2012

.. OTOR M OF DC L ONTRO C SPEED ED M BAS PW

COMPILED AND EDITTED BY ARIJIT PAL SUMIT DAS & SANHATI CHAUDHURI.

DATE PROGRESS OF WORKING: INAGURATION OF WORKSHOP WITH SPEECH FROM RESPECTED DEAN SIR AND H.O.D. MAM.(11:15-12:00) TEA BREAK(12:00-1:00)

5.01.2 012

FAMILIARISATION WITH COMPONENTS(1:00-1:30) LUNCH BREAK(1:30-2:30) PROSECUTION OF PROJECT BY EACH GROUP ON BREAD BOARD(2:30-5:30) DRAWING AN END TO PROJECTS 1ST PART BY IMPLEMENTING ON BREAD BOARD.(11:15-1:00) LUNCH BREAK(1:00-2:30)

6.01.2 012

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SAME ON VERO BOARD(2:30-5:00)

IMPLEMENTING THE REMAINING PART OF PROJECT ON VEROBOARD(11:15-1:00) LUNCH BREAK(1:00-2:30) CALIBRATION AND MEASUREMENT(2:30-4:00)

9.01.2 012

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We express our deep and sincere thanks to our guide Mrs. Santana Das, Professor in Applied Electronics and Intrumentation Engineering Department,. Initially she helped us in selecting this project and then guided us throughout the project. She also helped us by taking a lot of pain and sacrificing his personal valuable time in completion of this practical project as well as the project report.

Next, we would like to express our deep gratitude towards Mrs.Uma Ghosh, Prof. in Applied Electronics and Intrumentation Engineering Department and Prof.J.Datta, Head of Applied Electronics and Intrumentation Engineering Department, who motivated us at one or another stage of the project work.

We express our gratitude to the staff members of Applied Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering Department, who directly or indirectly helped us.

TABLE OF CONTENTS:Cover page Progress details Acknowledgement Title of experiment Objective Components required Theory Circuit diagram Pin diagram Blockdiagram Calculations Testing & calibration Observation table Cost o f project Discussion.

TITLE OF THE EXPERIMENT:-

PWM BASED SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR

OBJECTIVE:- To control the speed of DCmotor based on Pulse Width ModuLation (PWM).

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:Sl.n o 1 2 3 4 5 6 Apparatus Required Motor Diode Transisitor Resistance Capacitance Ceramic capacitor qnt y 1 1 1 4 2 1 specificato n
DC[2400]CW, 6V

IN 4007 npn-CL-100
R3=1K,R 4=470, R2=10,R 1=4.7k

C1=0.1F=C2

C=0.1F

7 8

Potentiomet er Timer

1 2

10K SATO B LM555

THEORY:- A DC motor is an electric motor that runs on direct current (DC) electricity.
DC motors were used to run machinery, often eliminating the need for a local steam engine or internal combustion engine. DC motors can operate directly from rechargeable batteries, providing the motive power for the first electric vehicles. Today DC motors are still found in applications as small as toys and disk drives, or in large sizes to operate steel rolling mills and paper machines. Modern DC motors are nearly always operated in conjunction with power electronic devices. There are three types of connections used for DC electric motors: series, shunt and compound. These types of connections configure how the motor's field and armature windings are connected together. The type of connection is significant because it determines the characteristics of the motor and is selected for speed/torque requirements of the load. The aim of development of this project is towards providing

efficient and simple method for control speed of DC motor using pulse width modulation technique. The modulation of pulse width is obtained using dual timer IC LM555. There are several methods for controlling the speed of DC motors. One simple method is to add series resistance using a rheostat. As considerable power is consumed in the rheostat, this method is not economical. Another method is to use a series switch that can be closed or opened rapidly. This type of control is termed as chopper control. The PWM based chopper circuit smoothly controls the speed of general purpose DC motors. To get desired modulation of pulse width as output, we have fabricated astable multivibrator and monostable multivibrator circuit using single dual timer IC LM555. The width of the pulse is changed by varying the control voltage of the monostable circuit.

Soldering is a process in which two or more metal items are joined together by melting and flowing a filler metal (solder) into the joint, the filler metal having a lower melting point than the workpiece. Soldering differs from welding in that soldering does not involve melting the work pieces.

There are three forms of soldering, each requiring higher temperatures and each producing an increasingly stronger joint strength:

1. 2.

soft soldering, which originally used a tin-lead alloy as the filler metal, silver soldering, which uses an alloy containing silver,

3.

brazing which uses a brass alloy for the filler.

The alloy of the filler metal for each type of soldering can be adjusted to modify the melting temperature of the filler. Soldering appears to be ahot glue process, but it differs from gluing significantly in that the filler metals alloy with the workpiece at the junction to form a gas- and liquid-tight bond.

Soft soldering is characterized by having a melting point of the filler metal below approximately 400 C (752 F),[2] whereas silver soldering and brazing use higher temperatures, typically requiring a flame or carbon arc torch to achieve the melting of the filler. Soft solder filler metals are typically alloys (often containing lead) that have liquidus temperatures below 350C.

In the soldering process, heat is applied to the parts to be joined, causing the solder to melt and to bond to the workpieces in an alloying process called wetting. In stranded wire, the solder is drawn up into the wire by capillary action in a process called 'wicking'. Capillary action also takes place when the workpieces are very close together or touching. The joint strength is dependent on the filler metal used, where soft solder is the weakest and the brass alloy used for brazing is the strongest. Soldering, which uses metal to join metal in a molecular bond has electrical conductivity and is water- and gas-tight.

ASTABLE MODE OF OPERATION:If we rearrange the circuit slightly so that both the trigger and threshold inputs are controlled by the capacitor voltage, we can cause the 555 to trigger itself repeatedly. In this case, we need two resistors in the capacitor charging path so that one of them can also be in the capacitor discharge path. Frequency of oscillation = 1.414/(R1+2R2)C T=0.693(R1+2R2)C

MONO STABLE MODE OF OPERATION:Monostable multivibrator often called a one shot multivibrator In monostable mode, the timing interval, t, is set by a single resistor and capacitor, as shown to the right. Both the threshold input and the discharge transistor (pins 6 & 7) are connected directly to the capacitor, while the trigger input is held at +VCC through a resistor. In the absence of any input, the output at pin 3 remains low and the discharge transistor prevents capacitor C from charging. When an input pulse arrives, it is capacitively coupled to pin 2, the trigger input. The pulse can be either polarity; its falling edge will trigger the 555. At this point, the output rises to +VCC and the discharge transistor turn off. Capacitor C charges through R towards +VCC. During this interval, additional pulses received at pin 2 will have no effect on circuit operation.

Time period, T =1.1RC

INTERNAL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF IC-555 TIMER:-

The IC is available in either an 8-pin round TO3-style can or an 8-pin mini-DIP package. In either case, the pin connections are as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Ground. Trigger input. Output. Reset input. Control voltage. Threshhold input. Discharge. +VCC. +5 to +15 volts in normal use.

The operation of the 555 timer revolves around the three resistors that form a voltage divider across the power supply, and the two comparators connected to this voltage divider. The IC is quiescent so long as the trigger input (pin 2) remains at +VCC and the threshold input (pin 6) is at ground. Assume the reset input (pin 4) is also at +VCC and therefore inactive, and that the control voltage input (pin 5) is unconnected. Under these conditions, the output (pin 3) is at ground and the discharge transistor (pin 7) is turned on, thus grounding whatever is connected to this pin.

The three resistors in the voltage divider all have the same value (5K in the bipolar version of this IC), so the comparator reference voltages are 1/3 and 2/3 of the supply voltage, whatever that may be. The control

voltage input at pin 5 can directly affect this relationship, although most of the time this pin is unused. The internal flip-flop changes state when the trigger input at pin 2 is pulled down below +VCC/3. When this occurs, the output (pin 3) changes state to +VCC and the discharge transistor (pin 7) is turned off. The trigger input can now return to +VCC; it will not affect the state of the IC. However, if the threshold input (pin 6) is now raised above (2/3)+VCC, the output will return to ground and the discharge transistor will be turned on again. When the threshold input returns to ground, the IC will remain in this state, which was the original state when we started this analysis.
The easiest way to allow the threshhold voltage (pin 6) to gradually rise to (2/3)+VCC is to connect it to a capacitor being allowed to charge through a resistor. In this way we can adjust the R and C values for almost any time interval we might want. The 555 can operate in either monostable or astable mode, depending on the connections to and the arrangement of the external components. Thus, it can either produce a single pulse when triggered, or it can produce a continuous pulse train as long as it remains powered.

DIAGRAM OF MONOSTABLE AND ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

MONOSTABLE MODE OF OPERATION:In monostable mode, the timing interval, t, is set by a single resistor and capacitor, as shown to the right. Both the threshold input and the discharge transistor (pins 6 & 7) are connected directly to the capacitor, while the trigger input is held at +VCC through a resistor. In the absence of any input, the output at pin 3 remains low and the discharge transistor prevents capacitor C from charging. When an input pulse arrives, it is capacitively coupled to pin 2, the trigger input. The pulse can be either polarity; its falling edge will trigger the 555. At this point, the output rises to +VCC and the discharge transistor turns off. Capacitor C charges through R towards +VCC. During this interval, additional pulses received at pin 2 will have no effect on circuit operation. The standard equation for a charging capacitor applies here: e = E(1 - (). Here, "e" is the capacitor voltage at some instant in time, "E" is the supply voltage, VCC, and " " is the base for natural logarithms, approximately 2.718. The value "t" denotes the time that has passed, in seconds, since the capacitor started charging.
t/RC)

We already know that the capacitor will charge until its voltage reaches (2/3)+VCC, whatever that voltage may be. This doesn't give us absolute values for "e" or "E," but it does give us the ratio e/E = 2/3. We can use this to compute the time, t, required to charge capacitor C to the voltage that will activate the threshold comparator:

2/3 = 1 - (-t/RC) -1/3 = - (-t/RC) 1/3 = (-t/RC) ln(1/3) = -t/RC -1.0986123 = -t/RC t = 1.0986123RC t = 1.1RC
The timing interval is completed when the capacitor voltage reaches the (2/3)+VCC upper threshhold as monitored at pin 6. When this threshhold voltage is reached, the output at pin 3 goes low again, the discharge transistor (pin 7) is turned on, and the capacitor rapidly discharges back to ground once more. The circuit is now ready to be triggered once again.

ASTABLE MODE OF OPERATION:-

If we rearrange the circuit slightly so that both the trigger and threshhold inputs are controlled by the capacitor voltage, we can cause the 555 to trigger itself repeatedly. In this case, we need two resistors in the capacitor charging path so that one of them can also be in the capacitor discharge path. This gives us the circuit shown to the left. In this mode, the initial pulse when power is first applied is a bit longer than the others, having a duration of 1.1(Ra + Rb)C. However, from then on, the capacitor alternately charges and discharges between the two comparator threshold voltages. When charging, C starts at (1/3)VCC and charges towards VCC. However, it is interrupted exactly halfway there, at (2/3)VCC. Therefore, the charging time, t1, is -ln(1/2)(Ra + Rb)C = 0.693(Ra + Rb)C. When the capacitor voltage reaches (2/3)VCC, the discharge transistor is enabled (pin 7), and this point in the circuit becomes grounded. Capacitor C now discharges through Rb alone. Starting at (2/3)VCC, it discharges towards ground, but again is interrupted halfway there, at (1/3)VCC. The discharge time, t2, then, is -ln(1/2)(Rb)C = 0.693(Rb)C. The total period of the pulse train is t1 + t2, or 0.693(Ra + 2Rb)C. The output frequency of this circuit is the inverse of the period, or 1.44/ (Ra + 2Rb)C. Note that the duty cycle of the 555 timer circuit in astable mode cannot reach 50%. On time must always be longer than off time, because Ra must have a resistance value greater than zero to prevent the discharge transistor from directly shorting VCC to ground. Such an action would immediately destroy the 555 IC.

SPEED CONTROL OF A DC MOTOR:The speed of a dc motor is given byN=V-IaRa/k N=

This eqn shows that speed of a dc motor is dependent only on supply Volt ,armature resistance Ra,flied flux . There are 2 general methods of speed controlresistance in armature ckt.
1)) ARMATURE RESISTANCE CONTROL:- variation of

resistance.

2))FIELD RESISTANCE CONTROL:-variation of field SPEED REGULATION:-

Speed regulation is define as change in speed from no load to full load as a fraction of full load speed..
Per unit speed regulation=(Nnl-Nfl)/Nfl Nnl=no load spped,Nfl=fullload speed
SL NO

PARTICULARS
CL 100 IC-555 DIODE-4007 BREAD BOARD SOLDER-IRON RESISTANCE DC MOTOR(6V) SOLDERING MATERIAL FLUX VERO-BOARD CONNECTING WIRES IC-BASE TOTAL COST OF PROJECT

QNTY

AMOUNT(RS)
30 18 15 85 220 20 20 20 15 100 10 18 571

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

3 2 1 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 20 2 40

DISCUSSION: Care should be taken regarding proper handling of equipments

 All components should be properly plugged in bread borad Short circuit should be avoided with care All components should be properly soldered in vero-board Solder iron should be handled with much care to avoid mishap. Potentiometer should be rotated accordingly to control the speed of motor.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

PIN DIAGRAM OF LM555:-

BLOCK DIAGRAM:-

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PWM BASED SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR

PWM signal of varying duty-cycles

1)))CALCULATIONS:-((astable multivibrator) F=1.414/(R 1+2 2)C R +2R C C =0.1F 546=1.414*10 6/( 1+2R2)*0.1 /(R R R 1+2 2=25.89K +2R R1 =5K, , R2=10K F(calculated)=676Hz (calculated)=676Hz

2)))CALCULATIONS:-((monostable multivibr ator) T=1.1RC RC Here T=2.42ms 2.42*10-3=1.1RC RC RC=2.2*10-3 RC R=22K~20K.

PICTORIAL REPRESENTATION OF PWM BASED SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR

TESTING PROCEDURE AND CALIBRATION:As in any technical project, it is necessary to test the work carried out. Here also we carried out various tests on our project. We assembled the circuit in section by section manner, tested the individual section and if required the section component values were modified depending upon requirements. The overall testing and calibration was divided into following steps.:1) Testing of Pulse-width modulation Circuit

TESTING OF PULSE-WIDTH MODULATION CIRCUIT :1) Connect the circuit connection. 2) Connect the power supply to the ICs from the linear regulator circuit 3) Observe the wave-form at PIN-9 of IC 556. Measure each output voltage for each case in observation table. 4) Vary the potentiometer and observe the effect on the load.

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION CHARACTERISTICS:OBSERVATION TABLE:SL NO

OPERATION MODE

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

1 2 3 4 5

SL NO

PARTICULARS
CL 100 IC-555 DIODE-4007 BREAD BOARD SOLDER-IRON RESISTANCE DC MOTOR(6V) SOLDERING MATERIAL FLUX VERO-BOARD CONNECTING WIRES IC-BASE TOTAL COST OF PROJECT

QNTY

AMOUNT(RS)
30 18 15 85 220 20 20 20 15 100 10 18 571

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

3 2 1 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 20 2 40

DISCUSSION: Care should be taken regarding proper handling of equipments All components should be properly plugged in bread borad Short circuit should be avoided with care All components should be properly soldered in vero-board Solder iron should be handled with much care to avoid mishap. Potentiometer should be rotated accordingly to control the speed of motor