THEORY Torque reference to the play of a shaft loaded by torsion, also known as the pair played or currently play.

For example, in the lead generation torque of the turbine shaft to the generator. Sample loading imposed torsion bar solid shown in Figure 1. In this example the shaft is loaded by two equal and opposite forces that work on the bar L (moment arm) perpendicular to the axis. At the time generated by the styles are sometimes referred to as partners. Magnitude as for this pair was given by L d, where P is the force that works, and d is the distance between the lines of the action teams. Playing a pair is also called 'torque' or 'Play the Moment'. Two alternative ways of describing the torque is shown in Figure 2. In the picture to the left of torque is recorded as a circle with arrows describing direction. In the picture the right hand torque is recorded as a moment vector. Reduction and interpretation of the theory of circular shaft torque can be seen by looking at a small length dx of a circular shaft under torsion. During play, one end of the shaft will rotate on the longitudinal axis in relation to the other end. The amount of rotation is measured in terms of the angle in radians to rotate the end relative to one another. 'The angle of twist "referred to and denoted by (radians).

Figure 1 Example of bar under torsional loading

Figure 2 Two alternate ways of depicting torque

For a linear elastic material, using Hooke's Law, we can write the relationship between shear stress , Modulus of Rigidity, G and shear strain as (1)

= G

The shear strain on a small area of a material situated at a distance from the , center to be: (2)

= L /
Thus using Hooke's Law, shear stress can be expressed as: (3)

G L

The torque, T is found by integrating over the cross section the product of shear stress, and the distance, from the center of the shaft. (4)

T = dA
Using shear stress from previous relations, we get (5)

T = G ( ) 2 dA = G ( ) 2 dA = G ( )J L L L
where J (mm4) = = is called the polar moment of inertia for the solid

dA
2

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bar specimen. Using the Eq.(5), the relation between the twist and the torque is given by: (6)

TL GJ

Generally, based on the torsion theory and combining Eqs. (3) and (6) the

following torsion formula may be obtained; (7)

T G = = J r L

APPARATUS 5

4 1

1- Loading device ; 2 - Torque measurement unit; 3 Digital torque meter 4The test specimen (rod / solid shaft) ; 5 Track base Figure 3 Torsion Test Apparatus The test equipment consists as shown in Figure 3: Loading the device (1) the scale and counter revolution to play the angle measurement. Torque measurement unit (2) with a digital torque meter (3). Specimens (4) is installed between the device charges (1) and units of torque (2) hexagon socket. All parts are mounted on the base track (5).

3 4 6 1 2 5

Figure 4 Loading device

Figure 4 shows the loading device tester. Load torque transmitted to the specimen by a worm gear (1) and hand wheel (4). Angle plays in the output and input which is read by two 360 scale (, 2 3). On the input device in addition to a 5-digit revolution counter (5), which showed 1:1 input revolution. It has a worm gear reduction ratio of 62. Specimens were ended hexagon socket set to move the axis (6) at the end of the worm gear output. Torque Error T

Figure 5 Deformation of the rod under torque T

T torque will cause a small deformation of the torsion bars (or a solid shaft) as shown in Figure 5. This will cause errors in determining the angle of the specimen plays. To deny this error, the turnable torsion specimen unit size (or play). A threaded shaft lever and the fixed side of the torsion bars can compensate for the deformation as shown in Figure 6. A dial gauge on the side of the specimen to control the compensation. Error Torque Turning Torsion rod Level T Hexagonal Dial Threaded - the strain withfixed socket gauge with spindleas =0 end gauges holder specimen hand wheel holder

Figure 6 Compensation of the deformation of the rod under torque T