Matriculation Assignment by: Ni Luh Gede Dian Pondika Cahyaningsih (B2)

Analysis of Reporting Verbs in the Thesis of Putu Ayu Armaya Chintya entitled Developing Speaking Instruction Strategies for Big Classes of Grade 9 at SMPN 1 Pekutatan in the Academic Year of 2010/2011 In this chapter, the author reviews some literature that can support her study. In reviewing some theories, the author uses some reporting verbs. Basically, reporting verbs can be distinguished into five types. Those types include some verbs which are neutral, some verbs that draw attention to the authors viewpoint, some verbs which give information about the authors work, some verbs that highlight the authors viewpoint, and other useful reporting verbs (use present or past tense as appropriate).

The analysis of some reporting verbs in this thesis can be seen as follow:

a. The use of some verbs that has neutral function In the chapter II, the analyzer sees that the Chintya employs most neutral reporting verbs that can be seen in some citations. For example: 1) BNSP (2006) defines curriculum as an indispensable part of any formal education, and plays vital in it. (page 11) 2) BNSP defines curriculum as a set of plans and arrangements about alms, contents, and subject matter material and the strategy of implementation to achieve certain educational goals. (page 11) In the quotation 1) and 2), Chintya uses the reporting verb define in the form of simple present. It indicates the neutral position of the author/resources statements regarding to the definition of curriculum.

Matriculation Assignment by: Ni Luh Gede Dian Pondika Cahyaningsih (B2)

3) Studying English without practice speaking is useless. Fauziati (2005:126) defines that as a part of communication speaking is regarded more representing what the speaker wants to say. Through speaking, one can express their minds, ideas, and thought freely and spontaneously. (page: 11) From the citation 3) above, it can be seen that Chintya cited Fauziatis definition by using the verb defines about the function of speaking which support her previous statement regarding to the importance of practice English in studying English. The use of defines also can be seen in other citation, for example: 4) According to Hornby (1995: 37) teaching means giving the instruction to (a person): give a person (knowledge skill, etc.) while speaking means to make use of words in an ordinary voice. So, teaching speaking is giving instruction to a person in order to communication. Tarigan (1990:3-4) defines that speaking is a language skill that is developed in child life, which is preceded by listening skill, and at that period speaking skill is learned. (page: 25) The citation 4) above shows that the reporting verb defines is employed in order to review Tarigans definition about what speaking is. It also give further information about the previous citation from Hornby that Chintya has mentioned on it. Beside the use of define, Chintya also uses the reporting verb state that can be seen on these quotations below.

5) Meanwhile Sadiman (1996:6) states that: Media adalah segala sesuatu yag dapat digunakan untuk menyalurkan pesan dari pengirim ke penerima (page 29) On the citation 5), Chintya cites the Sadimans statement as what the it is said by the resource. The use of reporting verb state indicates s neutral position of the author in explaining about what media means. It will be better if Chintya

Matriculation Assignment by: Ni Luh Gede Dian Pondika Cahyaningsih (B2)

paraphrase Sadimans statement so the readers, who cannot understand Bahasa Indonesia well, will be helped in understanding what is meant by that supporting citation. 6) Fauziati (2005:134) states that the main aim of group discussion is to improve fluency, (page 26) The use of state as reporting verb is also shown by Chintya on the citation 6). Based on the citation 6), Chintya wants to employ Fauziatis statement about the aim of group discussion. Rather than using state to intent the aim of group discussion, it is better to use reporting verb observe because group discussion is something that can be observed and the function of it can be revealed after practicing and observing the process of the group discussion itself. The use of reporting verb describe to show neutral position of the authors statement is also employed by Chintya in her thesis. The citation can be seen as follows. 7) Fauziati (2005:6) describes that strategy is classroom practice done by the teacher when presenting a language program this is the way the classroom activities are integrated into lesson and used as the basis for teaching learning. (page 32). The citation 7) above indicates that Chintya uses Fauziatis statement who gives picture about the strategy in the classroom which is conducted by the teacher when giving language program. b. The use of some verbs that have function to draw attention to the authors viewpoint In the thesis, Chintya also uses some verbs that draw attention to the authors viewpoint. The example of the using of reporting verbs are:

Matriculation Assignment by: Ni Luh Gede Dian Pondika Cahyaningsih (B2)

8) Stufflebean (2002) further argues that curriculum as a plan or program for all of experiences which the learner encounters under the direction of the school (12)

The quotation 8) indicates that Chintya give attention to the view point of Stufflebean related to curriculum as a plan of experiences. Thus, the use of argue in this case is right because it focuses on the concept of curriculum as a plan based on Stuffelbeans opinion. Beside the quotation 8), Chintya does not employ other reporting verbs that have function to draw attention to the authors viewpoint.

c. The use of some other reporting verbs Beside using neutral reporting verbs and reporting verbs that emphasize on the authors view of point, Chintya also uses other reporting verbs like what are showed below. 9) Muhaimin et al (2008) explained that there are three approaches to curriculum developing comprising technology-based, learner-based, nd problem based curriculum. (page 16)
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10) Harmer (2001:86) explains that the aim of Communicative Language Teaching as the communicative approach or CLT have now become generalized terms to describe learning sequences which aim to improve the students ability to communicate (page 32)

The quotation 9) and 10) shows that Chintya use the verb explain to indicate Muhaimins explanation related to approaches in developing a curriculum. Its

Matriculation Assignment by: Ni Luh Gede Dian Pondika Cahyaningsih (B2)

function is to give further information regarding to curriculum and the way to expand it. 11) Fauiziati (2005:5) has pointed out that method is treated at the level of design in which the roles of teachers, learners, and instructional materials are specified. (page 31)

The last, the quotation 11) shows that Chintya use the reporting verb point to indicate Fauziatis idea related to where the method is used. Chintya uses present perfect tense in this citation. Overall, Chintya has employed appropriate reporting verbs to support her idea and to give further information related to the literature that should be reviewed to support her study. However, the use of reporting verbs in reviewing scholars works or opinions or ideas in this thesis can not be said as many as the analyzer expected. Chintya mostly cite a quotation or opinion or idea of others by stating the words according to, based on, which do not much giving detail description of what is actually intended by the scholars. Thus, by analyzing the use of reporting verbs, the analyzer realize that it is important to add appropriate reporting verbs in giving obvious description of the related literature that is reviewed in a thesis.