ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

histology

Monday, December 27, 2010

pars distalis

pars intermedia pars nervosa

PITUITARY GLAND
REGIONS: pointer- pars intermedia upper left- pars distalis lower right- pars nervosa
Monday, December 27, 2010

also known as anterior lobe; largest region(70% of pituitary gland) epithelial cells arranged in cords and clusters surrounded by sinusoids; connective tissue- reticular epithelial cells:

PARS DISTALIS

1. CHROMOPHILS- take up acid dyes; a. ACIDOPHILS(ALPHA CELLS) -stain red; consists of

somatotrophs(secrete somatotropin) and mammotrophs(secrete prolactin)

b. BASOPHILS(BETA CELLS) -stain blue; consists of

tyrotrophs(secretes TSH), corticotrophs (secretes ACTH), and gonadotrophs (secretes LH and FSH)

sinusoids

2. CHROMOPHOBES - pale staining and does not take up

any acid dyes; consists of chromophils that just released hormones and producing hormones(it is majorly corticotrophs), folliculostellate(supporting cells), and stem cells

epithelial cells in clusters and cords

note that the bold and underlined cells are the ones that can be distinguished through light microscope while specic cells can only be distinguished through EM and uorescent dye

Monday, December 27, 2010

chromophobes
sinusoids

basophils

acidophils

PARS DISTALIS: EPITHELIAL CELLS

notice that!!! acidophils have pink cytoplasm with a blue nucleus basophils have bluish or dirty looking cytoplasm with a blue nucleus chromophobes have white cytoplasm with blue nucleus *sinusoid with RBC(very acidophilic/pinkish cells)-pink label

Monday, December 27, 2010

pars intermedias cells arranged into irregular clusters; (basophilic)

pars intermedias cells that forms simple epithelial lining of Rathkes cysts

*not distinguishable in light microscope: cells are MSH that secretes betaendorphins

PARS INTERMEDIA: RATHKES CYSTS *pointer- rathkes cysts that contains colloid material(highly eosinophilic[pink])
*MSH- melanocyte stimulating hormone
Monday, December 27, 2010

PARS NERVOSA

where the axons of supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei terminate and thus stores the posterior pituitary hormones same composition as pituitary stalk, only bigger due to the stored secretory granules

AXONS(Hypothalamo-hyophyseal tract)- brillar structures PITUICYTES- neuroglial cells HERRING BODIES- basophilic and deeply
staining; aggregation of granules contain capillaries

pituicytes capillaries

axons

Monday, December 27, 2010

capillaries

pituicytes

axons

Herring body

PARS NERVOSA: HERRING BODIES

(basophilic and deeply staining; aggregation of granules)
Monday, December 27, 2010

brain sand

PINEAL GLAND
most distinctive feature: Brain sands
Monday, December 27, 2010

smaller than hypothalamus

evagination of the diencephalon; base attached at 3rd ventricle has a very thin capsule that is derived from the pia mater

PINEAL GLAND

capsule sends indistinct septa into gland to divide it into lobules brain sands/acervulli/psammoma bodies/corpora aranacea- increase with age; concentric, lamellar granules; used as landmark in xray Melatonin- important in circardian rhythms cells: 1. PINEALOCYTES- (90%) arranged into clusters and cords; modied neurons with large nucleus and poorly dened cell bodies; surrounded by capillaries 2. INTERSTITIAL CELLS(GLIAL CELLS)- supporting cell similar to astrocytes 3. MAST CELLS- rich in histamine

brain sand

*cell types are hard to distinguish( possibly a pinealocyte or an interstitial cell)

thin capsule

Monday, December 27, 2010

septae

thyroid follicle lobules

THYROID GLAND
distinctive characteristic: thyroid follicle secretes T3, T4 and Calcitonin
Monday, December 27, 2010

THYROID GLAND

capsule divided into two: outer and true( closely invests gland and give rise to septa) connective tissue septa from the capsule divide gland into lobules within the lobules are thyroid follicle that is lined by simple squamous to simple columnar epithelium and contain gel like material called colloid connective tissue- reticular; theres a numerous capillaries embedded in the connective tissue in between the follicles cells: 1. FOLLICULAR CELLS/PRINCIPAL CELLS when active, tall and slightly basophilic; when hypofunctional, squamous and acidophilic 2. PARAFOLLICULAR CELLS- clear cells, bigger and pale staining; scattered singly or in small groups in the lining epithelium or in between the follicles

capillaries

thyroid follicle

Monday, December 27, 2010

follicular cells colloid

parafollicular cells

note that!!! folicullar cells are more darkly staining and smaller than the parafollicular cells parafollicular cells somewhat looks like the basophils in pars distalis, both have a dirty looking and bluish cytoplasm and the difference is that the nucleus is distinct in basophils

THYROID GLAND

Monday, December 27, 2010

adipocyte

PARATHYROID
numerous adipocytes secretes Parathyroid Hormone(PTH)
Monday, December 27, 2010

PARATHYROID GLAND

it is within the capsule of the thyroid gland inferior thyroid- from 3rd pharyngeal pouch superior thyroid- from 4th pharyngeal pouch thin capsule sends septa into the substance forming indistinct lobules highly cellular; epithelial cells are arranged in cords and clusters numerous capillaries that surrounds epithelial cells; there is also numerous adipocytes epithelial cells: CHIEF CELLS/ PRINCIPAL CELLS - secretes PTH OXYPHIL CELLS/ACIDOPHIL CELLS - fewer, bigger, cytoplasm is eosinophilic and nucleus smaller

Monday, December 27, 2010

medulla

cortex capsule

ADRENAL GLAND
aka Suprarenal Gland divided into Cortex and Medulla
Monday, December 27, 2010

I. CORTEX -secretes essential hormones: mineralocorticoids(aldosterone), glucocorticoids (cortisol and corticosterone), and androgens (DHEA, androstenedione) zones:

a. zona glomerulosa- cells arranged in ovoid clusters surrounded by sinusoids; secretes aldosterone

ADRENAL GLAND
medulla zona reticularis zona fasciculata zona glomerulosa

b. zona fasciculata- thickest; cells arranged into cords that are mostly one cell thick and surrounded by sinusoids; secretes glucocorticoids; contains SPONGIOCYTES(contains many lipid droplet) c. zona reticularis- thinnest; cells arranged in cords and clusters that is separated by sinusoids; secretes androgens; hypothesized as degenerating z. fasciculata II. MEDULLA - secretes nonessential hormones: cathecolamines: epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine cells: a. CHROMAFFIN CELLS/PHAEOCHROMOCYTES- thick cords surrounded by capillaries, and richly supplied with nerves; stimulus from nerve ending; looks like a hepatic plate b. GANGLION CELLS - sympathetic neurons

Monday, December 27, 2010

sinusoids

zona glomerulosa
*note how the cells are arranged in ovoid clusters

capsule

ADRENAL CORTEX
zona glomerulosa
Monday, December 27, 2010

sinusoids zona fasciculata

*note how the cells are arranged in cords

spongiocytes

ADRENAL CORTEX
zona fasciculata
Monday, December 27, 2010

*note how the cells are arranged in clusters and cords

zona reticularis sinusoids

ADRENAL CORTEX
zona reticularis
Monday, December 27, 2010

ganglion cells/ sympathetic neurons chromafn cells medullary veins

ADRENAL MEDULLA
Chromafn Cells, Ganglion Cells and medullary veins
Monday, December 27, 2010

*note that it is surrounded by reticular bers and richly supplied with fenestrated capillaries

acinar cells

islets of Langerhans

PANCREAS
Islet of Langerhans: alpha, beta, delta and F cells not distinguishable in H&E staining
Monday, December 27, 2010