Technological Institute of the Philippines Manila 363 P.

Casal Street, Quiapo, Manila

Prelim Project in GE 111 Chemical Engineering

Submitted by: GUIMBALIBOT, Joenio A. B.S. ChE 1010540

Submitted to: ENGR. Efren B. Chavez

Date: December 8, 2011

What is Chemical Engineering? Chemical engineering is the branch of engineering that deals with the application of physical science (e.g., chemistry and physics), and life sciences (e.g., biology, microbiology and biochemistry) with mathematics and economics, to the process of converting raw materials or chemicals into more useful or valuable forms. In addition to producing useful materials, modern chemical engineering is also concerned with pioneering valuable new materials and techniques such as nanotechnology, fuel cells and biomedical engineering. Chemical engineering largely involves the design, improvement and maintenance of processes involving chemical or biological transformations for large-scale manufacture. Chemical engineers ensure the processes are operated safely, sustainably and economically. Chemical engineers in this branch are usually employed under the title of process engineer. A related term with a wider definition is chemical technology. A person employed in this field is called a chemical engineer.

History of Chemical Engineering Chemical engineering emerged upon the development of unit operations, a fundamental concept of the discipline. Most authors agree that Davis invented unit operations if not substantially developed it. He gave a series of lectures on unit operations at the Manchester Technical School (University of Manchester today) in 1887, considered to be one of the earliest such about chemical engineering. Three years before Davis' lectures, Henry Edward Armstrong taught a degree course in chemical engineering at the City and Guilds of London Institute. Armstrong's course "failed simply because its graduates ... were not especially attractive to employers." Employers of the time would have rather hired chemists and mechanical engineers. Courses in chemical engineering offered by Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the United States, Owen's College in Manchester, England and University College London suffered under similar circumstances.

Starting from 1888, Lewis M. Norton taught at MIT the first chemical engineering course in the United States. Norton's course was contemporaneous and essentially similar with Armstrong's course. Both courses, however, simply merged chemistry and engineering subjects. "Its practitioners had difficulty convincing engineers that they were engineers and chemists that they were not simply chemists." Unit operations was introduced into the course by William Hultz Walker in 1905. By the early 1920s, unit operations became an important aspect of chemical engineering at MIT and other US universities, as well as at Imperial College London. The American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), established in 1908, played a key role in making chemical engineering considered an independent science, and unit operations central to chemical engineering. For instance, it defined chemical engineering to be a "science of itself, the basis of which is ... unit operations" in a 1922 report; and with which principle, it had published a list of academic institutions which offered "satisfactory" chemical engineering courses. Meanwhile, promoting chemical engineering as a distinct science in Britain lead to the establishment of the Institution of Chemical Engineers (IChemE) in 1922. IChemE likewise helped make unit operations considered essential to the discipline. By the 1940s, it became clear that unit operations alone was insufficient in developing chemical reactors. While the predominance of unit operations in chemical engineering courses in Britain and the United States continued until the 1960s, transport phenomena started to experience greater focus. Along with other novel concepts, such process systems engineering (PSE), a "second paradigm" was defined. Transport phenomena gave an analytical approach to chemical engineering while PSE focused on its synthetic elements, such as control system and process design. Developments in chemical engineering before and after World War II were mainly incited by the petrochemical industry, however, advances in other fields were made as well. Advancements in biochemical engineering in the 1940s, for example, found application in the pharmaceutical industry, and allowed for the mass production of various antibiotics, including penicillin and streptomycin. Meanwhile, progress in polymer science in the 1950s paved way for the "age of plastics".

The years after the 1950s are viewed to have lacked major chemical innovations. Additional uncertainty was presented by declining prices of energy and raw materials between 1950 and 1973. Concerns regarding the safety and environmental impact of large-scale chemical manufacturing facilities were also raised during which period. Silent Spring, published in 1962, alerted its readers of the harmful effects of DDT, a potent insecticide. The 1974 Flixborough disaster in the United Kingdom resulted in the death of 28, and damage of a chemical plant and three nearby villages. The 1984 Bhopal disaster in India which killed almost 4,000. These along with other incidents affected the reputation of the trade as industrial safety and environmental protection was given more focus. In response, the IChemE required safety to be part of every degree course that it accredited after 1982. By the 1970s, legislation and monitoring agencies were instituted in various countries, such as France, Germany and the United States. Advancements in computer science found applications designing and managing plants, simplifying calculations and drawings that previously have to be done manually. The completion of the Human Genome Project is also seen as a major development, not only advancing chemical engineering but genetic engineering and genomics as well. Chemical engineering principles were used to produce DNA sequences in large quantities. While the application of chemical engineering principles to these fields only began in the 1990s, Rice University researchers see this as a trend towards biotechnology.

Basic Concepts Chemical engineering involves the application of several principles. Key concepts are presented below. Chemical reaction engineering Chemical reactions engineering involves managing plant processes and conditions to ensure optimal plant operation. Chemical reaction engineers construct models for reactor analysis and design using laboratory data and physical parameters, such as chemical thermodynamics, to solve problems and predict reactor performance. Plant design Chemical engineering design concerns the creation of plans and specification, and income projection of plants. Chemical engineers generate designs according to the clients needs. Design is limited by a number of factors, including funding, government regulations and safety standards. These constraints dictate a plant's choice of process, materials and equipment. Process design A unit operation is a physical step in an individual chemical engineering process. Unit operations (such as crystallization, drying and evaporation) are used to prepare reactants, purifying and separating its products, recycling unspent reactants, and controlling energy transfer in reactors. On the other hand, a unit process is the chemical equivalent of a unit operation. Along with unit operations, unit processes constitute a process operation. Unit processes (such as nitration and oxidation) involve the conversion of material by biochemical, thermochemical and other means. Chemical engineers responsible for these are called process engineers.

Transport phenomena Transport phenomena occur frequently in industrial problems. These include fluid dynamics, heat transfer and mass transfer, which mainly concern momentum transfer, energy transfer and transport of chemical species respectively. Basic equations for describing the three transport phenomena in the macroscopic, microscopic and molecular levels are very similar. Thus, understanding transport phenomena requires thorough understanding of mathematics. Applications and Practice of a Chemical Engineer Chemical engineers "develop economic ways of using materials and energy"as opposed to chemists who are more interested in the basic composition of materials and synthesizing products from such. Chemical engineers use chemistry and engineering to turn raw materials into usable products, such as medicine, petrochemicals and plastics. They are also involved in waste management and research. Both applied and research facets make extensive use of computers. A chemical engineer may be involved in industry or university research where he or she is tasked in designing and performing experiments to create new and better ways of production, controlling pollution, conserving resources and making these processes safer. He/she may be involved in designing and constructing plants as a project engineer. In this field, the chemical engineer uses their knowledge in selecting plant equipment and the optimum method of production to minimize costs and increase profitability. After its construction, he/she may help in upgrading its equipment. He/she may also be involved in its daily operations.

B.S. in Chemical Engineering in the Philippines The Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering program provides intensive knowledge and skills to students regarding chemistry and chemical engineering and prepares them for global competitiveness and future leadership in the industry. It enables the graduates to be able to analyze chemical processes and be able to design effective laboratory experiments which include gathering, analyzing and testing theories. What are the admission requirements for BS in Chemical Engineering in the Philippines?

Must have recommendation from High School Principal and Guidance Must have most recent medical and dental health record Must take and pass the college entrance examination Must have NSO authenticated birth certificate Must have certificate of good moral character Must have high School report card (form 138) Must have a copy of high school diploma Must have recent 2x2 colored pictures

Counselor
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How long does it take to complete BS in Chemical Engineering in the Philippines? BS in Chemical Engineering program takes 5 years to complete.

What subjects are included in the BS in Chemical Engineering program?

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Development of Graduate Study (Guarantee of an Academic Degree) Communication & Investigation (Comprehensive Resume) Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics Fundamental Principles I (Philosophy of Education)

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Laboratory Procedures in Chemical Engineering Professional Evaluation (Self Evaluation Matrix) Fundament of Knowledge (Integration Chart) Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering Experiential Learning (Autobiography) Academic Evaluation (Questionnaire) Quantitative Chemical Analysis Organization Theory (Portfolio) Thermodynamics and Kinetics Chemical Engineering Design Mathematics for Engineers Chemical process modeling Separation Processes Differential Equations Analytical Chemistry Transport Processes Physical Chemistry Chemical reactor Nanotechnology Polymer Science Fluid dynamics Heat Transfer Mass transfer

What exam do I need to take to practice Chemical engineering in the Philippines? A chemical engineering graduate has to pass the Chemical Engineer Licensure Examination in order to practice the profession in the Philippines. The examination is given twice a year by the Board of Electrical Engineers under the supervision of the Professional Regulatory Commission (PRC).

What are the requirements for admission to the Chemical Engineers Licensure Examination?

Must be a holder of a bachelors degree in chemical engineering with

academic credits on required subjects from a university recognized by the Philippine government.
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Must have a copy of the Transcript of Records with Special order and date Must not have any case filed or pending for moral turpitude in any court in Must have an original copy of community tax certificate (cedula) Must have a copy of the NSO authenticated birth certificate Must be of good moral character Must be a Filipino Citizen

of graduation with remarks FOR BOARD EXAMINATION PURPOSES ONLY

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the Philippines that involves moral turpitude

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What are the passing rates of the Licensure Examination for Chemical Engineers in the Philippines?

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2010 45.89% (151 out of 329) 2009 52.94% (324 out of 612) 2008 40.39% (122 out of 302) 2007 52.32% (281 out of 537) 2006 49.45% (182 out of 368)

What are the career opportunities of BS in Chemical Engineering in the Philippines?

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Chemical Equipment Sales Engineer Absorption & Adsorption Engineer

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Technical Director, Chemical Plant Brewery Processing Supervisor Environmental Epidemiologist Public Health Microbiologist Food Scientist/Technologist Chemical Design Engineer Facilities Design Engineer Chemical Test Engineer Petroleum Engineer Research Engineer Polymer Engineer Process Engineer Nuclear Engineer Histopathologist Pharmacologist Medical Doctor Microbiologist Biophysicist Physiologist

Chemical Engineering Board Exam Scope These are the subjects covered by the Chemical Engineering Licensure Examination in the Philippines. If you are preparing for the Chemical Engineering Boards, make sure you cover all of these in your review: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES A. General Inorganic Chemistry: Matter and energy, theory of atoms and molecules, chemical periodicity, calculation principles in chemical changes, chemical bonding, solutions, chemical equilibrium, chemical kinetics, and nuclear chemistry. B. Organic Chemistry: Structural characteristics and reaction mechanism of different organic compounds: aliphatic, aromatics, arenas, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, carbohydrates, amino acids, and proteins. C. Analytical Chemistry: Theory and practice of gravimetric and volumetric methods of analysis and their application methods in the analysis of acids, bases, salts, and minerals. D. Physical Chemistry: Properties of gases, liquids, solids and solutions; introduction to first and second laws of thermodynamics; thermochemistry; homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibria; transference and conductance of ionized solutions; and electrochemistry. E. Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics: First and second laws of thermodynamics, P-V-T relationships of fluids, heat effects, thermodynamics of flow processes, power and refrigeration cycles, phase equilibria, and chemical reaction equilibrium.

GENERAL ENGINEERING

A. Mathematics: Algebra, Trigonometry, Analytic Geometry, Differential Calculus, Integral Calculus, Differential Equation, Statistics & Probability Theory B. Physics: Mechanics, waves, sound, heat, electricity, magnetism, and light. C. Engineering Mechanics: Statics and dynamics; free body concepts; equilibrium of coplanar and non-coplanar systems; analysis of frames and trusses; friction; centroids and moments of inertia; motion of particles and rigid bodies; mass, force and

acceleration;

work

and

energy;

impulse

and

momentum.

D. Strength of Materials: Axial stress and strain, stresses in torsion and bending, combined stresses, beam deflections, indeterminate beams, and elastic instability. E. Engineering Economics: Introductory financial accounting; financial mathematics; time value of money; break-even analysis capital investment decision criteria; and engineering-oriented applications.

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

A. Chemical Engineering Calculations: Elementary mass and energy balances; stoichiometry, principles of equilibrium applicable to unit operations and processes; material and energy balances applicable to industrial process, e.g., gaseous, liquid and chemical separation processes; stage-wise solid fuels, sulfur, nitrogen compound, etc. reactors. operations. B. Reaction Kinetics: Principles and applications of chemical kinetics to the design of C. Unit Operations: Principles of fluid mechanics; heat, mass and momentum transfer; D. Plant Design: Application of physical and chemical principles in the design of industrial plants or parts thereof involving preparation of process flow sheets, mass and inorganic biochemistry, processes energy and which applicable are to balances, organic applicable pollution and equipment chemical to control process and design. industries. industries abatement. E. Chemical Process Industries: Unit processes and operations involved in the F. Biochemical Engineering: Aspects of biological sciences, primarily microbiology and G. Environmental Engineering: Types of pollutants; physical, chemical, and biological H. Instrumentation and Process Control: Principles and operations of a wide variety of process instruments and the proper selection thereof for practical industrial application. I. Laws, Contracts, and Ethics: Legal and ethical issues related to the practice of chemical engineering, including intellectual property and environmental laws.