An Investigatory and Exploratory Project Presented to the Faculty of Westfield Science-Oriented School and Colleges Las Pias City
December 2011
Chapter I. INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study The world is currently experiencing problems involving our energy resources. The problem is the rate that the worlds energy demands are increasing is faster than the rate at which renewable sources are being developed. So until the time that both renewable and fossil fuelled energy resources can be stabilized to meet demand, the only real solution is to look for ways to reduce our energy consumption. Looking at how much electricity we use, you will see that air conditioning contributes the largest share of our total energy consumption. This is particularly true in summer, where the use of air conditioning can contribute to more than 50% of household electrical consumption. Of course we can just stop using our aircons, but that would only work on cool days, like around Christmas time, but it would also make our homes very uncomfortable during summer. So the better solution would be to look at how to make an aircons use less electricity. The reason why aircons use so much electricity is because of the compressor. This is the most important part of the aircon because it compresses the heat that is taken from inside the room and transfers that heat outside where the heat is radiated into the atmosphere. The compressor makes sure that the temperature of the aircons condenser is always hotter than the outside ambient air temperature, so that the heat will transfer from the condenser to the outside air. When the heat is transferred (or exchanged) to the outside air, the now cool air is brought back into the room. That is
why aircons are also called heat exchangers. If there was a way to construct a heat exchanger that does not use a compressor, then it would be possible to have a very energy efficient air conditioner. For a compressor-less heat exchanger to work, it has to be able to radiate its heat into a place that is cooler than the room being cooled. One possible place is the earth itself. In the Philippines, the ground temperature beyond 5m below the surface is constant at 25C, regardless of what the outside temperature is. This can be as low as 20 C if ground water is present, usually around 30m below the surface. This project aims to explore the feasibility of building a compressor-less heat exchanger as an alternative to conventional aircons. The heat exchanger will take the heat from a room (the same way as a regular aircon) and then use the earth as a heat sink to absorb that heat. Since the ground temperature will always be lower than the temperature of the room being cooled, then there is no need for a compressor. It should be possible to get the room to cool down to the same temperature as the ground. Because this type of heat exchanger will only use a radiator, a blower fan and a small water pump, its energy consumption can be much lower than what an aircon uses but it will still be able to provide the same cooling as a regular aircon. The researcher chose to conduct this study because the world needs to find a way to prevent the abatement of our non-renewable resources by making use of our renewable energy resources for a better future. If this experiment is successful, it will prove that it is possible to make an energy efficient air conditioner.
Objectives of the Study The researcher considers the following objective of the study: 1. The study aims to determine if ground source geothermal cooling can be used as an alternative for conventional air-conditioning 2. The study also aims to determine if a ground source geothermal cooling system will use less electricity than a conventional air conditioner.
Statement of the Problem This study seeks to answer the following questions: 1. Can ground source geothermal cooling be an alternative of air-conditioning? 2. Will a ground source geothermal cooling system use less electricity than a conventional air conditioner?
Hypothesis 1. The ground source geothermal cooling is a possible alternative for conventional air-conditioning. 2. The ground source geothermal cooling system will be more energy efficient than a conventional air conditioner.
Scope and Delimitation This study will focus on proving the concept of ground source geothermal cooling. The output of this project will be a scaled down ground source geothermal cooling system using a miniature room mock up with a heat exchanger and a heat sink in a simulated ground cooling system. As a proof of concept, this project will not be done in full scale, but it will identify possible issues to be considered for building a full-scale version.
Significance of the Study To the students, this study shows that they can help the environment at a young age. And in the future, they can use this study as a guide for a better living. To the researchers, this study will provide the basis for further study on how to build a full-scale ground source geothermal cooling system that can potentially replace the use of conventional aircons. To the businessmen, this study will help them in finding new ways in saving money because this study promotes less use of electricity. Therefore, less money is spent. To the country, this study is significant because of the amount of electricity that can be saved by this system can result in not only lower electricity bills, but also lessen our countrys use of fossil fuels and reduce our CO2 emissions.
Definition of Terms Fossil fuels. Fuels that are formed by natural processes such as anaerobic decomposition of buried dead organisms. The age of the organisms and their resulting fossil fuels is typically millions of years, and sometimes exceeds 650 million years. Ground source geothermal cooling. A central cooling system that pumps heat to or from the ground. It uses the earth as a heat sink. This design takes advantage of the moderate temperatures in the ground to boost efficiency and reduce the operational costs of heating and cooling systems Heat Exchanger. A device for transferring heat from one medium to another. Heat Sink. A device or substance for absorbing excessive or unwanted heat Renewable energy. Renewable energy is energy which comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable (naturally replenished).
consumption during the winter months where the ground temperatures are higher than
the ambient air temperature. It has also been used secondarily for cooling in summer, when the ground is cooler than the ambient air. However, the low average humidity makes evaporative coolers cheaper and more efficient, therefore, the use of ground source geothermal as a replacement for conventional airconditioning is limited. Several non-commercial and experimental ground source geothermal air conditioning systems are being used and tested in some southern US states where the high summer humidity prevents the efficient use of evaporative coolers (Gannon, Robert, 1978, Ground-Water Heat Pumps - Home Heating and Cooling from Your Own Well). In the Philippines, there is a potential to use ground source cooling because the ground temperature can be as much as 15 degC cooler than the ambient air temperature at the peak of summer. Air conditioning manufacturers recommend that for maximum comfort and efficiency, conventional airconditioners should be set to a temperature exactly 10 degC lower than the outside temperature (Jan F. Kreider. 1996. Handbook of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning). Since the ground temperature can be as much as 15 degC cooler than the outside air, then a compressor-less ground source cooling air conditioner can potentially provide the same cooling as a standard air conditioner. Also, with a 15 degC temperature difference between the ground and the inside of a house or building will allow the use of a simple heat exchanger using water pump and a heat sink buried underground below the water table to take the hot indoor air from a house or building and transfer that heat into the ground (Winnick, J,1996. Chemical engineering thermodynamics).
For the heat exchanger, the tubing from the box was connected to an electric blower fan. The radiator was them attached to the other end of the fan. The other end of the duct was then attached to the opposite side of the radiator. To simulate the underground heat sink, coiled aluminium tubing was put into the ice cooler. Rubber hoses were then attached to both ends of the aluminium tubing. To circulate the water between the radiator and the heat sink, an aquarium water pump was used and connected to both the radiator and the heat sink so that water could circulate between the heat sink and the radiator. Procedures Before starting the experiment, the temperature of the box was measured and noted. Then the blower fan and water pump were turned on to circulate the coolant and the timer was started. With the fan and the pump running, the temperature of the box was constantly monitored and any changes in temperature over time were noted. Simultaneously, the temperature of the ice box was also monitored to make sure that the temperature remained constant. If the temperature of the ice box increased, then additional ice was added as needed to maintain a constant 20.3 degC temperature. The heat exchanger was kept running until the time that the temperature of the box became constant. The ending temperature and the elapsed time were then noted.
A. Presentation of Data Four tests were conducted using the mock-up in order to examine how the mock up performs under daytime and night time temperature conditions. A description of each test and the results are discussed below. As this is a test of a cooling system, the temperatures both inside and outside of the test box were measured before and during the test. Likewise the temperature of the coolant box was measured and maintained at 21C to simulate the constant ground temperature. In the following discussions, "outdoor temperature" shall refer to the ambient temperature outside the box, "indoor temperature" shall refer to the measured temperatures inside the box, while "ground temperature" shall refer to the temperature of the coolant box.
Test No. 1 : Daytime test. Starting indoor temperature SAME as outdoor temperature This test was conducted in the daytime with the mock-up set outdoors in a shaded location. The indoor temperature inside the mock-up was equalized with the outdoor temperature prior to the test. At the time of the test, the outdoor temperature was measured to be 32C with the ground temperature kept constant at 21C. The results are shown in Table 1 below.
As seen in Table 1 (above), for the first two minutes of the test, there was no recorded change in the indoor temperature. Beginning the 3rd minute, the indoor temperatures began to fall at a relatively constant rate until 17 minutes into the test, where the indoor temperature remained constant until the end of the test. By the end of the test period, the mock-up was able to achieve a constant indoor temperature of 24C, which was 8C cooler than the outside temperature, and only 3C warmer than the ground temperature. This is illustrated in Graph 1 (below).
Graph 1:
Results of Test No. 1 (Daytime, Indoor and Outdoor Temperature Same at Start)
33
31
29 Temperature (C)
21
19 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Time (Minutes)
Test No. 2 : Daytime test. Starting indoor temperature HIGHER than outdoor temperature This test was done in the daytime with the mock-up set outdoors in the shade. The indoor temperature was raised by 5C above the outdoor temperature. This was done to simulate a real world scenario where the inside of a house may be warmer than the outside temperature because of internal heat sources such as stoves, appliances, and body heat from people. At the time of the test, the outdoor temperature was
measured to be 32C with the ground temperature kept constant at 21C and the indoor temperature was raised to 37C. The results are shown in Table 2 below. Table 2 : Test No. 2 Measured Temperature Over Time
Time (Minutes) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Outdoor Temperature (C) 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 Ground Temperature (C) 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 Indoor Temperature (C) 37 35 34 33 32 32 32 31 30 30 28 28 27 26 26 25 25 25 24 24 24 Temp Difference Indoor vs Outdoor (C) +5 +5 +4 +3 +2 +1 0 0 -2 -3 -4 -4 -5 -5 -6 -7 -7 -7 -8 -8 -8 Temp Difference Indoor vs Ground (C) +16 +16 +15 +14 +13 +12 +11 +11 +9 +8 +7 +7 +6 +6 +5 +4 +4 +4 +3 +3 +3
As seen in Table 2 (above), the temperature immediately began to drop from the very beginning of the test until the indoor temperature reached the same as the outdoor temperature of 32C after four minutes. and then the temperature remained steady for three minutes before continuing to drop until it reached a minimum of 24C after 18 minutes. Although the starting indoor temperature was higher by 5C than on Test No.1, then ending temperature was of 24C was the same for both Test No.1 and Test No.2. This is illustrated in Graph 2 (below). Graph 2: Results of Test No. 2 (Daytime, Indoor and Outdoor Temperature Higher at Start)
39 37 35 33 Temperature (C) 31 29 27 25 23 21 19 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Time (Minutes) Outdoor Temp Indoor Temp Ground Temp
Test No. 3 : Night time test. Starting indoor temperature SAME as outdoor temperature This test was done at night time with the mock-up set outdoors in the shade. Just as with Test No.1, the indoor temperature was first equalized with the outdoor temperature before starting the test. At the time of the test, the outdoor temperature was measured to be 28C with the ground temperature kept constant at 21C. The results are shown in Table 3 below.
As seen in Table 3 (above), after one minute, the indoor temperature began to fall at a constant rate until 13 minutes into the test, afterwhich the indoor temperature stayed constant until the end of the test. By the end of the test period, the mock-up was able to achieve a constant indoor temperature of 22C, which was 6C cooler than the outside temperature, and only 1C warmer than the ground temperature. This is illustrated in Graph 3 (below).
Graph 3:
Results of Test No. 3 (Night time, Indoor and Outdoor Temperature Same at Start)
29 28 27 26 Temperature (C) 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Time (Minutes) Outdoor Temp Indoor Temp Ground Temp
Test No. 4 : Night time test. Starting indoor temperature HIGHER than outdoor temperature This test was done at night time with the mock-up set outdoors in the shade. Just as with Test No.2, the indoor temperature was raised by 5C above the outdoor temperature to simulate indoor heat sources. At the time of the test, the outdoor temperature was measured at 28C with the ground temperature kept constant at 21C and the indoor temperature was raised to 33C. The results are shown in Table 4 below.
As seen in Table 4 (above), the temperature immediately began to drop from the very beginning of the test until the indoor temperature reached the same as the outdoor temperature of 28C after six minutes. and then the temperature remained steady for three minutes before continuing to drop until it reached a minimum of 22C after 17 minutes. This drop in temperature over time is illustrated in Graph 4 (below).
Graph 4:
Results of Test No. 4 (Daytime, Indoor and Outdoor Temperature Higher at Start)
B. Analysis of Data Based on the data collected, the experiment was able to achieve a decrease in the indoor temperatures in all of the four tests. This can clearly be seen in Graph 5 below. These results show that it is possible for a simple heat exchanger using the earth as a heat sink to cool an enclosed space. Graph 5:
39 37 35 33 Temperature (C) 31 29 27 25 23 21 19 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Test No.1 Test No.2 Test No.3 Test No.4 Day Outdoor Temp Night Outdoor Temp Ground Temp
Time (Minutes)
It was also noted that in both the daytime and nigh time tests, the coolest temperatures attained were the same, even when the beginning temperatures were increased above that of the outside temperature. For the daytime tests (Tests No.1 and No.2), even if they had different starting indoor temperatures, 32C for Test No.1 and 37C for Test No.2, both were able to reach the same ending temperature of 24C. The only difference was the length of time it took for the tests to reach their minimum temperature, 17 minutes for Test No.1, and 18 minutes for Test No.2. This can be seen in Graph 6 below.
Graph 6:
39 37 35 33 Temperature (C) 31 29 27 25 23 21 19
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Time (Minutes)
different starting indoor temperatures, 28C for Test No.1 and 33C for Test No.2, both were able to reach the same ending temperature of 22C. The only difference was the length of time it took for the tests to reach their minimum temperature, 15 minutes for Test No.3, and 17 minutes for Test No.2. This can be seen in Graph 7 below.
Graph 7:
35 33 31 Temperature (C) 29 27 25 23 21 19
Comparative Temperature Drop for Night Time Test No.3 and No.4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Time (Minutes)
It was also observed that both the daytime and night time tests were able to achieve significant cooling compared to the outside temperature, with the daytime tests achieving indoor temperatures that were 8C cooler than the outside air. Likewise, the night time tests achieved temperatures -8C cooler than the outside air. However,
the neither the daytime nor the night time tests were able to achieve the same temperatures as the ground, with the lowest daytime test temperatures ending at +3C warmer than the ground temperature. Likewise, the night time test temperatures ended at +1C warmer than the ground temperature. These results be seen in Table 1 below.
Table 1:
Comparative Temperature Difference for Day and Night Tests Maximum Temp Difference Minimum Temp Difference vs Outdoor Temperature vs Ground Temperature +3C +1C
Day Time Test No.1 & 2 Night Time Test No. 3 & 4
-8C -6C
Since the process of heat exchange slows down as the temperature difference becomes smaller, this may explain why the night time temperature difference is not as large as the day time temperature difference. Also, it was noted that the minimum temperature difference vs the ground temperature was lower for the night test at +1C compared to the day test at +2C.This may be because heat was still entering the mock-up box and the coolant hoses, thus preventing the system from achieving equal temperature with the ground. However, even with external heat entering the system, the indoor temperatures of 24C in the daytime and 21C at night attained by the geothermal cooling system were still comparable to that of a conventional air conditioner.
Recommendations Based on the study done, the following recommendations were made: 1. Try to use better insulation on the system to see if it is possible to attain indoor temperatures equal to the ground temperature. 2. Try to test on a larger scale and with higher heat loads (ie test in direct sunlight) to further explore the system's efficiency. 3. Repeat the tests and measure humidity along with temperature to test if the system can also control humidity similar to an air-conditioner.
BIBLIOGRAPHY I. Books
Clark, J. Desmond, 1982. The Culture of the Middle Paleolithic/Middle Stone Age Cambridge University Press Roy, Robert, 2006. Earth Sheltered Houses New Society Publishers Winnick, Jack, 1996. Chemical engineering thermodynamics Wiley Jan F. Kreider. 1996. Handbook of heating, ventilation and air conditioning CRC Press Gannon, Robert. 1978. Ground-Water Heat Pumps Home Heating and Cooling from Your Own Well Times Mirror Magazines, Inc.
II.
Internet