An Introduction
System
A set of elements or components that interact to
accomplish goals
Components of the systems
Input
Processing mechanism Output
Feedback
Systems Classification
Modeling a System
A model is an abstraction that is used to
represent reality
4 major types of models A narrative model is based on words Logical, not physical A physical model is tangible A schematic model is a graphic representation Graphs and charts A mathematical model is an arithmetic representation
Modeling a System
Information System
It is a set of interrelated components that collect,
manipulate, and disseminate data and information, and provide feedback to meet an objective
Examples: ATMs, airline reservation systems,
Processing Data
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Data
Transformation of data into information by applying knowledge to select, organize and manipulate data
Information
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Types of Data
Alphanumeric data - Numbers, letters and other
characters Images - Graphic Images, pictures Audio - Sound files Video - Moving video files, clips
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Complete
Economical Flexible
Reliable
Relevant Simple to use Timely Verifiable Accessible Secure
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Input
Processing
Output
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Examples of IS in Business
Functions using IS Finance and Accounting Sales and Marketing Manufacturing
Companies using IS
Investment firms Banks Publishing companies
Healthcare organizations
Management consulting firms Telecommunication and.. Btw.. Tell me who is not using it ?
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Components of a CBIS
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Components of a CBIS
People
Processes
Technology
Hardware
Software
Data Network
Internet
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Differentiate
Innovate Promote growth Develop alliances
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Data Processing
Electronic Commerce
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components of the IS
The type of data required and information produced by
the system
The way the IS perform the input, processing, output,
Hardware
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Hardware is .
that part of computer
which
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(1387 AD)
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Midrange Computers
Microcomputers
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Microcomputer Systems
Handheld Computers PDA, Information Appliances Notebook Computers Desktop Computers Workstations
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(Thin Client)
NetPC Network Terminal
Benefits Lower purchase cost Easier maintenance Easier software distribution and licensing Computer platform standardization Reduced end user support requirements Improved manageability
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Hardware Components
Central processing unit (CPU)
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Control Unit
ALU
Cache Memory
Primary Storage
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"brain" of the computer system Everything that a computer does is overseen by the CPU
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Vacuum Tubes
Solid-State
Integrated Circuits
Storage used to hold data Some memory connect directly to the microprocessor
Random-access memory (RAM) - Used to temporarily store information that the
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Cache Memory
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Some memory use for permanent storage Hard disk - large-capacity permanent storage used to hold information such as programs and documents Removable storage - devices that allow to add new information to your computer very easily, as well as save information that you want to carry to a different location
Floppy disk - inexpensive and easy to save information to Now almost obsolete CD-ROM (compact disc, read-only memory) - popular form of distribution of
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Secondary Storage
Advantages Non-volatility greater capacity greater economy Access methods, storage capacities, and portability
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Access Methods
Sequential: records must be retrieved in order
Devices used are called sequential access storage
devices (SASD)
Direct: records can be retrieved in any order
Devices used are called direct access storage
devices (DASDs)
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Devices
Magnetic tapes
Magnetic disks
RAID Storage area networks (SAN) Optical disks Digital versatile disks (DVDs)
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Magnetic Disks
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Access Arms
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Direct Access
Magnetic Tape
Sequential Access
Direct Access
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Storage Trends
Primary Storage
First Generation
Magnetic Drum
Second Generation
Magnetic Core
Third Generation
Magnetic Core
Fourth Generation
LSI Semiconductor Memory Chips
Fifth Generation
VLSI Semiconductor Memory Chips
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Motherboard
Main circuit board that all of the other internal
components connect to
The CPU and memory are usually on the
motherboard
Other systems may be found directly on the
primary interface for the hard drive, CD-ROM and floppy disk
drive AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) Very high-speed connection used by the graphics card to interface with the computer Sound card Used by the computer to record and play audio by converting analog sound into digital information and back again Graphics card translates image data from the computer into a format that can be displayed by the monitor.
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Input Devices
Personal computer input devices
Keyboard Mouse
Voice-recognition devices Digital cameras Scanners Touch sensitive screens Bar code scanners
Speech Recognition
Magnetic Ink Character Recognition Smart Cards
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Punched Cards
Voice Recognition Keyboard Data Entry Speech and Pointing Devices Touch Devices Optical Scanning Handwriting Recognition
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Printed Output
Inkjet Laser
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Punched Punched Cards Cards Printed Reports Printed Reports and Documents and Documents
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Software
Systems and Application Software
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Software is
that part of computer
which
You can only curse
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An Overview of Software
Computer program - sequences of instructions for
the computer
Types of Software
Systems software - coordinates the activities of
hardware & programs Applications software - helps users solve particular problems
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Application Software
System Software
GeneralPurpose Programs
ApplicationSpecific Programs
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Operating Systems
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Functions of an OS
User Interface
Resource Management
Task Management
File Management
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Operating Systems
Perform common hardware functions
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User Interface
Command-based interfaces
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Hardware Independence
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Memory Management
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Network Capability
Operating system may provide feature for
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File Management
OS provides file management features such as
Making the file available when required
Preventing unauthorized access Preventing simultaneous access by multiple users
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Utility Programs
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Word Processing
Presentation Graphics Multimedia Personal Information Manager Groupware
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Sources of Software
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efficient to use
Database Applications:
Banking: all transactions, Airlines: reservations, schedules,
Universities: registration, grades, Sales: customers, products, purchases, Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply chain, Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax deductions
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time
Security problems
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Database Approach
Database systems offer solutions to all the above
problems
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Database Structures
Hierarchical Structure Network Structure Dept A Dept B
Employee 2 Employee 3
Dept
Project A
Project B
Employee 1
Employee 1
Employee 2
Project A
Project B
Relational Structure
Dept A B C Dname Dloc Dmgr Empno 1 2 3 Ename Etitle Dept A B C
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Operations
Deposit Withdraw
Feb
Actual Budget
TV
VCR
Operations
Operations
Database Development
1. Data Planning Physical Models
Enterprise Model
5. Physical Design
2. Requirements Specifications
Logical Models
4. Logical Design
3. Conceptual Design
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Data Models
Entity-Relationship Model
Example of schema in the entity-relationship
model
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Relational Model
Example of tabular data in the relational model
Attributes
Palo Alto
Harrison Rye
321-12-3123
019-28-3746
Jones
Smith
North
A-201
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SQL
Application programs generally access databases
through one of
Language extensions to allow embedded SQL Application program interface (e.g. ODBC/JDBC) which allow
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SQL
SQL: widely used non-procedural language
E.g. find the name of the customer with customer-id 192-
customer with customer-id 192-83-7465 select account.balance from depositor, account where depositor.customer-id = 192-83-7465 and depositor.account-number = account.account-number
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Database Users
Users are differentiated by the way they expect to
DML calls Sophisticated users form requests in a database query language Specialized users write specialized database applications that do not fit into the traditional data processing framework Nave users invoke one of the permanent application programs that have been written previously
E.g. people accessing database over the web, bank tellers,
clerical staff
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Transaction Management
A transaction is a collection of operations that
that the database remains in a consistent (correct) state despite system failures (e.g., power failures and operating system crashes) and transaction failures
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Storage Management
Storage manager is a program module that
provides the interface between the low-level data stored in the database and the application programs and queries submitted to the system.
The storage manager is responsible to the
following tasks:
interaction with the file manager
efficient storing, retrieving and updating of data
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Selecting a DBMS
Database size
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Communication Systems
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Communications
Transmission of a signal by a medium from
sender to receiver For effective communication, sender and receiver must understand the signals They also must agree upon the rules for interpreting the signal
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Communications
Synchronous The message is received by
receiver instantaneously e.g. Voice, Phone Asynchronous delay between time the message is sent and time when it is received e.g. Mail, email
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Telecommunications
Electronic transmission of signal e.g. Telephone,
radio, TV
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Data communication
Data Communication is a subset of Telecom
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Networks
A network consists of Communication media,
and resources
Geographically distant locations can share
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Overcome Time Barriers: Provide information to remote locations immediately after it is requested.
Overcome Cost Barriers: Reduce the cost of more traditional means of communications.
Communications
Requires
Media
Devices Carriers
Services
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Types of Media
Suitability of a transmission media depends upon
speed of the media Cost plays an important role in selection of a media over another
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Types of Media
Twisted pair of copper wires
Coaxial cable
Fiber-optic cable
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Transmission
Microwave transmission
Cellular transmission
Infrared Transmission
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Devices
Device, e.g, modem, multiplexers etc are required
demodulator at destination Most systems provide for simultaneous bidirectional, or full duplex, transmission
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channels that each connect exactly two computers Forms mesh or point-to-point network Allows flexibility in communication hardware, packet formats, etc Provides security and privacy because communication channel is not shared
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connections
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Broadcast Communication
The sender computer broadcasts in a network
the network If the Data is not meant for a computer, it is passed onwards Received by the computer it is meant for
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Network topologies
Networks may be classified by shape
Bus
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Network Topologies
Classification of Networks
Based on physical distance between the
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Network Server
Shared Printer
PC
PC
Router
Extranet Fire wall Intranet Server Fire wall
NetPC
Application Server DB Server
DBMS
data formatting and maintenance of log Communication Protocols define rules for communications
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Physical Layer
Communications Protocol
Standard model is Seven Layer OSI Model
protocol used in Internet Consists of only four layers as opposed to 7 layer of OSI model
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Other Protocols
System Network Architecture Protocol used for
IBM systems Ethernet By Xerox corporation and others. Mainly used for LAN in a Bus topology X.400 and X.500 are being used by international companies Wireless protocols
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communication protocols
Routers - determine preferred path to a final
destination, and also perform other useful network function, sometimes acting even as a Firewall
Gateways - link LANs or Networks that employ
Where as Bridges and Gateways are able to connect two networks, switches are able to connect more
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Telecommunication Applications
Linking Personal computers and mainframes
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Internet Concepts
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What Is Internet
The Internet is a loose association of thousands
of networks and billions of computers and other devices across the world that all work together to share information
Information Super Highway
Can be thought of as a mass transit system with a
few main lines that intersect at certain points Connecting to the main lines lines are branch lines, then bus lines, and ferry boats that spread out and crisscross the area
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What Is Internet
By connecting to each other, these networks
create a superfast pipeline that crisscrosses and extends to the rest of the world The network is not equally well developed at every point along the route Backbone has many intersecting points. If one part fails or slows down, data can be quickly rerouted over another part This feature is called redundancy
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History of Internet
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History of Internet
1957 - USSR launched Sputnik, first artificial earth
satellite.
1958 - US formed the Advanced Research Projects
Agency (ARPA), within the Department of Defense (DoD) to establish US lead in science and technology applicable to the military
1961 - A series of independent research teams began
developing packet switching and the beginnings of what would eventually become TCP/IP, the basic protocol that defines how information is exchanged over the Net
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History of Internet
1962 - MIT's J. C. R. Licklider develops a vision of what he
called the "Galactic Network and writes a series of memos, thus sowing the first germ of the Internet
the ARPANet" computer network which proposed an architectural design for a worldwide network
1968 - The development of the first hardware was done
Stanford
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History of Internet
1969 1972 - Test-tube Internet grew steadily but
unremarkably as government agencies, universities, and corporations continued to develop and hammer out protocols and architectures
1972 - Email and the Internet made their first public
emerged in essentially its current form, although the same group of collaborators would continue to refine it through the early 1980s
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History of Internet
Once the protocols were in place, the various
developers formulated much of the software and services that make up the Internet
Mid and late 1970s - The basic services for
connecting to files remotely (via Telnet), transferring files over the Net (via FTP), and sending and receiving Electronic mail
1979 - The Usenet News System first appeared as an
History of Internet
1990 - The U.S. government officially
decommissioned ARPANet and National Science Foundation (NSF) took over the role of managing the Internet backbone, which was then called the NSFNet
1995 - The NSF in turn withdrew, turning the
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1977: 111 hosts on Internet 1981: 213 hosts 1983: 562 hosts 1984: 1,000 hosts 1986: 5,000 hosts 1987: 10,000 hosts 1989: 100,000 hosts 1992: 1,000,000 hosts 2001: 150 175 million hosts 2002: over 200 million hosts By 2010, about 80% of the planet will be on the Internet
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Sept. 1, 2002
200,000,000
No. of Hosts
150,000,000
100,000,000
50,000,000
0
9/ 69 01 /7 1 01 /7 3 01 /7 4 01 /7 6 01 /7 9 08 /8 1 08 /8 3 10 /8 5 11 /8 6 07 /8 8 01 /8 9 10 /8 9 01 /9 1 10 /9 1 04 /9 2 10 /9 2 04 /9 3 10 /9 3 07 /9 4 01 /9 5 01 /9 6 01 /9 7 01 /9 8 01 /9 9 01 /0 1 08 /0 2
Time Period
Chart by William F. Slater, III The Internet was not known as "The Internet" until January 1984, at which time there were 1000 hosts that were all converted over to using TCP/IP.
Copyright 2002, William F. Slater, III, Chicago, IL, USA
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Statistics from the IITF Report The Emerging Digital Economy Delivered to the President and the U.S. Public on April 15, 1998 by Bill Daley, Secretary of Commerce and Chairman of the Information Infrastructure Task Force
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overall architecture of the Internet providing guidance and broad direction to the IETF
The Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG) is a related
organization responsible for managing IETF activities and the Internet standards process
The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) looks after the evolution of
the Internet with a specific eye toward keeping the Internet running smoothly as a whole
The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) - standards for HTML and
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individuals, corporations, nonprofit organizations, and government agencies from the Internet community
The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) and the Internet
Network Information Center (InterNIC) lead the organizations responsible for assigning IP addresses and domain names, respectively
Regional and long-distance phone companies, backbone ISPs, cable
and satellite companies, and governments all contribute in significant ways to the telecommunications infrastructure that supports the Internet
But no one can wrest away total control of the Net, which is why it's not
just a communications medium, but a metaphor for the new global economy
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TCP/IP
The transmission control protocol (TCP) and the
understands these two protocols and uses them to send and receive data over the network
TCP/IP creates what is called a packet-switched
network
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small chunks called packets, each of which is wrapped in an electronic envelope with Web addresses for both the sender and the recipient
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the packets it receives and then passes the packets on to another router as they make their way to their final destination
As the packets arrive, TCP takes over again,
identifying each packet and checking to see if it's intact. Once it has received all the packets, TCP reassembles them into the original
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execute commands
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) Transfers text or binary files
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of interlinked documents that work together using a specific protocol called HTTP
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Lee of the European Particle Physics Laboratory (a organization of European researchers better known by its original name CERN, or Conseil Europen pour la Recherche Nucleaire) proposed the project as a means to better communicate research ideas among members of the far-flung organization
The Web uses a metaphor of individual pages,
usually combined to make up sites. Web pages are written in HTML, or Hypertext Markup Language, which tells the Web browser how to display the page and its elements
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connect pages to one another- as well as to audio, video, and image files- with hyperlinks
Despite its cool hyper linking ability, the early Web
labored for a while in obscurity, a little-known alternative to the less technically advanced Gopher protocol
in February 1993, Marc Andreessen, then developing
for the National Centre for Supercomputing Applications, introduced the first graphical Web browser, called Mosaic
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images, sound, video, and other multimedia files, which is collectively known as HTTP, or hypertext transfer protocol.
Web pages can be exchanged over the Net because
browsers (which read the pages) and Web servers (which store the pages) both understand HTTP
But everything would still be chaos if the Web didn't have
developed
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identifies a specific computer connected to the Internet. The digits are organized in four groups of numbers (which can range from 0 to 255) separated by periods
Depending on how your ISP assigns IP addresses,
you may have one address all the time or a different address each time you connect
Web servers have the same kind of addresses: if you
type http://202.54.1.30/ in your browser, you'll get the same result as if you had typed http://www.vsnl.com/
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used by a company or an institution. So while there may be 38 servers at a given company, each with its own IP address, they all share a common domain name, such as CNET.COM
The domain name identifies all the computers in a group, but for
a specific page stored on any of those computers, a more precise address is required
Thats why Every Web page on the Internet has its own unique
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http://www.house.gov/agriculture/schedule.htm
Protocol: http Host computer name: www Second-level domain name: house Top-level domain name: gov Directory name: agrictulture File name: schedule.htm
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Driving Technologies
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Web Browsers
A browser is a software program that allows users
to access and navigate the World Wide Web. There are two types of browsers: Graphical: Text, images, audio, and video are retrievable. Navigation by Click Text: text-only mode. Navigation by highlighting emphasized words with the arrow up and down keys
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capabilities.
When the browser encounters a sound, image or
video file, it hands off the data to other programs, called plug-ins, to run or display the file. Working in conjunction with plug-ins, browsers can offer a seamless multimedia experience. Many plug-ins are available for free.
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HTML
Hyper Text Mark-up Language, or HTML is used to
accomplish document formatting, visual features such as font size, italics and bold, and the creation of hypertext links.
Graphics, Multimedia components may also be
Limitations of HTML
Can serve only Static pages
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XML
eXtensible Markup Language enables designers to
create their own customized tags to provide functionality not available with HTML
XML is a language of data structure and exchange Allows developers to separate form from content In May 1999, the W3 Consortium recast HTML 4.0 as
called externally from the page, to enhance the page's functionality Examples of ClientScript include moving tickers, dropdown menus, real-time calendars and clocks, and mouse-over interactions JavaScript
created by Netscape Communications supported by Netscape as well as Internet Explorer
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accept and return data that conforms to the CGI specification The program can be written in any programming language, including C, Perl, and Visual Basic Script A common use for a CGI script is to process an interactive form on a Web page, e.g For example, filling a form ordering a book through Interlibrary Loan. The script processes your information and sends it to a designated e-mail address in the Interlibrary Loan department
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ASP / JSP
Active Server Pages is Microsofts way of adding
interactivity to sites JSP is Suns answer to ASP Every time a page is requested, Server runs the script and generates the page afresh While ASP Runs on IIS, JSP can run on Apache server, Java Server
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Java
Java is an object-oriented programming language
similar to C++.
Developed by Sun Microsystems, the aim of Java
perfect Java program should work equally well on a PC, Macintosh, Unix, and so on, without any additional programming
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Java
Web-based Java applications are usually in the form
of Java applets. These are small Java programs called from an HTML page that can be downloaded from a Web server and run on a Java-compatible Web browser
A few examples include live news feeds, moving
images with sound, calculators, charts and spreadsheets, and interactive visual displays.
Java applets can tend to load slowly, but
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