Lesson 1 Recap: 5 points that you can remember??

There are 10 complementary base pairs for complete twist of the DNA helix

The 2 strands are anti-parallel (they run in opposite directions).

The two strands of DNA are held together by Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen Bonds
A
2 Hydrogen Bonds

G
3 Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen Bonds

5 (5 prime) and 3 ends?

Building the DNA molecule

The sugar and phosphate join together to make the backbone of the DNA molecule. The 3' carbon on one sugar is joined to the 5' carbon on the next by means of a phosphate bridge, like this.

Bonding in the DNA molecule

Each time the sugar joins to a phosphate, a molecule of water is eliminated in a condensation reaction. This sugar-phosphate-sugar bond is called a phosphodiester bond. The process repeats so that a very long chain of nucleotides is made, a polynucleotide. Note that the bases protrude from the side of the chain. There will be a spare 5' sugar atom at one end of the chain and a spare 3' atom at the other. The chain thus has a 3' to 5' direction reading up the page.

5 (5 prime) and 3 ends?

From the syllabus:

Describe DNA replication (including the role of DNA polymerase), and explain how Meselson and Stahls classic experiment provided new data that supported the accepted theory of replication of DNA and refuted competing theories.

How DNA makes copies of itself

Clearly in order to pass on genetic information accurately, DNA needs to make exact copies of itself. Otherwise ? Originally scientists thought that DNA replicated conservatively. Meselson and Stahl came up with a new theory in the 1950s, semi-conservative replication of DNA.

Conservative replication of DNA:

Semi conservative replication of DNA

DNA copies itself before cell division so that each cell has the total amount needed. 1. The DNA helix unzips to form 2 single strands, each original strand acts as a template for the new strand 2. Free floating mononucleotides join to each original template strand by complimentary base pairing 3. Mononucleotides on the new strand are joined together by the enzyme DNA polymerase. Hydrogen bonds form between the bases on the original and new strand 4. Each new DNA molecule contains one strand of original DNA and one new strand

Meselson and Stahl Provided Evidence for Semi conservative replication

How did they do it?

1. 2. 2 samples of bacteria were grown, one in medium containing only light nitrogen (14N) and one with only heavy nitrogen (15N) As the bacteria reproduce the nitrogen is incorporated into the DNA. A sample was taken from each and centrifuged. DNA from heavy sank lower than DNA from light medium.

3.
4.

Bacteria from heavy were removed and placed in light medium, replicated once and were removed and DNA was centrifuged.
DNA settled out in the middle showing that the DNA molecules contained a mixture of heavy and light nitrogen and thus proving semi conservative replication
http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp11/1102001.html

DNA Replication Model

Proposed by Matthew Meselson (left) and Franklin W. Stahl (right) in 1958.

DNA Replication Model

DNA Replication
Process of copying a double stranded DNA strand which is the two resulting double strands are identical and each of them consist of one original and one newly synthesize strand.

DNA Replication Model

Watson and Crick suggest that each strands of DNA molecule could serve as template for the synthesis of opposite strand. Each half-helix could pair with their complementary nucleotides to replace its missing partner. Will result two DNA double helices, each identical to the original.

DNA Replication Model

Meselson & Stahl (1958)
Studied the replication in E. coli 3 hypotheses

conservative

semiconservative

dispersive

Which one is the model of DNA replication?

DNA Replication Model

Meselson & Stahl (1958) Hypothesis 1

conservative
Both parent strand remain together and all new copies is made.

DNA Replication Model

Meselson & Stahl (1958) Hypothesis 2

semiconservative
The 2 strand of the parental molecule separate and each functions as a template for synthesis of a new complementary strand

DNA Replication Model

Meselson & Stahl (1958) Hypothesis 3

dispersive
Each strand of both daughter molecules contains a mixture of old and newly synthesized parts

DNA Replication Model

Meselson & Stahl (1958)

DNA Replication Model

Meselson & Stahl (1958)
Result

First replication

Second replication

DNA Replication Model

Meselson & Stahl (1958)
Result

First replication

Second replication

DNA Replication Model

Meselson & Stahl (1958)
Result

First replication

Second replication

DNA Replication Model

Meselson & Stahl (1958)

First replication

Second replication