Unit

Detailed study 3.2: Materials and their use in structures

Jacaranda Physics 2, 3rd Edition TSK

Part A WORKED SOLUTIONS

Chapter 8

Investigating materials
1. (a) Reading from the graph, l = 0.60 mm (b) Youngs modulus is determined from the slope of the vs graph. However, in this case use the relationship = Y : FL Y = = A l = 150 0.100 50 106 0.6 103

(b) B (c) Toughness is given by the area under the vs graph. B is therefore the tougher material. (d) B exhibits more plastic behaviour and is therefore more ductile. (e) A Stress = 6. (a) = F A 100 103 = 0.1002

= 3.2 106 Pa = 3.2 MPa (b) = l 0.05 103 = = 1 105 L 5

= 500 106 Pa = 500 MPa 2. Estimate the area of your feet. Taking a mass of 60 kg supported on two feet, each approximately 25 cm 6 cm, the stress would be 60 10 = 2 104 Pa. 2 0.25 0.06 The stress in the column is 4000 (0.100)
2

7. = Y = 110 109 3 10 4 7 = 3.3 10 Pa = 33 MPa 8. From: F = A =Y Y l L FL l = AY = = 15 103 5 (0.001)2 200 109 = 0.119 m 120 mm 9. (a) Using stress = F , A where A = 12.7 12.7 10 6 m2 161 10 6 m2, l and strain = = = , where L = 5.08 10 2 L m = Stress (MPa) 0 449 673 898 999
31

= 1.3 105 Pa

The column causes the larger stress. Strain= l L 100 = 10 000 = 0.01 = 3. (a) Stress = (b) = F = A 50 103 (0.004)2

= 9.9 108 Pa Y = 4. 80 MPa = 0.002 = 4 10 MPa = 40 GPa 5. (a) Youngs modulus is given by the slope of the vs graph. A has the larger Youngs modulus as it is the steepest.
Jacaranda Physics 2 TSK

Strain 0 1.97 10 3 2.95 10 3 3.94 10 3 4.92 10 3

John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd 2009

1170

5.91 10 3

Jacaranda Physics 2 TSK

32

John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd 2009

(b)

(a)

Y =

680 MPa 3 103

= 227 103 MPa = 227 GPa (c) A strain of 0.5% = 0.005 is beyond the elastic limit. Therefore use the graph rather than the relationship = Y . From the graph 1030 MPa. (a)

(b) It is ductile because of its noticeable plastic behaviour. (c) From the slope of the linear portion of the graph 24 MPa = 200 MPa. before yielding, Y = 12 102 (d) When stretched to twice its original L length, L = L; that is, = = 1 = 100%. L The stored energy is found from the area under the vs graph. Stored energy 20 106 1 = 2 107 J m 3 13. The stiffness of fishing line (a) is constant but the stiffness of (b) and (c) changes. When the stressstrain graph is steeper, the fishing line is stiffer. In each case the fisherman will feel the same increasing force, assuming that the stress in each case is applied at a constant rate. Energy 1 =2 54 106 2 103 5 4 3 = 1.1 10 J m F 15. (a) Using stress = = , A 14. =
1 2

12.5 103 2 6 2 where A = m 122 10 m , 2 l and strain = = , where L = 50.00 10 3 m L Stress (MPa) 0.0 36.7 Area under curve A = area under curve B. (b) As A and B are equally tough, the areas under the graphs must be equal. This shows that A is stiffer by a factor of 2. 11. = Y = 110 103 MPa 5 10 4 = 55 MPa 109 182 254 272 287 291 291 275 Strain 0.0000 0.0004 0.0014 0.0026 0.0036 0.0150 0.0400 0.0600 0.0800 0.1030

(b) and (c)

(e) 19. (a)

Total energy =

1 2

6.0 103 0.4 103

= 254 MPa 122 106 (ii) The ultimate tensile strength is given by the largest stress = 291 MPa. (iii) Breaking strength = stress at fracture = 275 MPa 16. (a) The minimum force to cause plastic deformation will be just larger than the force at yield. That is, F= Y A = 55 106 (1.5 10 3)2 3.9 102 N l = L (d) L = Y Y 55 106 40 103 = 76 109 = 2.9 105 m = 2.9 10 (c) F = A = 125 106 884 N 90 106 = 1.2 103 17. = Y 75 109

(i) Y =

31.2 103

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) (ix) (x) (b) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) (ix) (x)

= 1.2 J Tension Shear Tension Compression Tension Tension Tension Compression Tension Compression Nylon tough, elastic, stiff Steel strong, hard, stiff Skin elastic (decreases with age), soft, tough Plastic tough, stiff Rubber elastic, tough Plastic tough Nylon elastic Rubber tough, elastic Plastic plastic, tough Putty or silicon depends on material and purpose

(a)

F = 0 0

(b)

21.

mm

0.00152 =

22.

l = L = 1.2 10 3 1 = 1.2 10 3 m = 1.2 mm F 6 103 = = 850 MPa 18. (a) = A (1.5 103 )2 l 0.4 = = 8 104 L 500 850 106 = 1.1 1012 Pa (c) Y = = 8 104 (d) From the area under the graph of force vs extension, strain energy = 1 6.0 103 0.4 103 2 (b) = = 1.2 J 23.

24.

F = 0 (b) No. Rotational equlibrium is not satisfied. Because of the lever arm, Vince will get maximum effect when the pedals are horizontal and he pushes vertically down. The force he applies will have no effect when the pedals are vertical because the lever arm is zero and consequently the torque is zero. To pick the rod up, a force equal to 500 + 300 + 800 N must be applied. If the rod is not going to rotate it must be picked up at the CM where rotational equilibrium would be satisfied i.e. = 0. Assuming the CM is x cm from the bucket on the left and clockwise torques are positive: = 0:300 1.5 800 x = 0 1.5 x = 300 = 0.56 m 800 As Sam moves beyond the left of the fulcrum, the seesaw will rotate anticlockwise. This will happen when the torque from Sam about the fulcrum is larger than the torque of the bag. (a) The reaction from the left abutment decreases and the reaction from the right abutment increases.

(b)

28. This question once again relies on applying the equations of equilibrium. F = 0: 2000 + 800 + 600 + 200 RL RR = 0 that is, RL + RR = 3600 N(1) = 0: taking torques about the left hand support 800 2.0 + 2000 3.0 + 600 4.0 + 200 5.0 RR 6.0 = 0(2) 29. Pirate Bill will tip into the water when the overturning torque caused by his weight is greater than the stabilising torque of the planks own weight. This will occur when the pirate is x m past the edge of the boat. The CM of the plank is 1 m inside the edge of the boat. = 0: 500 + 800 1 = 0 800 x= = 1.6 m 500 30. If the tension in the cable is T, the force can be found by considering vertical equilibrium. 2T sin 8 = 4 kN T = l4.4 kN 31. No, the wire did not return to its original length. The forceextension graph shows that the wire was loaded beyond its elastic limit. When it was unloaded, some of the energy had been used to permanently deform the wire.

F = 0: RL + RR = 12 tonne (1) = 0: taking torques about the left hand support 12 16 20RR = 0 (2) 16 RR = 12 = 9.6 tonne 20 Substituting in (1), RL = 2.4 tonne. 25. (a) The wall resists the loads from the balcony and the person with an upwards force and an anticlockwise torque. (b) As the person moves towards the wall, the total reaction remains constant. However, the torque on the wall decreases. 26.

Equilibrium must be satisfied at each joint if the tent is to stay up. The forces can be simply resolved into their vertical and horizontal components. Let the force in the guy = T and the force in the pole = P: Fhorizontal : 500 T cos 60 = 0 (a) T = 500 cos 60 T = 1000 N tension Fvertical : T sin 60 + P = 0

1000 sin 60 + P = 0 P = 866 N i.e. compression The guys create a downward force on the poles. (c) The poles would sink into the ground until the ground can resist the downward force from the poles. 27. Taking torques about the left support: 1.8 W 20(5 1.8) = 0 72 W = 1.8 W = 35.6 tonnes 36 tonnes

(b)