Assignment

Subject: Research Method Submitted To: Ahmed Submitted By: Adnan Khurshid Roll Num: Business Sir Bashir Muhammad 4436

BS.(Hons)Commerce 5th semester(Evening)

G.C. UNIVERSITY, FAISALABAD

Validity:
Validity tests show how well an instrument that is developed measures the particular concept it is intended to measure. Validity is concerned with whether we measure the right concept.

Type of Validity:
Content Validity: Criterion-related validity Construct validity

Content Validity:
Content validity ensures that the measure includes an adequate and representative set of items that tap the concept. Face Validity Indicate that the items are intented to measure a concept ,do, on the face of it, look like they measure the concept.

Criterion-Related Validity:
Criterion-Related Validity is established when the measure differentiates individuals on a criterion it is expected to predict. This can be done by establishing what is called concurrent validity or predictive validity. Predictive validity: Indicates the ability of the measuring instrument to differentiate among individuals with reference to a future criterion.

 Concurrent Validity: Is established when the scale discriminates individuals who are known to be different, that is they should score differently on the instrument.

Construct Validity:
Construct Validity testifies to how well the results obtained from the use of the measure fit the theories around which the test is designed. Convergent validity: It is established when the scores obtained with two different instruments measuring the same concept are highly correlated.

Discriminant validity:

It is established when, based on theory, two variables are predicted to be uncorrelated, and the scores obtained by measuring them are indeed empirically found to be so.

Reliability:
Reliability of measure indicates extent to which it is without bias and hence ensures consistent measurement across time (stability) and across the various items in the instrument (internal consistency).

Types of reliability:
Stability Of measure Internal consistency of measures

Stability Of measure:
The ability of a measure to remain the same over time, despite uncontrollable testing conditions or the state of the respondents themselves. TestRetest Reliability: The reliability coefficient obtained with a repetition of the same measure on a second occasion.

Parallel-Form Reliability: Responses on two comparable sets of measures tapping the same construct are highly correlate.

Internal consistency of measures:

The internal consistency of measures is indicative of the homogeneity of the items in the measures that tap the construct. Interitem Consistency Reliability: This is a test of the consistency of respondents answers to all the items in a measure. The most popular test of inter-item consistency reliability is the Cronbachs coefficient alpha. Split-Half Reliability: Split-half reliability reflects the correlations between two halves of an instrument.

Difference between reliability and validity:

Reliability is, roughly, whether you could replicate an experiment and get comparable results - either because an individual's responses are consistent (for example, their reaction times in a test are consistent when the test is carried out again), or the general overall results are consistent (for example, the average score on a test is the same or similar when carried out again on a comparable. Validity is whether the construct you are using really measures what you are using it to measure. For example, if you devised a test to measure people's self-esteem, does it really measure self-esteem, or something similar such as extraversion?