in Germany
State of the Art
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. G. Hanswille
Institute for Steel and Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal
Germany
Contents
Introduction
Typical composite road bridges with open sections and
box girders
Composite box girders with wide cantilevering concrete
decks
Composite bowstring arches
Composite trusses
Composite bridges for small and medium spans
Cable stayed bridges
Canal bridges
Because the low dead weight of the composite bridges deck is, composite
bridges have advantages with regard to the foundation and
settlements of supports.
Due to innovative erection methods composite bridges are often used for
bridges over passing existent railways or highways without any
restrictions for the traffic. Where existing freeways with two lanes are
widened the short erection time of composite bridges avoids longer
restrictions for traffic.
Werra-Bridge Einhausen
4
2,00
12,75m
25cm
2,5%
45 cm
35 cm
2,575
5,80
45cm
2,575
5,80
35cm
2,5%
25cm
box girder
55cm
3,00
40 cm
1,80
airtight welded box
girders
25cm
6,80m
8,15m
4,30
3,00
7,15
1,80
2,5%
4,30
Bridge Schleusetal
view
55
72,5
80,0
80,0
80,0
75,0
72,5
680,0
5,00
cross-section at midspan
2875
1300
5700 mm
1300
2475
460
290
3,25
11,00
11,00
7000 mm
25,25 m
6
Bridge Schleusetal
Bridge Schleusetal
transportation of steel girders
on site
erection of
steel girders by
cranes
formwork tables on
temporary consoles
retractable
console
rollers
wedges
scaffold beam
formwork
tables
1,96
1,50 1,50
14,50
1,25
3%
2,50
3,52
3,46
3,20
4,76
4,50
6,00
1,96
14,50
3%
3,01 2,50
concrete end
cross girder
cross-section
at midspan
cross-section
at supports
2,50
3,52
6,00
2,50 3,01
35,06m
2,70
1,30
4,00m
view
73,48m
95,77m
71,83m
10
11
2.00
30.00
cross-section at
support
11.50
3.00
11.50
0,34
0,52
2.00
3.75
concrete C35/45
6.92
3.75
cross-section at
midspan
4.01
6.99
0,35
4.00
concrete C 50/60
95.00
3.30
3.30
7.00
3.30
7.00
3.30
HHW 366.00
4.36
3.30
6.23
4.39
362.00
154.00
68.00
58.00
470.00
0
12
13
Bridge
Altwipfergrund
14
30,5
40,0
42,0
42,0
42,0
42,0
42,0
36,0
316,5
36,75
2,25
14,50
2,25
14,50
1,75 1,50
cross-section
0,00
35
6%
40
4%
7,75
7,75
4%
15%
0,00
4%
6%
1,60
-2,95
3,35
5,90
5,90
18,50
3,35
3,35
5,65
5,65
3,60
18,25
15
16
elastomer
bearings
wedge
shaped
bearing plate
17
Bridge Albrechtsgraben
18
Bridge Elben
Bridge Schwarza
Bridge Oehde
19
28,00m
2,00
1,50 1,50
10,00
5,50
10,00
2,00
5,50
longitudinal beams
transverse tension member
35
35
5,00
1,20
3,80
1,20
3,80
5,00
1,80
3,15
Schweinfurt
3,30
Erfurt
3,15
DB
14,50
Wilde Gera
30
36
42
42
42
42
42
252m
42
42
42
42
42
36
30
20
10
21
transverse steel
tension members
transverse frames
22
11
cantilever
erection of the
arch
23
12
140
150
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
770
45
55
60
70
70
70
45
40
40
45
70
60
50
45
29,00
25,00
2,00
2,00
6,00
1,50
4,15
4,15
1,50
6,00
25
26
13
27
Bridge
Albrechtsgraben
Bridge Schwarza
28
14
Dc
A
Zs
Za
Zs,q
outside longitudinal girder
Zs
section A-A
horizontal loops
vertical
stirrupps
tension member
29
connections
economical simple
connections with the top
flanges of the box girder
and the secondary
longitudinal girders
no significant stresses in
the steel tension member
due to local loads
complicate connection
caused by the eccentricity
between the tension
member and the top
flanges of the box girder
30
15
45 55
7,5
7,5
70
70
70
70
70
70
55 45
690
10
70
20
30
40
50
cross-section
60
70
80
90
28,50
70,0
17,5 7,5
3 x 15,0
3 x 15,0
17,5 7,5
3 x 15,0
3,80
Method I
10 11
12
12
10
11
12
11 10
Method II
Method III
31
My= -107,5
My= -105,3
Method I
-
My= -31,9
My= -43,7
My= -31,9
My= -45,4
+
+
My= 27,2
+
My= 28,1
My= -32,5
My= 26,5
My= 25,6
My= -33,5
Method III
Method II
+
My= 27,3
+
My= 25,4
[My in MNm]
32
16
33
17
Bridge Albrechtsgraben
35
Bridge Schwarza
36
18
37
B1
B2
C
38
19
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
3,8%
44,70
56,0
72,80
72,80
64,0
56,0
44,70
418,30 m
3800
5600
3800
2310
2,5%
3785
2310
3800
5600
3800
39
40
20
P1 P3
P2
P6
P4 P5 P9
P7 P8 P11
P10 P13
P12 P15
P14
Saalebridge Besedau
42
21
N= Ns+Na
s,2
Na,2
s,m
Na= Na,2-Nts
Na
Nt,s
Na= Na,2-Nts
Ns,2
Ns
Ns,cr
Ns,crn
44
22
3958
2000
19850 19850
plan
view
104270
cross-section
1500
end-bracing
2400
2400
15389
15389
800
800
1500
10100
9750
2000
9750
10100
45
46
23
Composite trusses
47
208,00m
83,20m
7
12,5
83,20m
9
10
view
48
24
1,40 50
R=2650,00m
1,10-1,80
80
3,95
80
80
6,80
2,00 1,20
6,80
20
14,30
R=2650,00m
15,26
80
3,95
1,40 50
1,00
1,40 50
1,00
R=2650,00m
20
20
14,30
1,00
20
20
14,30
1,20
20
80 2,60
1,60
2,60 80
2,60
1,60
49
58,40
73,60
249,60
59,20
58,40
view
cross-section
4350
14300
4700
2200
2200
2600
400
R=
1552,35
5600
9000
700
280
2600
4350
50
25
28,5 m
5,0 m
51
52
26
Bridge Oberhartmannsreuth
53
Advantages
54
27
L+lb
bQRT
L+lb
concentrated shear
connectors at the end
of the girder
lb-anchorage length of
the reinforcement
bottom layer of
reinforcement
As,min = 16 a=10 cm
55
b>bmin
b>90 cm
56
28
mortar
Cnom
= 4,5cm
hc
4,0
2,5
1,0
21
shear reinforcement
3cm
seal
2,5 cm
Casting of concrete
casting of supporting
beams and the slab at
internal support
58
29
precasted
concrete flange
steel girder
installation by crane
59
VFT-Filler beams
3200
rolled section
640
shear connection
60
30
VFT-Filler beams
61
Preflex - Beams
steel girder
prestressed
composite
bottom flange
62
31
Fv
Fv
pre-stressing forces Fv
applied to the steel
girder (elastic bending)
Fv
Fv
Fv
Fv
removing of the
prestressing force Fv
after hardening of
concrete causes
compressive stresses
in the concrete bottom
flange
casting of the concrete
top flange on site
63
64
32
65
10
20
30
40
60
50
64,554 64,554
396,132
80
70
334,82
90
61,76
376,412
66
33
cross-section axes 10 - 70
4250
550
700
6150
550
4250
2800
550
700
6150
400
550
67
cross-section axes 70 - 90
3500
8750
27500 mm
3000
8750
2,5%
7710
5900
3500
2,5%
2000
5900
7710
13800
68
34
70
35
+145,30m
composite section
3000
1000
4000 1000
3000 2000
concrete section
400
4000
500
3295-3971
.+15,90
71
cables
72
36
erection stages
70
10
80 90
stages I and II
stage III
stage IX
73
Canal bridges
74
37
57,10
106,20m
10x5,71
10x5,31
57,10
7,81
10x5,71
10x5,31
20
10
6,30
30
40
cross-section
3,98
34,04
3,98
42,00 m
75
38
1900
4819
1087.5
transverse frame
740
2440
740
77
stage 2
stage 11
stage 17
stage 22
78
39
Canal-bridge Lippe
24,00m
24,80m
24,00m
B
28,00m
4,75
C
3,00
4,75
3,00
28,00m
+56,50 NW
7,84
+56,50 NW
2,21
2,21 2,16
LT7
10,82
LT6
LT5
10,82
LT4
LT3
2,16 2,21
LT2
4,33
LT7
4,33
LT6
4,33
4,33
30,40m
LT5
LT4
4,33
4,33
LT3
LT2
2,21
LT1
LT1
79
Canal-bridge Lippe
80
40
81
41