Katie Colasono 5th period

Chapter 27 Terms
Congress of Berlin- 1878; expansion of Russian influence in the Balkans Triple Alliance- Italy, Germany, Austria-Hungry; renewable 5 year pact; 1882; mutual support if any of them were directly attacked by France or attacked by any other state Entente Cordiale-1094; in which France and Great Brittan eliminated the major issues of imperial conflict between them from Siam to Newfoundland and from the Niger River to North Africa Morocco- German chancellor, Bernard von Bulow, demanded an international conference to settle Morocco s future. One of Germany s victory, but drew their opponents together Bernard von Bulow- demanded a meeting for Morocco s future; thought conference would expose France s isolation; agreement reached that Morocco had an international status, but recognized the primacy of French interests; only Austria-Hungry voted with its ally; Russia, Italy, Great Britain, and U.S. voted for France; Germany s threatening tactics led French and British officials to begin talks about their mutual military interests. Balkans-second crisis of Germany s victories ; Austria concerned about dictatorial Siberia; Turkey s influence in the Balkans would grow following the revolution in 1908 by the Young Turks. Austria-Hungry decided to annex Bosnia and Herzegovina. Germany sided with the Austrians during the international conference. Triple Entente- France, Russia, Japan; 1907; defined their interests and promised to preserve the integrity of China; in 1912 Britain withdrew its battleships from the Mediterranean, concentrating on the German threat in the North Sea. Archduke Francis Ferdinand-heir to Austrian and Hungarian thrones chose to parade in Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia, on June 28, 1914. A bomb was thrown at his car and missed. A Bosnia rev. fired pointblank killing both the archduke and his wife. Austria-Hungarian government dispatched an emissary to Berlin July 23rd sent Siberia an ultimatum- 28 hrs to apologize, burn all anti- Austrian propaganda , accepts participation in investigation of the plot against Ferdinand. Sarajevo- the heir to the Austrian and Hungarian thrones chose to parade in Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia on June 28, 1914 Alliance system- increasing armament, bluster, and compromise. Austria Hungry was indeed ready for a fight; intended to achieve security but had been hardened by military imperative and domestic politics. Schlieffen plan-1981; Count Alfred von Schlieffen; based on a series of assumptions: no decisive strategic objective on the Eastern front, Russia would be slow to mobilize, German forces would be sufficient to hold the Russians off while Germany gained an advantage on the Western front by throwing 2/3rds of its force on to the French

Katie Colasono 5th period Helmuth von Moltke- chief of staff; modified the Schlieffen plan; ordered troops intended for the Western front to the East and sent extra forces to Alsace; cut east of Paris; enemy retreated but not routed; took few prisoners Marne River- September; French counteroffensive along this rive that saved Paris and put the Germans back at their natural defenses. Joseph Joffre- very confident of French drive Trench warfare- dug into trenches and clinging to pillboxes, neither side could be uprooted Treaty of London- April 1915; Italy signed a secret agreement; committed itself to the Allies; Italy promised territory along its border with Austria-Hungry important Dalmatian islands, and expansion of its colonial holdings. Verdun-1916; German offensive against France; stormed Verdun; bleed the enemy than take the territory; Verdun held; French losses more than 300.000 men Central Powers- Germany, Austria- Hungry, and the countries on their side; offensive through Galicia in May 1915; 100 miles; Russia lost Poland and Lithuania Gallipoli- attack by sea, the landing of Allies forces on this peninsula; April 1915; failure; withdrew in December Lusitania-passenger ship; killing more than 1000 civilians; gave way to 1916 attacks on armed merchant ships and unlimited submarine warfare Winston Churchill-despite voluntary enlistments that raised the British army, it had to adopt conscription in 1916; called the greatest revolution in our system since the institution of feudalism under William the Conqueror Turnip winter- 1916-1917; poor crops, overloaded transportation systems further reduced the diets; when the best organized of the domestic war economics could barely keep its people healthy. Home front- women; active in nation s war effort; governments eager for women to work; British women in 1915 asked to take jobs they could and in 1917 the government denied contracts to employers unwilling to hire women; left home to work in industry, transportation, and business; ran farms, firefighters, bus conductors, works in offices, and on front they were nurses. Khaki Girls- the colloquial name given to the industrial hands, originations from the fact that when women were admitted last July to the mutation shops they wore khaki overalls. Hindenburg- received overall command and with Ludendorff took charge of campaigns in the West in the fall of 1916. U-boats- German; desperately needed to knock out bases because they were destroying submarines, ships, etc.

Katie Colasono 5th period Lloyd George- minister of war in June 1916, became prime minister in December; popular and decisive leader T.E Lawrence- in the middle East Turkish and German troops were defeated by British and Arab forces led by him; this war poorer than most Allies- British morale low; stalemate continued; Germany s submarine warfare goal almost reached; allied losses dropped to a tolerable level in mid-1917 with the development of the convoy which fleets of armed ships accompanied merchant vessels across the ocean. Wilson- expressed their confidence in victory and put revolutionary emphasis on the right to self government. Friedrich Ebert-Willian II abdicated on November 9; government handed over to Ebert; leader of Social Democrats; a German Republic was proclaimed and an armistice commission sent to meet with Foch. Freikorps- free corps; mercenary squads made up of former soldiers available to any movement that could pay them for street fighting and marauding. Clemenceau- spokesman of victory; watched the revival of the radical left. Fourteen Points- free trade and open seas; dangers of colonial warfare, the need for disarmament, the benefits of open diplomacy League of Nations- guarantee the safety of all Paris Peace Conference- January 1919; parties agreed not to repeat the mistakes of the Congress of Vienna; defeated nations could not take part in discussion; France, the United Kingdom, Italy, Japan, and the U.S.; primary authority- Clemenceau, Lloyd George, Premier Vittorio Orlando, and Wilson Vittorio Orlando- part of primary authority in Paris Peace Conference Reparations- allies declared Germany should pay for civilian damages. The claims of Belgium, a neutral attacked without warning- example; Lloyd George campaigned to make them pay; liable for sums unspecified and without foreseeable end and was forced to accept responsibility for losses from a war War guilt clause- see reparations; controversy; resentment official and private in every part of Germany Mustafa Kemal- a nationalist revolt in Turkey; brought to power Balfour Declaration- promised a national home for Jews would be created in Palestine, guaranteed the rights of the Muslims Mandates- colonial territories; League of Nations and assigned to classes; parts of Ottoman EmpireClass states considered on verge of self government; reassigned African territories- Class B- ones in which European rules were to guarantee freedom of religion, prohibit trade in liquor and arms, refrain

Katie Colasono 5th period from subjecting natives to military training and encourage commerce; class C, Pacific islands- rule as colonies The Great War-battles that mattered most in Europe; world war in the sense that its effects were felt around a globe that was getting smaller. Weimar Republic-replaced Ludendorff as Hindenburg s principal aide, promised to assist the government provided it would not meddle in the army s affairs; President Ebert accepted terms Rosa Luxembourg- murdered; drafted the Spartacists platform for proletarian revolution; urged them to avoid useless violence and recognized workers loyal to Ebert s social democratic government Spartacists- January 1919, gained control of Berlin, army crushed revolt and shot the leaders Putsch- a coup Adolf Hitler- led nationalist coup in Munich; defeated; plotters punishment light; 5 year sentence in prison Women s suffrage- Scandinavian countries, Great Britain, Austria, Germany; women wanted vote; employment in services such as sales and office work increased; domestic work decreased; more years of schooling; number of youths in universities increased Raymond Poncare- conservative program; inadequate taxation during war; appeal to stable currency appealed to the middle class Irish question- refused to take their seats in the House of Commons; met at Dublin in a parliament of their own; declared Ireland an independent nation; London government suppressed them; Sinn Fein- militant Irish nationalist Irish Free State- December 1922; Irish parliament proclaimed the existence of the Irish Free State, included all Ireland except the six northern counties of Ulster. British Commonwealth- autonomous communities equal in status..united by common allegiance to the crown and freely associated as members of the British Commonwealth of Nations Autonomous in all domestic and foreign affairs, accepted ties to the British crown as the expression of their common traditions and loyalties. Dawes Plan- fixed Germany s reparations payments on a regular scales, established an orderly mode of collection, and provided loans to Germany equal to 80 percent of the reparations payment German owed in the first year of the plan. Young Plan- 1929; set a limit to Germany s obligations, reduced annual payments, and ended foreign occupation of the Rhine land

Katie Colasono 5th period

Locarno Pact-1925; Germany, Belgium, France, Great Britain, and Italy; accepted Germany s western frontier as defined by the Versailles Treaty and promised to arbitrate their disagreements; France singed a mutal-defence alliance with Poland and Czechoslovakia Kellogg- Brand Pact-1928; French suggested American entry into WWI be commemorated by a friendship pact and the Americans proposed to include others as well. Disarmament- Washington Conference 1921- 1922; The U.S, Great Britain, Japan, France, and Italy agreed to fix their relative strength in capital ships at current levels, not to expand their naval bases, and even to scrap some of their larger vessels; attempts to limit land and air arms were unsuccessful