Petroleum And Its Distillation Products

Petroleum:
Petroleum is a complex mixture of organic liquids called crude oil and natural gas, which occurs naturally in the ground and was formed millions of years ago. Crude oil varies from oilfield to oilfield in colour and composition, from a pale yellow low viscosity liquid to heavy black 'treacle' consistencies. Crude oil and natural gas are extracted from the ground, on land or under the oceans, by sinking an oil well and are then transported by pipeline and/or ship to refineries where their components are processed into refined products.

How O l Was Formed?

Oil was formed from the remains of animals and plants that lived millions of years ago in a marine (water) environment before the dinosaurs. Over the years, the remains were covered by layers of mud. Heat and pressure from these layers helped the remains turn into what we today call crude oil . The word "petroleum" means "rock oil" or "oil from the earth."

Crude Oil:
Crude oil comes from the well and it contains a mixture of hydrocarbon compounds and relatively small quantities of other materials such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, salt and water.

Oil Refinery:
An oil refinery is an organised and coordinated arrangement of manufacturing processes designed to produce physical and chemical changes in crude oil to convert it into everyday products like petrol, diesel, lubricating oil, fuel oil and bitumen. In the refinery, most of these non - hydrocarbon substances are removed and the oil is broken down into its various components, and blended into useful products.

Petroleum Hydrocarbon Structures:

Petroleum consists of three main hydrocarbon groups:

Paraffins:
These consist of straight or branched carbon rings saturated with hydrogen atoms, the simplest of which is methane (CH4) the main ingredient of natural gas. Others in this group include ethane (C2H6), and propane (C3H8).

Hydrocarbons:
With very few carbon atoms (C1 to C4) are light in density and are gases under normal atmospheric pressure. Chemically paraffins are very stable compounds.

Naphthenes:
Naphthenes consist of carbon rings, sometimes with side chains, saturated with hydrogen atoms. Naphthenes are chemically stable, they occur naturally in crude oil and have properties similar to paraffins.

Aromatics:
Aromatic hydrocarbons are compounds that contain a ring of six carbon atoms with alternating double and single bonds and six attached hydrogen atoms. This type of structure is known as a benzene ring. They occur naturally in crude oil, and can also be created by the refining process.

The more carbon atoms a hydrocarbon molecule has, the "heavier" it is (the higher is its molecular weight) and the higher is its the boiling point. Small quantities of a crude oil may be composed of compounds containing oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur and metals. Sulphur content ranges from traces to more than 5 per cent. If a crude oil contains appreciable quantities of sulphur it is called a sour crude; if it contains little or no sulphur it is called a sweet crude.

The Refining Process:

Every refinery begins with the separation of crude oil into different fractions by distillation. The fractions are further treated to convert them into mixtures of more useful saleable products by various methods such as cracking, reforming, alkylation, polymerisation and isomerisation. These mixtures of new compounds are then separated using methods such as fractionation and solvent extraction. Impurities are removed by various methods, e.g. dehydration, desalting, sulphur removal and hydrotreating. Two types of processes have been developed:  Breaking down large, heavy hydrocarbon molecules  Reshaping or rebuilding hydrocarbon molecules.

Distillation:
Distillation separates chemicals by the difference in how easily they vaporize. The two major types of classical distillation include continuous distillation and batch distillation. Continuous distillation, as the name says, continuously takes a feed and separates it into two or more products. Batch distillation takes on lot (or batch) at a time of feed and splits it into products by selectively removing the more volatile fractions over time. Other ways to categorize distillation are by the equipment type (trays, packing), process configuration (distillation, absorption, stripping, azeotropic, extractive, complex), or process type (refining, petrochemical, chemical, gas treating).

Distillation Categories:
System composition System refers to the chemical components present in the mixture being distilled. The two main groups are binary distillation and multicomponent distillation.

 Binary distillation is a separation of only two chemicals. A good example is separating ethyl alcohol (ethanol) from water. Most of the basic distillation teaching and a lot of theoretical work starts with looking at binary distillation; it's a lot simpler.  Multicomponent distillation is the separation of a mixture of chemicals. A good example is petroleum refining. Crude

oil is a very complex mixture of hydrocarbons with literally thousands of different molecules. Nearly all commercial distillation is multicomponent distillation. The theory and practice of multicomponent distillation can be very complex.

Processing Sequence:
Fractionation systems have different objectives. The major processing objectives set the system type and the equipment configuration needed. The common objectives include removing a light component from a heavy product, removing a heavy component from a light product, making two products, or making more than two products. We will call these major categories are called stripping, rectification, fractionation, and complex fractionation.  Stripping systems remove light material from a heavy product.  Rectification systems remove heavy material from a light product.  Fractionation systems remove a light material from a heavy product and a heavy material from a light product at the same time.

Reaction:
Reactive distillation uses a reaction in the distillation equipment to help the separation. The reaction may or may not use a catalyst. DMT manufacture uses reactive distillation without a catalyst. One process to make methy-tert-butyl-ether uses a

catalyst inside the distillation tower. The reaction changes the composition, allowing the distillation to work better

Equipment Type:
Distillation equipment includes two major categories, trays and packing.  Trays force a rising vapor to bubble through a pool of descending liquid.  Packing creates a surface for liquid to spread on. The thin liquid film has a high surface area for mass-transfer between the liquid and vapor.

Trays

Packing

Oil Refining Production Process:

        Desalting and Dewatering Distillation Reforming Cracking Alkylation Isomerisation Polymerisation Hydrotreating

Petroleum Products:
Petroleum products are usually grouped into three categories: light distillates (LPG, gasoline, naphtha), middle distillates (kerosene, diesel), heavy distillates and residuum (heavy fuel oil, lubricating oils, wax, asphalt). This classification is based on the way crude oil is distilled and separated into fractions (called distillates and residuum).           Liquified petroleum gas (LPG) Gasoline (also known as petrol) Naphtha Kerosene and related jet aircraft fuels Diesel fuel Fuel oils Lubricating oils Paraffin wax Asphalt and tar Petroleum coke

Oil refineries also produce various intermediate products such as hydrogen, light hydrocarbons, reformate and pyrolysis gasoline. These are not usually transported but instead are blended or processed further on-site. Chemical plants are thus often adjacent to oil refineries. For example, light hydrocarbons are steamcracked in an ethylene plant, and the produced ethylene is polymerized to produce polyethene.

Specialty end products:

These will blend various feedstocks, mix appropriate additives, provide short term storage, and prepare for bulk loading to trucks, barges, product ships, and railcars. y Gaseous fuels such as propane, stored and shipped in liquid form under pressure in specialized railcars to distributors. y Liquid fuels blending (producing automotive and aviation grades of gasoline, kerosene, various aviation turbine fuels, and diesel fuels, adding dyes, detergents, antiknock additives, oxygenates, and anti-fungal compounds as required). Shipped by barge, rail, and tanker ship. May be shipped regionally in dedicated pipelines to point consumers, particularly aviation jet fuel to major airports, or piped to distributors in multi-product pipelines using product separators called pipeline inspection gauges ("pigs"). y Lubricants (produces light machine oils, motor oils, and greases, adding viscosity stabilizers as required), usually shipped in bulk to an offsite packaging plant.

y Wax (paraffin), used in the packaging of frozen foods, among others. May be shipped in bulk to a site to prepare as packaged blocks. y Sulfur (or sulfuric acid), byproducts of sulfur removal from petroleum which may have up to a couple percent sulfur as organic sulfur-containing compounds. Sulfur and sulfuric acid are useful industrial materials. Sulfuric acid is usually prepared and shipped as the acid precursor oleum. y Bulk tar shipping for offsite unit packaging for use in tarand-gravel roofing. y Asphalt unit. Prepares bulk asphalt for shipment. y Petroleum coke, used in specialty carbon products or as solid fuel. y Petrochemicals or petrochemical feedstocks, which are often sent to petrochemical plants for further processing in a variety of ways. The petrochemicals may be olefins or their precursors, or various types of aromatic petrochemicals.

ASSIGNMENT
TOPIC: Petroleum And Its Distillation Products

Submitted To: Mam Shazia Naz Malik. Submitted By: M.Muavia 2k10-Che-115 (Sec: B) Department: Chemical Engineering.

NFC_ Institute Of Engineering And Technological Training,Multan.

REFERENCES:
GOOGLE SEARCH y http://www.aip.com.au/industry/fact_refine.htm y http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_product y http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/ener gy/oil-refining2.htm