Essentials of Chemical Structure Bonding and Reactivity CT1508M

Fundamentals of Chemical Structure Bonding and Reactivity CT1003D

Teaching Staff

Dr Tasnim Munshi t.munshi@bradford.ac.uk University Analytical Centre, IPI building Dr William Martin w.martin@bradford.ac.uk Richmond Building L26c Dr Ian Scowen i.scowen@bradford.ac.uk University Analytical Centre, IPI building

Time Management & Personal Study Technique

Effective time management is the key to success. You need to allocate enough time to achieve the learning outcomes of this module The nominal duration of a double module is 200 hours over the two semesters: the lectures classes occupy about 36 hours over the two semesters and you will have some tutorials and revision sessions Hence, you should expect to spend over 150 hours of private study - i.e writing up notes, reading books, testing yourself, attempting previous examination papers, and thinking.

CT1508M is a single module worth 10 credits Chemical Engineering students

CT1003D is a double module worth 20 credits Chemistry4, Forensic Science and CPFS students

Assessment CT1508M 1.5 hour exam Multiple and short answer questions

Assessment CT1003D 3 hour exam Multiple and short answer questions

How are atoms studied?

Atoms are the building blocks of matter Atoms are too small in size to study easily

Who studied the atom?

Studied by many scientists for centuries Democritus (400 BC) phrase atomos Rutherford (1911) nucleus (gold foil expt) Moseley (1913) X-rays to find atomic # *Bohr (1913) planetary model of the atom *Schrdinger (1923) electron cloud model

Atomic Structure Timeline

Democritus (400 B.C.)

Proposed that matter was composed of tiny indivisible particles Not based on experimental data His theory: Matter could not be divided into smaller and smaller pieces forever, eventually the smallest possible piece would be obtained. This piece would be indivisible. He named the smallest piece of matter atomos, meaning not to be cut.

Alchemy (next 2000 years)

Mixture of science and mysticism. Lab procedures were developed, but alchemists did not perform controlled experiments like true scientists.

John Dalton (1807)

British Schoolteacher based his theory on others experimental data In the early 1800s, the English Chemist John Dalton performed a number of experiments that eventually led to the acceptance of the idea of atoms. Billiard Ball Model atom is a uniform, solid sphere

Daltons Four Postulates

1. Elements are composed of small indivisible particles called atoms. 2. Atoms of the same element are identical. Atoms of different elements are different. 3. Atoms of different elements combine together in simple proportions to create a compound. 4. In a chemical reaction, atoms are rearranged, but not changed.
This theory became one of the foundations of modern chemistry.

Thomsons Plum Pudding Model In 1897, the English scientist J.J. Thomson provided the first hint that an atom is made of even smaller particles.

Thomson Model (1903)

He proposed a model of the atom that is sometimes called the Plum Pudding model Atoms were made from a positively charged substance with negatively charged electrons scattered about, like raisins in a pudding.

Thomson Model
Thomson studied the passage of an electric current through a gas As the current passed through the gas, it gave off rays of negatively charged particles. This surprised Thomson, because the atoms of the gas were uncharged. Where had the negative charges come from?

Thomson concluded that the negative charges came from within the atom. A particle smaller than an atom had to exist. The atom was divisible!

Thomson called the negatively charged corpuscles, today known as electrons. Since the gas was known to be neutral, having no charge, he reasoned that there must be positively charged particles in the atom. But he could never find them.

Ernest Rutherford (1911)

Gold Foil Experiment Rutherfords experiment Involved firing a stream of tiny positively charged particles at a thin sheet of gold foil (2000 atoms thick)

Most of the positively charged bullets passed right through the gold atoms in the sheet of gold foil without changing course at all. Some of the positively charged bullets, however, did bounce away from the gold sheet as if they had hit something solid. He knew that positive charges repel positive charges.

Discovered the nucleus dense, positive charge in the center of the atom - Nuclear Model

Ernest Rutherford (1911)

Nuclear Model dense, positive nucleus surrounded by negative electrons

This could only mean that the gold atoms in the sheet were mostly open space. Atoms were not a pudding filled with a positively charged material Rutherford concluded that an atom had a small, dense, positively charged center that repelled his positively charged bullets. He called the center of the atom the nucleus The nucleus is tiny compared to the atom as a whole

Rutherford reasoned that all of an atoms positively charged particles were contained in the nucleus. The negatively charged particles were scattered outside the nucleus around the atoms edge.

Bohr (1913)

Planetary Model According to Bohrs atomic model, electrons move in definite orbits around the nucleus, much like planets circle the sun. These orbits, or energy levels, are located at certain distances from the nucleus.

Niels Bohr (1913)

Bright-line spectrum

Planetary Model electrons move in circular orbits within specific energy levels

The Wave Model

Todays atomic model is based on the principles of wave mechanics. According to the theory of wave mechanics, electrons do not move about an atom in a definite path, like the planets around the sun.

The Wave Model

In fact, it is impossible to determine the exact location of an electron. The probable location of an electron is based on how much energy the electron has According to the modern atomic model, at atom has a small positively charged nucleus surrounded by a large region in which there are enough electrons to make an atom neutral.

Electron Cloud
A space in which electrons are likely to be found. Electrons whirl about the nucleus billions of times in one second They are not moving around in random patterns. Location of electrons depends upon how much energy the electron has.

Erwin Schrdinger (1926)

Quantum mechanics electrons can only exist in specified energy states Electron cloud model orbital: region around the nucleus where e- are likely to be found

Erwin Schrdinger (1926)

Electron Cloud Model (orbital) dots represent probability of finding an enot actual electrons

James Chadwick (1932)

Discovered neutrons neutral particles in the nucleus of an atom Joliot-Curie Experiments based his theory on their experimental evidence

James Chadwick (1932)

Neutron Model revision of Rutherfords Nuclear Model

What is the structure of an atom? Nucleus center of the atom Home of Protons and Neutrons Proton Has a positive (+) charge Has a relative mass of 1 Determines the atomic number Found inside the nucleus

What is the structure of an atom? Neutron Has no (0) charge Has a relative mass of 1 Determines the isotope Isotopes are two of the same element with different masses Found inside the nucleus

What is the structure of an atom?

Electron Has a negative (-) charge Has a relative mass of 0 (zero) Determines the ion Found outside the nucleus Bohr model electrons are in specific energy levels Electron cloud model electrons are in a random cloud

How are P, N, e- related?

# protons = atomic number
8O

# electrons = # protons in a neutral atom # protons + # neutrons = atomic mass O = 16

What is a chemical symbol?

Chemical symbol tells us what atom it is Always a CAPITAL LETTER, sometimes followed by a lower case letter Ex: Oxygen O Nitrogen N Sodium Na *Cobalt Co *Carbon Monoxide CO (Co is an element, CO is a compound)

Chemical Symbols
Capitals matter! Element symbols contain ONE capital letter followed by lowercase letter(s) if necessary.

Metal that forms bright blue solid compounds.

Co vs CO

Poisonous gas.