Organic and Bio- Chemistry

Dr. Muhammad Afzal Subhani School of Chemical & Materials Engineering NUST H-12 Islamabad TA: Tariq Zaman (Ph.D Scholar)

Organic and Bio- Chemistry

Course Outlines

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Introduction to organic molecules and functional groups Structure and Bonding Acids and bases Stereochemistry Alkanes, alkenes and Alkynes Alkyl halides and substitution reactions Alkyl halides and Elimination reactions Alcohols, ethers and epoxides: introduction Structure determination Mass spectroscopy IR spectroscopy NMR spectroscopy 10. Introduction to carbonyl chemistry 11. Aldol reactions 12. Carbohydrates 13. Amino acids and proteins 14. Introduction to polymers 15. Advanced topics Hyper branched macromolecules and dendrimers Coupling reactions, Suzuki reaction, Heck reaction

Organic and Bio- Chemistry

What is Organic Chemistry organic chemistry is the study of compounds that contain carbon. Organic chemistry started as the chemistry of life Then it became the chemistry of carbon compounds, especially those found in coal Now it is both. It is the chemistry of the compounds of carbon along with other elements The main reservoir of chemicals available to the nineteenth century chemists was coal. Distillation of coal to give gas for lighting and heating

Organic and Bio- Chemistry

Phenol was used by Lister as an antiseptic in surgery aniline became the basis for the dyestuffs industry A dyestuff of this kindstill availableis Bismarck Brown,

Organic and Bio- Chemistry

Why Organic Chemistry

Organic and Bio- Chemistry

Hydrocarbon frameworks
Some molecular structures are shown These molecules are all amino acids, Look at the number of carbon atoms in each molecule and the way they are bonded together The functional groups determine the way the molecule works both chemically and biologically.

Lysine

Alanine

Functional groups

Phenyl Alanine

Organic and Bio- Chemistry

Hydrocarbon framework
The hydrocarbon framework is made up of chains and rings of carbon atoms, and it acts as a support for the functional groups.

Organic and Bio- Chemistry

Concept of Primary, secondary, and tertiary

A primary carbon atom is attached to only one other C atom, a secondary to two and so on A complete list of functional groups will be discussed later.

Organic and Bio- Chemistry

Drawing Molecules How.. ?

Organic and Bio- Chemistry

Organic and Bio- Chemistry

Guidelines to draw the organic molecules

Draw chains of atoms as zig-zags Miss out the Hs attached to carbon atoms, along with the CH bonds (unless there is a good reason not to) Miss out the capital Cs representing carbon atoms (unless there is a good reason not to)

Organic and Bio- Chemistry

Organic and Bio- Chemistry

Organic and Bio- Chemistry

Functional Groups
Alkanes contain no functional groups Alkenes (sometimes called olefins) contain C=C double bonds Alkynes contain CC triple bonds Alcohols (ROH) contain a hydroxyl (OH) group Ethers (R1OR2) contain an alkoxy group (OR) Amines (RNH2) contain the amino (NH2) group

Organic and Bio- Chemistry

Nitro compounds (RNO2) contain the nitro group (NO2) Alkyl halides (fluorides RF, chlorides RCl, bromides RBr, or iodides RI) contain the fluoro, chloro, bromo, or iodo groups Aldehydes (RCHO) and ketones (R1COR2) contain the carbonyl group C=O Carboxylic acids (RCO2H) contain the carboxyl group CO2H Esters (R1CO2R2) contain a carboxyl group with an extra alkyl group (CO2R)

Organic and Bio- Chemistry

Amides (RCONH2, R1CONHR2, or R1CONR2R3) Nitriles or cyanides (RCN) contain the cyano group CN Acyl chlorides (acid chlorides)(R COCl) Acetals are compounds with two single bonded oxygen atoms attached to the same carbon atom.

Organic and Bio- Chemistry

Let us do some practice..

Organic and Bio- Chemistry

Summary: Important functional groups and oxidation levels