EQUATION
(Continuous
Beams)
THREE-MOMENT EQUATION
This is used to determine the moments at the supports of a fully
continuous beams, in turn needed for reaction calculations.
M1L1 + 2M2 (L1+L2) + M3L2 + 6A/L1 + 6A/L2 = 6EI [ (h1 / L1)+(h3 / L2) ]
Where:
RULES OF SIGNS:
If the moment at any point is actually negative, sign must be
used when substituting to the equation. Similarly, if an unknown
Moment is actually negative at any point, the three moment equation
will be having a negative value for that moment.
2.
3.
6A/L
6A/L
4.
5.
6.
EXAMPLE 1
(Equation 1)
(Equation 2)
-720Md - 34,752 = 0
Md = -48.27 KNm
Substitute value of Md in eqn. 1
28Mb + 8(-48.27) +2040 = 0
(Equation 3)
Mb = -59.07 KNm
Solving for Reactions at beam ab
Mb = M @ left
-59.07 = 6Ra - 120(3)
Ra = 50.16 KN
Solving for Reactions at beam de
Md=-48.27
Beam BCDE
Mb= M @ left
-59.07 = -40(4) - 90(10) + 21.96(14) + 8Rd
Rd = 86.69 KN
Beam BCDE
Md = M @ right
-48.27 = 50.16(14) - 120(11) - 40(4) +8Rb
Rb = 86.69 KN
Example 2
Overhang Beam ab
Mb = -15(1.5)
Mb = -22.5 KNm
Beam bd
(Equation 1)
Beam ce
(Equation 2)
Multiply Eqn. 1 by 2, Equate 1 by 2
56Mc + 16Md + 9570 = 0
-8Mc - 16Md - 3840 = 0
________________________________________________________
48Mc
+ 5730 = 0
Mc = -119.38 KNm
Sustitute te value of Mc in Eqn. 1
28(-119.38) + 8Md + 4785 = 0
Md = -180.30 KNm
BEAM
DEFLECTIONS
THREE MOMENT
EQUATION
Example 1
Find the deflection at midspan.
DEFLECTION AT MIDSPAN:
thus;
Example 2
Find the deflection at midspan.
DEFLECTION AT MIDSPAN:
Example 3
Find the deflection at b and d.
Mb = 12.8125 KNm
MOMENT AT C:
MC = -5.625 KNm
DEFLECTION AT POINT D
DEFLECTION AT POINT B
Example 4
Find the deflection at point d and f.
Example 5
Find the deflection 7m from point a.
Example 6
Find the deflection at point b and d.
DEFLECTION AT POINT B
DEFLECTION AT POINT D
Example 7
Find the deflection at point a, c, d, e and g.
E = 200,000 MPa
I = 5.3333 x 10-4 m4
Example 8
Find the deflection at 2.5m from a.
Fv = 0
Mb = -1.35 KNm
Ma = -5.6 KNm
Example 9
Find the deflection at point b.
DEFLECTION AT POINT B
Example 10
Find the deflection at 7m from a.
DEFLECTION AT 7m FROM A
Example 11
Find the deflection at point b.
DEFLECTION AT POINT B
Example 12
Find the deflection at 4m from a.
V
M
DEFLECTION AT 4m FROM A
21
5.25
21
-5.25
UNIT LOAD
METHOD
Where:
Where:
Example 1
+
=
Rotation:
+
+
=0
Example 2
Find the deflection at midspan.
DEFLECTION AT L/2
Example 3
Solve for the deflection at b.
DEFLECTION AT POINT B
DEFLECTION AT POINT B
Example 4
Solve for the deflection at point d and f.
DEFLECTION AT POINT F
+
Example 5
DEFLECTION AT 7M FROM A
Example 6
Solve for the deflection at b and d.
DEFLECTION AT B
DEFLECTION AT D
+
+
Example 7
Solve for the deflection at 2.5m from a.
Example 8
Find the deflection at midspan.
Rotation
Example 9
DEFLECTION AT 7m FROM A
Example 10
Find the deflection at free end.
Solution :
Rotation
AREA MOMENT
METHOD
Theorem 1.
The change in slope between two lines tangent to the elastic
curve at point a and b is equal to the product of 1/EI and the area of
the moment diagram from a and b only.
Theorem 2.
The deviation of point a with respect to a tangent line drawn
from b in the elastic curve is equal to the product of 1/EI at the
moment area of Aab taken at an axis of a.
Similarly:
Note:
Example 1
Find the deflection at midspan.
Example 2
Find the deflection at midspan.
Example 3
Solve for the deflection at b and d.
Example 4
Solve for the deflection at point d and f .
Example 5
Solve for the deflection at 7m from a.
Example 6
Solve for the deflection at point b and d.
Example 7
Find the deflection at free end.
Example 8
Find the deflection at free end
Example 9
Solve for the deflection at free end.
t b/a
Example 10
Solve for the deflection at free end.
Example 11
Solve for the deflection at 4m from a.
at 4m fr. a = ?
CONJUGATE BEAM
METHOD
Theorem 1:
The rotation () at a point in the actual beam is equal to the
shear ( ) at that point o the fictitious (conjugate beam) of equal span
loaded with M/EI diagram.
Theorem 2:
The deflection () at a point in the actual beam is equal to the
moment ( ) at that point o the fictitious (conjugate beam) of equal
span loaded with M/EI diagram.
Example 1
Conjugate
M @C = 0
+Fv = 0
M @C = 0
Example 2
Find the deflection at midspan.
M @C = 0
M @B = 0
Example 3
Find the deflection at b.
M @C = 0
Deflection at point b
Deflection at point d
Example 4
Find the deflection at point d and f.
M @ hinge= 0
Ra = 432.222 KN
M @ d= 0
M @ f= 0
Example 5
Find deflection 7m from point a.
at 7m fr. a = ?
M @ b= 0
Ra = 98.9091 KN
M @ 7m fr. a= 0
Example 6
Find the deflection at point b and d.
M @C = 0
Deflection at point b
Deflection at point d
Example 7
Find the deflection at point a, c, d, e and g.
E = 200,000 MPa
I = 5.3333 x 10-4
at a,c,d,e,and g = ?
M @ f = 0
Equation 1
M @ b = 0
Equation 2
Equate Equation 1 to 2:
Mg = 10.125 KNm
Rg = 1.0625 KN
M @ e = 0
-
M @ d = 0
M @ c = 0
M @ a = 0
Example 8
at 2.5 from a = ?
M @ b = 0
Equation 1
M @ a = 0
Equation 2
Rc = 0.4042 KN
Mc = 1.82 KNm
M @ 2.5 fr.a = 0
Example 9
Find the deflection at point b.
Example 10
at 7m fr. a = ?
Example 11
M @b = 0
Example 12
at c = ?
Example 14
Find the deflection at point c.
E = 200,000 MPa
I = 100 cm4
at 1m from b = ?
M @ b= 0
Equation 1
M @ d= 0
Equation 2
Equate 1 and 2
Md = -172.5 KNm
Rc = -96.25 KN
M @ 1m fr. b= 0
Example 15
E = 22 GPa
I = 10,000 mm4
at free end = ?
M @ free end= 0
DOUBLE
INTEGRATION
METHOD
or deflection ().
Mathematically:
Moment Equation
Slope Equation
Example 1
Deflection Equation
M = y =
y =
y =
at x=0 , y=0 ,
at x = L , y = 0 , C =
0=
At
Y=
=
Example 2
M=
y =
y=
at x = 0 , y = 0 ,
=0
at x = L , y = 0 , C = 0=
At x =
y=
=
Example 3
y=
Example 4
Find the deflection at point d and f.
At x = 20, y =
Example 5
y =
y=
at x = 0 , y = 0 ,
=0
at x = 11 , y = 0 , C = -98.909
0=
C = - 98.909
At x = 7 , y =
Y=
Example 6
Find the deflection at point b and d.
M = y = 58.9286x -
y =
y=
at x= 0 , y = 0 ,
at x= 7 , y = 0 ,
0=
C = -254.0181
at x = 4 , y = b
y=
b=
at x=8.5 , y = d
y=
d=
Example 7
Find the deflection at point b.
M = y"=
y =
y=
at x=L , y = 0 , C =
at x=L , y = 0 ,
at x=0 , y =
0=
Example 8
Find the deflection at 7m from a.
M = y = -10x y = -
At x = 3 , y =
y=
Example 9
Find the deflection at point b.
M = y =
y =
y =
at x=L , y = 0 , C =
at x=L , y = 0 , C =
at x=0 , y =
0=
Example 10
Find the deflection at free end.
at free end:
M = y = -300 + 45x
y = -300 + 45x -
y = -300x +
y =-
at x=0 , y=0 ,
at x=0 , y=0 ,
at x=10 , y= at free end
Example 11
at 1m from b (left) = ?
M = y = 0.778<x-2> + 6.2222<x-5> y = 0.778<x-2> + 6.2222<x-5> y =
y =
y =
at 1m. From b =
Example 12
Maximum = ?
M = y = -15.7321<x-2> - 10<x-4> - 26.7679 <x 9>
+
y =
y =
C1 = 14.6006
C2= -31.3029
Location of max
0=
x = 5.8223 m
Max
Max =
CASTIGLIANOS
SECOND THEOREM
=
where:
M - bending moment equation at each segment of the beam
due to real loads with respect to the chosen origin.
partial derivation of bending moment due to load P.
EI Flexural modulus
Note:
1. In applying the theorems, the load at a point where the
deflection is desired is referred to as P.
2. After the operations required in the equation are
completed the numerical value of P is replaced on the
equation.
3. Should there be no at the point or in the deflection is
desired. An imaginary force P will be able to replaced there
in the direction desired. After the operation is complete, the
correct value of P which is zero will be substituted in the
expression.
4. If the slope or rotation
is desired in the beam the partial
derivative is taken with respect to assumed moment P
acting at the point which the rotation is desired a positive
sign. The answer indicates that the rotation is in the
assumed direction of the moment P.
Example 1
at midspan = ?
Span Orig M M/P M M/P M (M/P)dx/EI
a-b
a
Px/2
x/2
Px2/4
b-c
Example 2
Px/2
x/2
Px2/4
at midspan = ?
Span
Orig
M/P
a-b
wLx/2+Px/+
wx2/2
x2/2
b-c
wLx/2+Px/2+
wx2/2
x2/2
M M/P
M
(M/P)dx/EI
DETERMINATE
TRUSSES
Example 1
Find the stresses and deflections of each member.
A = 300x300mm2
E = 200 GPa
1 = 63.4349
2 = 53.130
ab = 1.7569 C
ac = 5.2143 C
bc = 3.4286 C
bd = 6.7857 C
df = 9.4235 C
ef = 7.7858 C
cd = 0.2858 T
ce = 7.7858 C
de = 0
Vertical Deflections
Joint a
ab = 0
ac = 0
bc = 0
bd = 0
cd = 0
ce = 0
de = 0
df = 0
ef = 0
Joint b
ab = 0.7986 C
ac = 0.3571 T
bc = 0.2857 C
Joint c
bd = -0.3571 C
cd = 0.3771 T
ce = 0.1428 T
de = 0
df = 0.3194 C
ef = 0.1428 T
ab = 0.7986 C
ac = 0.3571 T
bc = 0.7143 T
bd = 0.3571 C
cd = 0.3571 C
ce = 0.1428 T
de = 0
df = 0.3194 C
ef = 0.1428 T
Joint d
ab = 0.3194 C
ac = 0.1428 T
bc = 0.2858 T
Joint e
bd = 0.1428 C
cd = 0.3571 C
ce = 0.7143 T
de = 0
df = 0.6388 C
ef = 0.3571 T
ab = 0.3194 C
ac = 0.1428 T
bc = 0.2858 T
bd = 0.1428 C
cd = 0.3571 C
ce = 0.3571 T
de = 0
df = 0.7986 C
ef = 0.3571 T
Joint f
ab = 0
ac = 0
bc = 0
bd = 0
cd = 0
ce = 0
de = 0
df = 0
ef = 0
Joint b
Mem.
ab
ac
bc
bd
cd
ce
de
ef
df
S
-1.7569
-5.2143
-3.4286
-6.7857
4.2858
-7.7858
0
-7. 7858
-9.4235
U
L(m)
A
-0.7986 4.4721 0.09m2
0.3571
2
0.09m2
-0.2857
4
0.09m2
-0.3571
3
0.09m2
0.3571
5
0.09m2
0.1428
3
0.09m2
0
4
0.09m2
-0.3194
2
0.09m2
0.1428 4.4721 0.09m2
Joint c
Mem.
S
U
L(m)
ab
-1.7569 -0.7986 4.4721
ac
-5.2143 0.3571
2
bc
-3.4286 0.7143
4
bd
-6.7857 -0.3571
3
cd
4.2858 0.3571
5
ce
-7.7858 0.1428
3
de
0
0
4
ef
-7. 7858 -0.3194
2
df
-9.4235 0.1428 4.4721
A
0.09m2
0.09m2
0.09m2
0.09m2
0.09m2
0.09m2
0.09m2
0.09m2
0.09m2
E
SUL/AE (mm)
200GPa
0.00035
200GPa
-0.00021
200GPa
0.00022
200GPa
0.0004
200GPa
0.00043
200GPa
-0.00019
200GPa
0
200GPa
-0.00012
200GPa
0.00075
b = 0.00163 mm
E
SUL/AE (mm)
200GPa
0.00035
200GPa
-0.00021
200GPa
0.00054
200GPa
0.0004
200GPa
0.00043
200GPa
-0.00019
200GPa
0
200GPa
-0.00012
200GPa
0.00075
c = 0.00127 mm
Joint d
Mem.
S
ab
-1.7569
ac
-5.2143
bc
-3.4286
bd
-6.7857
cd
4.2858
ce
-7.7858
de
0
ef
-7. 7858
df
-9.4235
U
L(m)
A
-0.3194 4.4721 0.09m2
0.1428
2
0.09m2
0.2858
4
0.09m2
-0.1428
3
0.09m2
-0.3573
5
0.09m2
0.3573
3
0.09m2
1
4
0.09m2
-0.7986
2
0.09m2
0.3573 4.4721 0.09m2
E
SUL/AE (mm)
200GPa
0.00014
200GPa
-0.00083
200GPa
-0.00022
200GPa
0.00016
200GPa
-0.00043
200GPa
-0.00046
200GPa
0
200GPa
-0.000187
200GPa
-0.0031
d = 0.000667 mm
Joint e
Mem.
S
ab
-1.7569
ac
-5.2143
bc
-3.4286
bd
-6.7857
cd
4.2858
ce
-7.7858
de
0
ef
-7. 7858
df
-9.4235
U
L(m)
A
-0.3194 4.4721 0.09m2
0.1428
2
0.09m2
0.2858
4
0.09m2
-0.1428
3
0.09m2
-0.3573
5
0.09m2
0.3573
3
0.09m2
0
4
0.09m2
-0.7986
2
0.09m2
0.3573 4.4721 0.09m2
E
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
SUL/AE (mm)
0.00014
-0.00083
-0.00032
0.00016
-0.00043
-0.00046
0
-0.000187
-0.0031
e = 0.000667 m
Horizontal Deflections
Joint a
ab = 0
ac = 0
bc = 0
bd = 0
cd = 0
ce = 0
de = 0
df = 0
ef = 0
ac = 0.2857 C
bc = 0.5714 T
Joint b
ab = 0.6388 T
bd = 0.7143 C
cd = 0.7143 C
df = 0.7143 C
ef = 0.6388 T
bd = 0
cd = 0
ce = 1 C
de = 0
df = 0
ef = 1 C
bd = 0.2857 T
cd = 0.7143 T
ce = 0.7143 C
de = 0
df = 0.6388 C
ef = 0.7143 C
Joint c
ab = 0
ac = 0
bc = 0
ce = 0.7143 C
de = 0
Joint d
ab = 0.6388 T
ac = 0.2857 C
bc = 0.5714 C
Joint e
ab = 0
ac = 0
bc = 0
bd = 0
cd = 0
ce = 0
de = 0
df = 0
ef = 1 C
bd = 0
cd = 0
ce = 0
de = 0
df = 0
ef = 1 C
Joint f
ab = 0
ac = 0
bc = 0
Joint b
Mem.
S
ab
-1.7569
ac
-5.2143
bc
-3.4286
bd
-6.7857
cd
4.2858
ce
-7.7858
de
0
ef
-7. 7858
df
-9.4235
Joint c
Mem.
S
ab
-1.7569
ac
-5.2143
bc
-3.4286
bd
-6.7857
cd
4.2858
ce
-7.7858
de
0
ef
-7. 7858
df
-9.4235
Joint d
Mem.
S
U
L(m)
A
-0.6388 4.4721 0.09m2
-0.2857
2
0.09m2
0.5714
4
0.09m2
-0.7143
3
0.09m2
-0.7143
5
0.09m2
-0.7143
3
0.09m2
0
4
0.09m2
-0.6388
2
0.09m2
0.7143 4.4721 0.09m2
U
0
0
0
0
0
-1
0
0
-1
L(m)
4.4721
2
4
3
5
3
4
2
4.4721
L(m)
E
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
A
0.09m2
0.09m2
0.09m2
0.09m2
0.09m2
0.09m2
0.09m2
0.09m2
0.09m2
E
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
SUL/AE (mm)
-0.00028
0.00017
-0.00044
0.00081
-0.00085
0.00093
0
0.00055
-0.00017
b = 0.0042 mm
SUL/AE (mm)
0
0
0
0
0
0.0013
0
0
0.00087
c = 0.00217 mm
SUL/AE (mm)
ab
ac
bc
bd
cd
ce
de
ef
df
-1.7569
-5.2143
-3.4286
-6.7857
4.2858
-7.7858
0
-7. 7858
-9.4235
0.6388
-0.2857
-0.5714
0.2857
0.7143
-0.7143
0
-0.6388
-0.7143
4.4721
2
4
3
5
3
4
2
4.4721
0.09m
0.09m2
0.09m2
0.09m2
2
0.09m
2
0.09m
2
0.09m
0.09m2
2
0.09m
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
-0.00028
0.00017
-0.00044
-0.00032
-0.00085
0.00093
0
0.0015
0.00062
d = 0.00391 mm
Joint e
Mem.
S
ab
ac
bc
bd
cd
ce
de
ef
df
-1.7569
-5.2143
-3.4286
-6.7857
4.2858
-7.7858
0
-7. 7858
-9.4235
L(m)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
4.4721
2
4
3
5
3
4
2
4.4721
0.09m
2
0.09m
0.09m2
0.09m2
2
0.09m
0.09m2
0.09m2
0.09m2
0.09m2
SUL/AE (mm)
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.65x10-3
e = 0.000865 mm
Example 2
Find the stresses and deflections of each member.
A = 0.0001m2
E = 10 GPa
= 53.1301
ab = 6 C
ac = 27.5 C
ad = 16.5 T
bc = 0
cd = 0
ce = 24 C
cf = 12.5 T
df = 16.5 T
ef = 16 C
eg = 24 C
fg = 7.5 T
fh = 19.5 T
gh = 0
gi = 0
gj = 32.5 C
hj = 19.5 T
ij = 8 C
Joint b
ab = 6 C
ac = 0
ad = 0
bc = 0
cd = 0
Joint c
ab = 0
ac = 0.9375 C
ad = 0.5625 T
bc = 0
cd = 1 T
ce = 0.375 C
Joint d
ce = 0
cf = 0
df = 0
ef = 0
cf = 0.3125 C
df = 0.5625 C
ef = 0
eg = 0.375 T
fg = 0.3125 T
fh = 0.1875 T
eg = 0
fg = 0
fh = 0
gh = 0
gi = 0
gj = 0
hj = 0
ij = 0
gh = 0
gi = 0
gj = 0.3125 C
hj = 0.1875 T
ij = 0
ab = 0
ac = 0.9375 C
ad = 0.5625 T
bc = 0
cd = 0
ce = 0.375 C
cf = 0.3125 C
df = 0.5625 T
ef = 0
eg = 0.375 C
fg = 0.3125 T
fh = 0.1875 T
gh = 0
gi = 0
gj = 0.3125 C
hj = 0.1875 T
ij = 0
cf = 0.625 T
df = 0.375 T
ef = 1 C
eg = 0.75 C
fg = 0.625 T
fh = 0.375 T
gh = 0
gi = 0
gj = 0.625 C
hj = 0.375 T
ij = 0
Joint e
ab = 0
ac = 0.625 C
ad = 0.375 T
bc = 0
cd = 0
ce = 0.75 C
Joint f
ab = 0
ac = 0.625 C
ad = 0.375 T
bc = 0
cd = 0
ce = 0.75 C
cf = 0.625 T
df = 0.375 T
ef = 0
eg = 0.75 C
fg = 0.625 T
fh = 0.375 T
gh = 0
gi = 0
gj = 0.625 C
hj = 0.375 T
ij = 0
df = 0.1875 T
ef = 0
eg = 0.375 C
fg = 0.3125 C
fh = 0.5625 T
gh = 0
gi = 0
gj = 0.9375 C
hj = 0.5625 T
ij = 0
Joint g
ab = 0
ac = 0.3125 C
ad = 0.1875 T
bc = 0
cd = 0
ce = 0.375 C
cf = 0.3125 T
Joint h
ab = 0
ac = 0.3125 C
ad = 0.1875 T
bc = 0
cd = 0
ce = 0.375 C
ab = 0
ac = 0
cf = 0
df = 0
ef = 0
cf = 0.3125 T
df = 0.1875 T
ef = 0
eg = 0.375 C
fg = 0.3125 C
fh = 0.5625 T
gh = 1 T
gi = 0
gj = 0.9375 C
hj = 0.5625 T
ij = 0
ad = 0
bc = 0
eg = 0
fg = 0
fh = 0
gh = 0
cd = 0
ce = 0
gi = 0
gj = 0
hj = 0
ij = 1 C
Joint i
Mem.
ab
ac
ad
bc
cd
ce
cf
df
ef
eg
fg
fh
gh
gi
gj
hj
ij
Joint b
S
-6
-27.5
16.5
0
0
-24
12.5
16.5
-16
-24
7.5
19.5
0
0
-32.5
19.5
-8
U
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
L(m)
20
25
15
15
20
15
25
15
20
15
25
15
20
15
25
15
20
A
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
E
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
SUL/AE(mm)
120
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
b = 120mm
Joint c
Mem.
ab
ac
ad
bc
cd
ce
cf
df
ef
eg
fg
fh
gh
gi
gj
hj
ij
S
-6
-27.5
16.5
0
0
-24
12.5
16.5
-16
-24
7.5
19.5
0
0
-32.5
19.5
-8
U
0
-0.9375
0.5625
0
0
-0.375
-0.3125
0.5625
0
-0.375
0.3125
0.1875
0
0
-0.3125
0.1875
0
L(m)
20
25
15
15
20
15
25
15
20
15
25
15
20
15
25
15
20
A
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
E
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
SUL/AE(mm)
0
644.53135
139.21875
0
0
135
-97.65625
139.21875
0
135
58.59375
54.84375
0
0
253.90625
54.84375
0
c = 1517.5mm
Joint d
Mem.
ab
ac
ad
bc
cd
ce
cf
df
ef
eg
fg
fh
gh
gi
gj
hj
ij
S
-6
-27.5
16.5
0
0
-24
12.5
16.5
-16
-24
7.5
19.5
0
0
-32.5
19.5
-8
U
0
-0.9375
0.5625
0
1
-0.375
-0.3125
0.5625
0
-0.375
0.3125
0.1875
0
0
-0.3125
0.1875
0
L(m)
20
25
15
15
20
15
25
15
20
15
25
15
20
15
25
15
20
A
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
E
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
SUL/AE(mm)
0
644.53135
139.21875
0
0
135
-97.65625
139.21875
0
135
58.59375
54.84375
0
0
253.90625
54.84375
0
d = 1517.5mm
Joint e
Mem.
ab
ac
ad
bc
cd
ce
cf
df
ef
eg
fg
fh
gh
gi
gj
hj
ij
S
-6
-27.5
16.5
0
0
-24
12.5
16.5
-16
-24
7.5
19.5
0
0
-32.5
19.5
-8
U
0
-0.625
0.375
0
0
-0.75
0.625
0.375
-1
-0.75
0.625
0.375
0
0
-0.625
0.375
0
L(m)
20
25
15
15
20
15
25
15
20
15
25
15
20
15
25
15
20
A
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
E
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
SUL/AE(mm)
0
429.6875
92.8125
0
0
270
195.3125
92.8125
320
270
117.1875
109.6875
0
0
507.8125
109.6875
0
e = 2515 mm
Joint f
Mem.
ab
ac
ad
bc
cd
ce
cf
df
ef
eg
fg
fh
gh
gi
gj
hj
ij
S
-6
-27.5
16.5
0
0
-24
12.5
16.5
-16
-24
7.5
19.5
0
0
-32.5
19.5
-8
U
0
-0.625
0.375
0
0
-0.75
0.625
0.375
0
-0.75
0.625
0.375
0
0
-0.625
0.375
0
L(m)
20
25
15
15
20
15
25
15
20
15
25
15
20
15
25
15
20
A
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
E
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
SUL/AE(mm)
0
429.6875
92.8125
0
0
270
195.3125
92.8125
0
270
117.1875
109.6875
0
0
507.8125
109.6875
0
f = 2915 mm
Joint g
Mem.
ab
ac
ad
bc
cd
ce
cf
df
ef
eg
fg
fh
gh
gi
gj
hj
ij
S
-6
-27.5
16.5
0
0
-24
12.5
16.5
-16
-24
7.5
19.5
0
0
-32.5
19.5
-8
U
0
-0.3125
0.1875
0
0
-0.375
0.3125
0.1875
0
-0.375
-0.3125
0.5625
0
0
-0.9375
0.5625
0
L(m)
20
25
15
15
20
15
25
15
20
15
25
15
20
15
25
15
20
A
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
E
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
SUL/AE(mm)
0
214.84375
46.40625
0
0
135
97.65625
46.40625
0
135
-58.59375
164.53125
0
0
761.71875
164.53125
0
g= 1707.5 mm
Joint h
Mem.
ab
ac
ad
bc
cd
ce
cf
df
ef
eg
fg
fh
gh
gi
gj
hj
ij
S
-6
-27.5
16.5
0
0
-24
12.5
16.5
-16
-24
7.5
19.5
0
0
-32.5
19.5
-8
U
0
-0.3125
0.1875
0
0
-0.375
0.3125
0.1875
0
-0.375
-0.3125
0.5625
-1
0
-0.9375
0.5625
0
L(m)
20
25
15
15
20
15
25
15
20
15
25
15
20
15
25
15
20
A
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
E
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
SUL/AE(mm)
0
214.84375
46.40625
0
0
135
97.65625
46.40625
0
135
-58.59375
164.53125
0
0
761.71875
164.53125
0
h= 1707.5 mm
Joint i
Mem.
ab
ac
ad
bc
cd
ce
cf
df
ef
eg
fg
fh
gh
gi
gj
hj
ij
S
-6
-27.5
16.5
0
0
-24
12.5
16.5
-16
-24
7.5
19.5
0
0
-32.5
19.5
-8
U
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
L(m)
20
25
15
15
20
15
25
15
20
15
25
15
20
15
25
15
20
A
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
E
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
SUL/AE(mm)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
160
i= 160 mm
ANALYSIS OF
INDETERMINATE
TRUSS BY
CASTIGLIANOS
THEOREM
Procedure:
1.) Determine one support as the redundant which is to be
removed from the given truss.
2.) Determine the first set of bar forces due to applied loads in
the absence of the redundant.
3.) Determine the bar stresses due to redundant only in the
absence of real load.
4.) Tabulate the bar stresses obtained using the format below.
5.) Get the summation of
6.) Solve for the unknown reaction.
Example 1
Stresses
ab =5.2778 C
ac = 7.1667 T
bc = 3 T
bd = -8.6133 C
cd = 5.4083 C
Horizontal Unit Load
ce = 11.6667 T
de = 0
df = 14.0216 C
ef = 11.6667 T
ab =0
ac = 1 C
bc = 0
bd = 0
Member
ab
ac
bc
cd = 0
ce = 1 C
de = 0
df = 0
ef = 0
S
-5.2778
7.1667
3
U
0
-1
0
L
5m
3m
4m
A
0.0005m2
0.0005m2
0.0005m2
E
12 Gpa
12 Gpa
12 Gpa
bd
cd
ce
de
df
ef
-8.6133
-5.4083
11.6667
0
-14.0216
11.6667
0
0
-1
0
0
-1
3m
2m
3m
0.0005m2
0.0005m2
0.0005m2
0.0005m2
0.0005m2
0.0005m2
S-uRe
0
-5.2778
-3.5833
1.05
17.8333
-8.6133
-5.4083
-5.8333
0.5
221.8333
-14.0216
-5.8333
0.5
21.8333
Rah = 18.1667 KN
Rfh =
Rfv = 10.7778 KN
Rav = 7.2222 KN
Example 2
Find the reactions.
12 Gpa
12 Gpa
12 Gpa
12 Gpa
12 Gpa
12 Gpa
Member
ab
ac
-4
-2.8284
0
0
4m
5.6567m
0.0005m2
0.0005m2
12 Gpa
12 Gpa
ad
4m
0.0005m2
12 Gpa
12 Gpa
bc
-4
4m
0.0005m
cd
-6
4m
0.0005m2
12 Gpa
ce
-6
4m
0.0005m2
12 Gpa
0.0005m
12 Gpa
0.0005m
12 Gpa
0.0005m
12 Gpa
de
df
ef
8.4853
0
-10
0
1
0
5.6567m
4m
4m
S-uRe
0
0
4
0
0
-5.8333
0
0
-5.8333
Rfh = 3 KN
Rav = 6 KN
Rfv = 10 KN
Rah = 11 KN
0
1.05
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-4
-2.8284
9
-4
-6
-6
8.4853
3
-10
MOMENT
DISTRIBUTION
METHOD
(MDM)
Example 1
Find the reactions of the frames below.
Column = 2I
Beam = I
Origin
A
ab
1
-14.40
ba
0.7059
9.6
bd
0.2941
-82.5
1st
14.40
51.4601
CO
nd
2
25.7301
-25.7301
7.2
-5.0219
CO
3rd
-2.5110
-2.5110
0
DF
FEM
C
cd
0
0
db
0.2059
82.5
D
dc
0.6176
0
21.4399
-0.1716
-0.0858
-2.0923
-0.2573
0
10.72
6.2003
-12.8651
6.8930
3.1002
2.8719
9.2990
0
57.2661
-57.2661
9.0417
+Fv = 0
Rvc = 168.5884 KN
Fh= 0
Rhc = 19.4532 KN
de
0.1765
-81.6667
E
ed
1
81.6667
-0.5146
-0.1471
-81.6667
0
18.5980
-40.8334
5.3150
-0.0736
0.0736
-1.0462
0.2078
0
0.6234
0.0368
0.1782
2.6575
-2.6575
98.4103
18.7068
-117.1172
Example 1
Determine the vertical deflection at point E of the simple frame
below. Use E=11370 MPa and I = 1750x106 mm4 for all members.
Unit Load
2. Segment bd
3. Segment cd
4. Segment de
5. Segment ef
2. Segment bd
3. Segment cd
4. Segment de
5. Segment ef
Solution:
mab = x
mbd = x
mcd = 0
mde = 0.6667x
mef = 0.6667x
Substitute:
Moment
Distribution of
Frames with
Sidesway
Procedure:
1. The joints are held against sidesway. The fixed-end moments
caused by the applied loading are distributed and the first set of
balanced end moments is obtained, call these joint as M .
2. The unloaded frame is then assumed to have a certain amount
of sidesway which will cause a set of fixed-end moments. These
fixed-end moment are then distributed and a second set of
balanced end moment is obtained, call these moment as M .
3. The resulting set of end moments may be obtained by adding
the first set and the product of a ratio k and a second set. The
value k may be obtained using shear conditions.
M = M + KM
ILLUSTRATION:
Actual frame
M
Due to loads
M
Due to sidesway
M
Example 1
Orig
MEM
DF
FEM
1ST
CO
ND
2
CO
RD
3
A
ab
0
0
0
1.0302
0
-0.0661
0
0.9614
ba
0.3636
0
2.0604
0
-0.1321
0
0.0532
1.9815
B
bg
0.2728
-2.6667
1.5459
-0.3638
-0.0991
-0.0063
0.0399
-1.5501
bc
0.3636
-3
2.0604
0.7272
-0.1321
-0.1401
0.0532
-0.4314
cb
0.3636
3
1.4544
1.0302
-0.2801
-0.0661
-0.0432
5.0952
C
cf
0.2728
-4
1.0912
0.5456
-0.2801
0.0372
-0.0432
-1.5460
cd
0.3636
-3
1.4544
0.2857
-0.2801
0.0372
-0.0432
-1.5460
Orig
MEM
DF
FEM
ST
1
CO
ND
2
CO
RD
3
Orig
MEM
DF
FEM
1ST
CO
2ND
CO
3RD
D
dc
0.5714
3
0.5714
0.7272
0.0734
-0.1401
0.0173
4.2501
gf
0.3636
0
-1.4544
-0.4840
0.3934
-0.0084
-0.0120
-1.5662
E
de
0.4286
-4
0.4286
-0.8572
-0.0361
0.1099
0.0129
-4.2501
G
gb
0.2127
2.6667
-0.7275
0.7730
-0.0125
-0.0496
-0.0401
2.6100
ed
0.4286
4
-1.7144
0.2143
0.2198
-0.0181
-0.0963
2.6513
gh
0.3636
0
-0.9696
0
-0.0167
0
-0.0535
-1.0398
ef
0.5714
0
-2.2856
0.7272
0.2931
0.1967
0.1283
-2.6513
fe
0.3636
0
1.4544
1.1428
0.3934
0.1466
-0.0121
-2.0693
H
hg
0
0
0
-0.4848
0
-0.0084
0
-0.4932
F
fc
0.2727
4
1.0912
0.5456
0.2952
-0.1051
-0.0090
3.6354
fg
0.3636
0
-0.9696
-0.7272
-0.0167
0.1967
-0.0535
-1.5703
PORTAL
METHOD
Example 1
Determine the shear moment and axial forces, and the columns,
girders of the frame below.
Solution:
1.) Column Shear
1st level
ground level
1st level
Ground level
Joint C
3.625 Scb = 0
Scb = 5.625 KN
Joint i
Sih 5.625 = 0
Sih = 5.625 KN
Joint b
Joint d
By inspection, Sde = 0
Joint e
By inspection, Sef = 0
Joint h
Cantilever
Method
Cantilever Method
Assumptions:
1. There is a point of inflection at midpoint of all members.
2. The intensity of axial force in each column of a storey is
proportional to the horizontal distance of that column
from the center of gravity of all columns of the storey
under consideration.
Example 1
Analyze the building frame below completely using the
cantilever method. Assume area of each column is
100,000mm2.
1.
ax
M@1=0
60(1) + Sde (6) sin (14) = 0
60 + 0.09 sin (6) 14 sin = 0
Sin = 4.46 KN
Thus;
Scb = 0.91 (4.46) ; Scb = 4.06 KN
Sde = 0.09 (4.46) ; Sde = 0.40 KN
Ground level (Above B-B)
M@2=0
40(1.5) + 60(3.5) + 0.09 Shg (6) Shg (14) = 0
Shg = 20.06 KN
Sba = 18.25 KN
Sef = 1.81 KN
2.
Girder Shear
Joint c
Fv = 0
Vcd 4.06 = 0
Vcd = 4.06 KN
Joint d
Fv = 0
-4.06 0.40 + Vdi = 0
Vdi = 4.46 KN
Joint b
Fv = 0
-18.25 + 4.06 + Vbe = 0
Vbe = 14.19 KN
Joint e
Fv = 0
-14.19 1.81 + 0.40 + Veh = 0
Veh = 15.60 KN
3.
Girder Moments
Mcd = Mde = 4.06 (3) = 12.18 KNm
Mdi = Mid = 4.06 (4) = 17.84 KNm
Mbe = Meb = 14.19 (3) = 42.57 KNm
Meh = Mhe = 15.60 (4) = 62.40 KNm
4.
Column Moments
M column = M girder
Joint c
Mcd = Mcb = 12.18 KNm
Joint d
Mdc + Mdi = Mde
Mde = 30.02 KNm
5.
Joint j
Mdi = Mih = 17.84 KNm
Joint h
Mhi + Mhg = Mhe
17.84 + Mhg = 62.40
Mhg = 44.56 KNm
Joint b
Mbc + Mba = Mbe
12.18 + Mba = 42.57
Mba = 30.39 KNm
Joint e
Med + Mef = Meb + Meh
30.02 + Mef = 42.57 + 62.40
Mef = 74.95 KNm
Column Shear
Vbc = 2 (12.18) / 2 = 12.18 KN
Vde = 2 (30.02) / 2 = 30.02 KN
Vih = 2 (17.84) / 2 = 17.84 KN
Vba = 2 (30.39) / 3 = 20.26 KN
Vef = 2 (74.95) / 3 = 49.97 KN
Vhg = 2 (44.56) / 3 = 29.71 KN