2.

2 Porosity of reservoir rock

1 Definition of Porosity 2 Classification of Porosity 3 Factors affecting Porosity 4 Applications of Porosity 5 Determination of Porosity

New Words
effective porosity classification uniform overburden pressure p pack cubic packing rhombohedral packing formation f ti

absolute porosity interconnect isolate factor

1 Definition of Porosity
The Constitution of Sandstone

Sandstone is formed from grains that have undergone sedimentation,compaction and cementation.

grain Cementing material pore The Constitution of Sandstone

1 Definition of Porosity
Porosity() : the ratio of the pore volume in a y() p rock to the bulk volume of that rock. express in per cent.
Mathematical form is:

V V

p b

.(1) (1)

Definition of Porosity EXAMPLE 1

A clean and dry core sample weighting 425g was l dd l i hti 425 p g y 100% saturated with a 1.07 specific gravity brine. The new weight is 453g. The core sample is 12 cm long and 4 cm in diameter. Calculate the porosity l d i di t C l l t th it of the rock sample.

Definition of Porosity f f y SOLUTION

The bulk l Th b lk volume of th core sample i f the l is:

Vb = (2) 2 (12) = 150.80cm3 ( ) ( )

The pore volume is:

453 425 Vp = (Vwet Vdry ) = = 26.17cm3 26 17 1.07 1

Definition of Porosity f f y SOLUTION

The Porosity of the core is:

26.17 = = = 0.173or17.3% Vb 150 80 150.80

Vp

2 Classification of Porosity
( ( 1) Geological classification of porosity

Porosity can be classified into two groups: primary and secondary porosity. A. Primary porosity B. Secondary porosity yp y

Classification of Porosity f f y

Primary porosity: Primary porosity is that which

was formed at the time of deposition of the sediments p

Secondary porosity: secondary porosity was

developed after deposition and burial of the formation. Sandstone porosity is practically all primary porosity whereas carbonate porosity tends to be secondary p y y porosity.

Classification of Porosity 2) E i Engineering classification of i l ifi ti f p porosity y From a reservoir engineering standpoint, Porosity may be classified as total effective and d d dynamic porosity: i i A. Total (absolute) porosity B. B Effective porosity C. Dynamic porosity

The different types of p yp pores are shown in Figure. g

Classification of Porosity f f y

Figure 1: Effective and ineffective porosity in a cemented siliciclastic sandstone

Classification of Porosity y A. Absolute (Total) Porosity

Absolute porosity is the ratio of the total pore

volume in a rock to the bulk volume of that rock, regardless of whether or not those pore k
spaces are interconnected.

V tp p Vb

Classification of Porosity B. Effective Porosity

Effective porosity is the ratio of the interconnected pore volume to the bulk volume.

e =

V ep Vb

Classification of Porosity C. Dynamic Porosity y y

Dynamic porosity is the ratio of the pore volume that fluid can flow under a certain

pressure difference to the bulk volume volume.

V V

fp b

a > e>

Classification of Porosity Only ff ti O l effective porosity has real significance it h l i ifi in all reservoir engineering calaulations calaulations, because it is only from this type of porosity that the fluids can move and be recovered.

Classification of Porosity Sandstones have porosities that typically range

from 8% to 38%,with an average of 18%. About 95% g of sandstone porosity is effective porosity.

Carbonates have porosities that typically range

from 3% t 15% with an average of about 8% Ab t f to 15%, ith f b t 8%. About 90% of carbonate porosity is effective porosity.

3 Factors Governing Porosity

1) Effect of packing on rock porosity 2) Effect of sorting on rock porosity 3) Effect of cementation on Porosity 4) Effect of compaction on Porosity

Factors Governing Porosity

1) Effect of packing on rock porosity

Packing describes the arrangement of the sand grains relative to one another.

cubical packing = 47.6%

rhombohedral packing = 25.9%

Factors Governing Porosity

Factors Governing Porosity

2) Effect of sorting on rock porosity

Pf

Psi

If the size of grain is not uniform ,some small particles are mixed with larger sand g grains, the porosity will be reduced.

The more uniform grain size is ,the higher porosity is.

Factors Governing Porosity

3) Effect of cementation on Porosity ) y

The composition of cementing material The content of cementing material Cementing type of cementing material

Factors Governing Porosity

Table 2.1 Variation of porosity with clay content

Factors Governing Porosity The higher degree of cementation is,the lower porosity is. is

4) Effect of compaction on Porosity

The compaction increased with depth tends to squeeze the mineral particles closer. Porosity decrease with compaction.

Factors Governing Porosity

4) Effect of compaction on Porosity

porosity decrease with depth.
abscissa porosity ordinate depth

The deeper the depth is ,the higher the degree of hi h th d f compaction is. p

Apllications of Porosity

1) Evaluating formation
Grade
Very good d g good

5~0
no value l

Porosity % 25~20 20~15 15~10 10~5

moderate p poor

2) Calc lating reser oir oil content Calculating reservoir

Apllications of Porosity

Calculating reservoir oil content g

N=AShSoi
where: As = surface area of the reservoir h = thickness of the formation = porosity Soi= th percent of the pore volume the t f th l occupied by the oil

5 Determination of Porosity y
1) Determination of Porosity by Direct Measurements

V V

p b

Determination of Porosity

Measurment of bulk Volume

A. The method of taking geometrical size g g B. Measurement of bulk volume by displacing mercury

C. Measurement of bulk volume by saturating y g

fluid

D. Measurement of bulk Volume by coating the rock

with paraffin p

Determination of Porosity

Measurment of bulk Volume

A. A The method of taking geometrical size If the sample has a simple geometrical shap and is not chipped or notched, a sliding caliper is used to measure geometrical size of sample.

Determination of Porosity

Measurment of bulk Volume

B. Measurement of bulk volume by

displacing mercury
The sample is immersed in the core chamber filled mercury , The change in mercury level is bulk volume volume.

Apparatus f determing bulk volume A for i

C. C Measurement of bulk volume by f saturating fluid (

Vb =

Wair Wimm i i

fluid

D. Measurement of bulk Volume by y coating the rock with paraffin

Vf =

w 2 w 3 w 2 w1 w p

P density of paraffin

Example 2
A. A Weight of dry sample in air =20.0 g 20 0 B.Weight of dry sample coated with paraffin = 20.9 g C. Weight of coated sample immersed in water = 10.0g density of paraffin = 0.9g/cc density of water = 1.00 g/cc

What is bulk volume of the sample ?

Determination of Porosity

Measurment of Pore Volume

A. Measurement of pore Volume by saturating fluid B. Gas expansion method

A. Measurement of pore Volume by p y saturating fluid

Vp =

W2 W1

W1 Weight of dry sample in air W2 Weight of saturated sample in air l density of the liquid, g/ cm3

Example 4
A. Weight of dry sample in air =20.0 g B. B Weight of saturated sample in air = 22.5 g sat rated 22 5 C. C Weight of saturated sample in water = 12.6g 12 6g density of water = 1.00 g/cc

What is effective porosity of the sample ?

B. Gas expansion method

PV2 + P (V1 Vf +Vp ) = P(V2 +V1 Vf +Vp ) a b

Pa P V p = V f V1 + V2 P Pb
Pa atmospheric pressure ( absolute ) , MPa; Pb the vacuum pressure in sample chamber, MPa; P the pressure after the equilibrium is established in the system, MPa.

2.3 2 3 Compressibility of Porous Rocks 1.Definition Compressibility th f ti C ibilit the fractional change in pore l h i volume of per unit bulk volume with a unit change in pressure. 1/ MPa reciprocal megapascal

1 VP = Vb P

The depletion of fluids from the p p pore space of a p reservoir rock results in a change in the internal stress in the rock, thus causing the rock to be subjected to a different resultant stress. This change in stress results in changes in the grain grain, pore, and bulk volume of the rock.
Pf

Pf

Psi

Psi

Befor development

After development

rock-pore compressibility Pore compressibility is the fractional change in i pore volume of the per unit pore volume l f th it l with a unit change in pressure.

1 VP = VP P

rock-matrix compressibility Rock-matrix compressibility is the fractional change in pore volume of per unit the solid rock material(grains) volume with a unit change in pressure

1 VP = Vs P

total t t l compressibility ibilit Total compressibility is the fractional change in pore and liqued volume of the per unit bulk volume rock with a unit change in pressure.

1 V0 Ct = Vb P

V0 = VP + VL

Ct=Cf + (SoCo+SwCw+SgCg) (

2Transform of lab porosity with formation p p y porosity y

= 0e
P

CP P

effective overburden pressure change rock compressibility lab porosity

CP