattern is concerned Rice & Wheat are the prominent crops. A little volume of Maize, Onion is also grown. Katahal and Mahua are being producted in southern part of the district.

IRRIGATION FACITILIES However, the district has no big irrigation project. Small irrigation dam and natural Water reservoir like Garhi Dam & Naki Dam are the main source of irrigation Water of Kiul, Ulai, Anjan and Ajay rivers and other tributaries are also used for irrigation. Tube wells are also being used for irrigation. Open boring surface percolation wells and tube wells are also being used for irrigation by peasants. Kukurjhap Dam on Anjan River, lower Kiul Jalasaya scheme, and Gidheshwar payeen are some of another important irrigation project of the district.

FLOURA & FAUNA Southern blocks of the district have forest area where variegated vegetation found. Sal is Most important tree, Sakhua Kathal, Khair are the common tree of southern area of the district. Beside Pipal, Gular, Banyan, Mango are seen commonly spread almost all over the district. Heyna & wild cats are common in hilly areas of the district. Small wild creatures are also found in the forest.

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY The rearing of milch animal has been a traditional occupation in this area. Cattle like Cows, Bulls, Bullock, Sheep, Goat, pig etc has great importance in farmers life. Voluminous size of population is engaged in rearing of above-mentioned cattle for their economical needs.

MINES & MINERALS Jamui is one of the important district in Bihar where different types of ores & Minerals are found. The hills of Laxmipur and Khaira are comprised of archaenschists including the iron ore. In Laxmipur, Sono and Chakai the chief formation in gneiss basement complex. Mica mines lie in the portion of adjoining Hazaribag district. Beside these there is possibility of availability of lime stone, China clay, Magnese, Graphic Pegmite Termoline quartz etc. in the southern hills of the district. Ore of gold has been observed in Sono Block. Hilly areas of Jamui are also acquainted with valuable stone like Marble, Topaz, and American diamond, Sfatik, Manic etc. coals are found in hilly area of Barhat block. INDUSTRIALISATION Jamui has no big industry. Traditional small-scale industries like making utensil iron gilla gates etc. has been flourishing industry in township area of the district. The manufacturing of Bidi is flourishing industry in Jhajha & Gidhour.

TRASPORT & COMMUNICATION Jamui is well connected to other parts of Bihar & Jharkhand through railway as well as Road. North Eastern railway covers entire part of the district Jhajha is an important railway terminal of Eastern railway having Loco Shade. Good road communication is there to the district from Munger Bhagalpur, Nawada, and Giridih & Deoghar.

TRADE & COMMERCE Jamui is being entirely an agricultural district, its exports trade consists mainly of agricultural products such as various food grains pulses Jackfruit, Mahua etc. Jamui is one of the prominent manufacturers of Bidi & cement co lour export these commodities all over Barhat.

Usually Coal, Iron & Steel, Salt sugar cement cotton, woolen textiles, kerosene oil spices etc are being important in the district.

ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION At present the district is the part of Munger Commissionery having one subdivision and 10 revenue block with 153 panchayat & village Administrative structure of the district is as below: Sub division Jamui Jamui Khaira Sikandra Aligang Laxmipur Gidhaur Barhat Sono Chakai Jhajha Total Block No. Of Panchayat 12 22 14 13 13 08 09 19 23 20 153 No. of Village 081 120 068 069 082 020 043 250 600 197 1530

Population data of census 2001, District has total population of 13, 98,796. Out of which 729138 (52.13%) are male and 669658 (47.87%) are female. Most of the parts of population reside in rural areas. Out of total population 1398996 persons (92.61%) are of rural population and 103244 persons (7.39%) are part of urban population. The district possesses 30th rank in the population size of the state.

Table 2.2 Total Population of the District

S. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Block/ Municip al Zone

Jamui Khaira Aligang Sikandra Laxmipur Barhat Gidhor Jhajha Sono Chakai

Total Population All Community

M ale Female Total Male

Population SC
Female Total Male

ST
Female Total Male 1 6875 1501 1 1 2781 4591 61 9 1 655 2057 1 9477 1 98 21 6388

Minority
Female 1 5299 11 103 1894 1 4385 559 1 431 1 880 1 23 81 1607 1 591 6 Total 321 74 22604 24675 8976 178 1 3086 3937 37600 23805 1 2304

95380 91499 58810 63495 51503 39402 31934

85847 85509 54440 59022 47362 34983 28736

181227 177008 113250 122517 98865 74385 60670 215551 168289 187034 1398796

16218 15867 10794 13474 10889 9407 6190 13186 11979 16584 124588

15130 15338 10117 12756 10439 8717 5755 11979 11774 16167 118172

31348 31205 20911 26230 21328 18124 11945 25165 23753

55 2597 180 362 7094 1979 249 5666 2807

20 2474 209 354

75 5071 389 716

3654 10748 1735 274 3714 523

112857 102694 87074 97184 81215 89850

5311 10977 2760 5567

32751 17140 16091 33231

729138 669658

242760 38129 32882 71011 88142 82197 170339

Source: Census 2001

Year:______________________

Above table shows that Jhajha block having 15.43% of population, which is the highest population in the district. Chakai block contains the second largest population in the district having 13.38% population. Where as Gidhour and Barhat are least populated Blocks with 4.35 and 5.31% of the Total population. Its also reveals from the table that share of SC, ST Population in respect to total population is 17.35% and 5.07% respectively. Out of the total population these socially and economically deprived 22.42% population of SC, ST population needs special thrust under S SCHEDULE CASTE & SCHEDULE TRIBES POPULATION

District of Jamui has a sizeable population of Schedule Tribe. However status of SC, ST population according to census 2001 is yet not published. According to 1991 census abstract 22.42% of the population of the district is SC, ST Population. Out of 22.42% of SC, ST population 17.35% population is SC population and rest 5.07% population is ST population. Following table indicates the share of SC & ST among total population is according to 1991 census. TABLE - BLOCK WISE SHARE OF SC & ST POPULATION S.I. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Block Jamui Khaira Aliganj Sikandra Laxmipur Barhat Giddhor Jhajha Sono Chakai SC% 17.30 17.63 18.46 21.41 21.57 24.37 19.69 11.67 14.11 17.51 ST% .04 2.86 .34 .58 10.87 4.99 .86 5.09 3.31 17.77

Source Primary Census Abstract 1991(* blocks were undivided) DECADAL GROWTH RATE Decadal growth of population in 1991 was 21.9%. Which went in 2001 up to 32.90%. But these figures show that the Annual growth rate is 2.89%, which is very high. SEX RATIO Sex ratio is a kind of social parameter of the society indicates balance between male & female in the society. As per the provisional data of census 2001, there are 917 women on each 1000 Male. Although. This rate varies in the population of 0-6 age group children i.e. 964. Rank of the district in 17th in the state. POPULATION DENSITY Population density of the district is much lower than the average population density of the state, in comparison to state population density i.e. 880 per sq km. Only 451 persons reside in per sq km in the district. The district has 36th rank in the state.

Annexure -2
Interview Schedule

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