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THREE MOMENT

EQUATION
(Continuous
Beams)

THREE-MOMENT EQUATION
This is used to determine the moments at the supports of a fully
continuous beams, in turn needed for reaction calculations.

3 MOMENT EQUATION IN BEAMS 1 AND 2

M1L1 + 2M2 (L1+L2) + M3L2 + 6A/L1 + 6A/L2 = 6EI [ (h1 / L1)+(h3 / L2) ]

Where:

M1 = bending moment @ pt. 1


L1 = length of beam 1
M2 = bending moment @ pt. 2
L2 = length of beam 2
M3 = bending moment @ pt. 3
6A/L1 = 3-moment factor of beam 1
6A/L2 = 3-moment factor of beam 2
EI = flexural modulus
h1 = sag / settlement @ pt. 1

h3 = sag / settlement @ pt. 3

RULES OF SIGNS:
If the moment at any point is actually negative, sign must be
used when substituting to the equation. Similarly, if an unknown
Moment is actually negative at any point, the three moment equation
will be having a negative value for that moment.

VALUES FOR 6A/L AND 6A/L


Type of Loading
1.

2.

3.

6A/L

6A/L

4.

5.

6.

EXAMPLE 1

28Mb + 8Md + 2040 = 0

(Equation 1)

8Mb + 28Md + 1824 = 0

(Equation 2)

Multiply eqn. 1 by 8 & eqn. 2 by -28


224 Mb + 64Md + 16,320 = 0
-224 Mb - 784Md - 51,072 = 0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-720Md - 34,752 = 0

Md = -48.27 KNm
Substitute value of Md in eqn. 1
28Mb + 8(-48.27) +2040 = 0

(Equation 3)

Mb = -59.07 KNm
Solving for Reactions at beam ab

Mb = M @ left
-59.07 = 6Ra - 120(3)

Ra = 50.16 KN
Solving for Reactions at beam de

Md=-48.27
Beam BCDE

Mb= M @ left
-59.07 = -40(4) - 90(10) + 21.96(14) + 8Rd

Rd = 86.69 KN
Beam BCDE

Md = M @ right
-48.27 = 50.16(14) - 120(11) - 40(4) +8Rb

Rb = 86.69 KN

SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAM

Example 2

Overhang Beam ab

Mb = -15(1.5)

Mb = -22.5 KNm
Beam bd

(Equation 1)

Beam ce

(Equation 2)
Multiply Eqn. 1 by 2, Equate 1 by 2
56Mc + 16Md + 9570 = 0
-8Mc - 16Md - 3840 = 0
________________________________________________________

48Mc

+ 5730 = 0

Mc = -119.38 KNm
Sustitute te value of Mc in Eqn. 1
28(-119.38) + 8Md + 4785 = 0

Md = -180.30 KNm

SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAM

BEAM
DEFLECTIONS

THREE MOMENT
EQUATION

Example 1
Find the deflection at midspan.

DEFLECTION AT MIDSPAN:

thus;

Example 2
Find the deflection at midspan.

DEFLECTION AT MIDSPAN:

Example 3
Find the deflection at b and d.

MOMENT AT MIDSPAN OF ABC :

Mb = 12.8125 KNm

MOMENT AT C:

MC = -5.625 KNm

DEFLECTION AT POINT D

DEFLECTION AT POINT B

Example 4
Find the deflection at point d and f.

Example 5
Find the deflection 7m from point a.

Example 6
Find the deflection at point b and d.

DEFLECTION AT POINT B

DEFLECTION AT POINT D

Example 7
Find the deflection at point a, c, d, e and g.

E = 200,000 MPa
I = 5.3333 x 10-4 m4

Example 8
Find the deflection at 2.5m from a.

Solving for Reactions

Fv = 0

Solving for the moment at a, b and

Mb = -1.35 KNm
Ma = -5.6 KNm

Example 9
Find the deflection at point b.

DEFLECTION AT POINT B

Example 10
Find the deflection at 7m from a.

DEFLECTION AT 7m FROM A

Example 11
Find the deflection at point b.

DEFLECTION AT POINT B

Example 12
Find the deflection at 4m from a.

Solving for reactions

V
M

DEFLECTION AT 4m FROM A

21
5.25

21
-5.25

UNIT LOAD
METHOD

Where:

M = moment equation at every segment of the beam due to


real load
m = moment equation at every segment of the beam due to a
unit load acting at the point where deflection is desired.
E = modulus of elasticity of the beam (MPa)
I = moment of inertia of the beam at x-axis (mm4)
= deflection at a point and it may be vertical or horizontal
a & b = limits of integration

Where:

= slope at a point in an elastic curve


M = moment equation at every segment of the beam due to
real load
m = moment equation at every segment of the beam due to a
unit load applied at the point where the slope/rotation is
desired
E = modulus of elasticity of the beam (MPa)
I = moment of inertia of the beam at x-axis (mm4)
a & b = limits of integration

Example 1

Find the deflection at midspan.

+
=

Rotation:

+
+
=0
Example 2
Find the deflection at midspan.

DEFLECTION AT L/2

Example 3
Solve for the deflection at b.

Positioning unit load at b

DEFLECTION AT POINT B

Positioning unit load at d

DEFLECTION AT POINT B

Example 4
Solve for the deflection at point d and f.

Positioning unit load at F

DEFLECTION AT POINT F
+

Example 5

Solve for the deflection at 7m from a.

Positioning unit load at 7m from a

DEFLECTION AT 7M FROM A

Example 6
Solve for the deflection at b and d.

Positioning Unit Load

DEFLECTION AT B

Since it is in the same beam, the values of M are the same.


Positioning unit load

DEFLECTION AT D

+
+

Example 7
Solve for the deflection at 2.5m from a.

Positioning unit load at 2.5m from a

DEFLECTION AT POINT 2.5 FROM A


+

Example 8
Find the deflection at midspan.

Positioning unit load

Rotation

Example 9

Solve for the deflection at 7m from a.

Positioning unit load at 7m from a

DEFLECTION AT 7m FROM A

Example 10
Find the deflection at free end.

Solution :

Rotation

AREA MOMENT
METHOD

Theorem 1.
The change in slope between two lines tangent to the elastic
curve at point a and b is equal to the product of 1/EI and the area of
the moment diagram from a and b only.

Theorem 2.
The deviation of point a with respect to a tangent line drawn
from b in the elastic curve is equal to the product of 1/EI at the
moment area of Aab taken at an axis of a.

Similarly:

Note:

Example 1
Find the deflection at midspan.

Example 2
Find the deflection at midspan.

Example 3
Solve for the deflection at b and d.

Example 4
Solve for the deflection at point d and f .

Example 5
Solve for the deflection at 7m from a.

Example 6
Solve for the deflection at point b and d.

Example 7
Find the deflection at free end.

Example 8
Find the deflection at free end

Example 9
Solve for the deflection at free end.

t b/a

Example 10
Solve for the deflection at free end.

Example 11
Solve for the deflection at 4m from a.

at 4m fr. a = ?

CONJUGATE BEAM
METHOD

Theorem 1:
The rotation () at a point in the actual beam is equal to the
shear ( ) at that point o the fictitious (conjugate beam) of equal span
loaded with M/EI diagram.

Theorem 2:
The deflection () at a point in the actual beam is equal to the
moment ( ) at that point o the fictitious (conjugate beam) of equal
span loaded with M/EI diagram.

Condition of the supports


Actual beam

Example 1

Conjugate

Find the deflection at midspan.

M @C = 0

+Fv = 0

M @C = 0

Example 2
Find the deflection at midspan.

M @C = 0

M @B = 0

Example 3
Find the deflection at b.

M @C = 0

Deflection at point b

Deflection at point d

Example 4
Find the deflection at point d and f.

M @ hinge= 0

Ra = 432.222 KN
M @ d= 0

M @ f= 0

Example 5
Find deflection 7m from point a.

at 7m fr. a = ?

M @ b= 0

Ra = 98.9091 KN
M @ 7m fr. a= 0

Example 6
Find the deflection at point b and d.

M @C = 0

Deflection at point b

Deflection at point d

Example 7
Find the deflection at point a, c, d, e and g.

E = 200,000 MPa
I = 5.3333 x 10-4

at a,c,d,e,and g = ?
M @ f = 0
Equation 1
M @ b = 0

Equation 2
Equate Equation 1 to 2:
Mg = 10.125 KNm
Rg = 1.0625 KN

M @ e = 0
-

M @ d = 0

M @ c = 0

M @ a = 0

Example 8

Find the deflection at 2.5m from a.

at 2.5 from a = ?
M @ b = 0
Equation 1
M @ a = 0

Equation 2
Rc = 0.4042 KN
Mc = 1.82 KNm
M @ 2.5 fr.a = 0

Example 9
Find the deflection at point b.

Example 10

at 7m fr. a = ?

Example 11

M @b = 0

Example 12

at c = ?

Example 14
Find the deflection at point c.

E = 200,000 MPa
I = 100 cm4

at 1m from b = ?
M @ b= 0
Equation 1
M @ d= 0
Equation 2

Equate 1 and 2
Md = -172.5 KNm
Rc = -96.25 KN
M @ 1m fr. b= 0

Example 15

E = 22 GPa
I = 10,000 mm4
at free end = ?

M @ free end= 0

DOUBLE
INTEGRATION
METHOD

DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD


Procedure:
1.) Determine the moment equation usually at the last
segment of the beam.
2.) Integrate the moment equation to get the slope equation.
3.) Integrate the slope equation to get the deflection equation.
4.) Evaluate the constants of integration using boundary
conditions.
5.) Calculate the required slope

or deflection ().

Mathematically:

Moment Equation

Slope Equation

Example 1

Deflection Equation

M = y =
y =
y =
at x=0 , y=0 ,
at x = L , y = 0 , C =
0=
At
Y=
=
Example 2

M=
y =
y=
at x = 0 , y = 0 ,

=0

at x = L , y = 0 , C = 0=

At x =
y=
=
Example 3

M = y = 11.375x + 21.125 < x-5> - 2.5


y =
y =
at x=0 , y = 0 ,
at x=5 , y = 0 , C = -21.3542
0=
C=-21.3542
at x=2.5 , y = at b
y= =

y=

Example 4
Find the deflection at point d and f.

M = y = 48.3333x - 2.5x2 20 <x -2> - 30 <x 6>+


101.6667<x-12>
y = 24.1667x2 0.8333x3 10<x-2>2
15<x-6>2 + 50.8333<x-12>2 + C
y = 8.0556x3 0.20833x4 3.3333<x-2>3
5<x-6>3 + 16.9444<x-12>3 + Cx + C2
at x = 12 , y = 0 , C = 432.2222
at x = 9 , y = d
y = 8.0566( 9 )3-0.20833( 9 )4 3.3333<9-2>3 5<9-6>3 +
16.9444<9-12>3-432.2222(9)

At x = 20, y =

Example 5

Find the deflection 7m from point a.

M = y = 6.54545x 10 < x 5 >

y =

y=
at x = 0 , y = 0 ,

=0

at x = 11 , y = 0 , C = -98.909

0=
C = - 98.909
At x = 7 , y =

Y=

Example 6
Find the deflection at point b and d.

M = y = 58.9286x -

y =

y=

at x= 0 , y = 0 ,
at x= 7 , y = 0 ,
0=

C = -254.0181
at x = 4 , y = b
y=

b=
at x=8.5 , y = d
y=

d=

Example 7
Find the deflection at point b.

M = y"=
y =

y=
at x=L , y = 0 , C =
at x=L , y = 0 ,

at x=0 , y =
0=

Example 8
Find the deflection at 7m from a.

M = y = -10x y = -

y = -at x = 10 , y = 0 , C = 2166.6667 , 68.3333


0=
at x= 10 , y = 0
0=

At x = 3 , y =
y=
Example 9
Find the deflection at point b.

M = y =
y =
y =

at x=L , y = 0 , C =
at x=L , y = 0 , C =
at x=0 , y =
0=

Example 10
Find the deflection at free end.

at free end:

M = y = -300 + 45x
y = -300 + 45x -

y = -300x +
y =-

at x=0 , y=0 ,
at x=0 , y=0 ,
at x=10 , y= at free end

Substitute the value of x to equation of y


y= at free end = -

Example 11

at 1m from b (left) = ?
M = y = 0.778<x-2> + 6.2222<x-5> y = 0.778<x-2> + 6.2222<x-5> y =
y =
y =

at 1m. From b =

Example 12

Maximum = ?
M = y = -15.7321<x-2> - 10<x-4> - 26.7679 <x 9>
+
y =

y =

C1 = 14.6006
C2= -31.3029

Location of max

0=
x = 5.8223 m

Max

Max =

CASTIGLIANOS
SECOND THEOREM

Castiglianos Second Theorem


This theorem is used to determine deflections of statically
determinate structure and its also used to analyze indeterminate beam
and trusses.

=
where:
M - bending moment equation at each segment of the beam
due to real loads with respect to the chosen origin.
partial derivation of bending moment due to load P.
EI Flexural modulus
Note:
1. In applying the theorems, the load at a point where the
deflection is desired is referred to as P.
2. After the operations required in the equation are
completed the numerical value of P is replaced on the
equation.
3. Should there be no at the point or in the deflection is
desired. An imaginary force P will be able to replaced there
in the direction desired. After the operation is complete, the
correct value of P which is zero will be substituted in the
expression.
4. If the slope or rotation
is desired in the beam the partial
derivative is taken with respect to assumed moment P
acting at the point which the rotation is desired a positive
sign. The answer indicates that the rotation is in the
assumed direction of the moment P.

Example 1

at midspan = ?
Span Orig M M/P M M/P M (M/P)dx/EI
a-b
a
Px/2
x/2
Px2/4
b-c

Example 2

Px/2

x/2

Px2/4

at midspan = ?
Span

Orig

M/P

a-b

wLx/2+Px/+
wx2/2

x2/2

b-c

wLx/2+Px/2+
wx2/2

x2/2

M M/P

M
(M/P)dx/EI

DETERMINATE
TRUSSES

Example 1
Find the stresses and deflections of each member.

A = 300x300mm2
E = 200 GPa
1 = 63.4349
2 = 53.130

ab = 1.7569 C
ac = 5.2143 C
bc = 3.4286 C
bd = 6.7857 C
df = 9.4235 C

ef = 7.7858 C
cd = 0.2858 T
ce = 7.7858 C
de = 0

Vertical Deflections

Joint a

ab = 0
ac = 0
bc = 0

bd = 0
cd = 0
ce = 0

de = 0
df = 0
ef = 0

Joint b

ab = 0.7986 C
ac = 0.3571 T
bc = 0.2857 C
Joint c

bd = -0.3571 C
cd = 0.3771 T
ce = 0.1428 T

de = 0
df = 0.3194 C
ef = 0.1428 T

ab = 0.7986 C
ac = 0.3571 T
bc = 0.7143 T

bd = 0.3571 C
cd = 0.3571 C
ce = 0.1428 T

de = 0
df = 0.3194 C
ef = 0.1428 T

Joint d

ab = 0.3194 C
ac = 0.1428 T
bc = 0.2858 T
Joint e

bd = 0.1428 C
cd = 0.3571 C
ce = 0.7143 T

de = 0
df = 0.6388 C
ef = 0.3571 T

ab = 0.3194 C
ac = 0.1428 T
bc = 0.2858 T

bd = 0.1428 C
cd = 0.3571 C
ce = 0.3571 T

de = 0
df = 0.7986 C
ef = 0.3571 T

Joint f

ab = 0
ac = 0
bc = 0
bd = 0

cd = 0
ce = 0
de = 0
df = 0

ef = 0

Joint b
Mem.
ab
ac
bc
bd
cd
ce
de
ef
df

S
-1.7569
-5.2143
-3.4286
-6.7857
4.2858
-7.7858
0
-7. 7858
-9.4235

U
L(m)
A
-0.7986 4.4721 0.09m2
0.3571
2
0.09m2
-0.2857
4
0.09m2
-0.3571
3
0.09m2
0.3571
5
0.09m2
0.1428
3
0.09m2
0
4
0.09m2
-0.3194
2
0.09m2
0.1428 4.4721 0.09m2

Joint c
Mem.
S
U
L(m)
ab
-1.7569 -0.7986 4.4721
ac
-5.2143 0.3571
2
bc
-3.4286 0.7143
4
bd
-6.7857 -0.3571
3
cd
4.2858 0.3571
5
ce
-7.7858 0.1428
3
de
0
0
4
ef
-7. 7858 -0.3194
2
df
-9.4235 0.1428 4.4721

A
0.09m2
0.09m2
0.09m2
0.09m2
0.09m2
0.09m2
0.09m2
0.09m2
0.09m2

E
SUL/AE (mm)
200GPa
0.00035
200GPa
-0.00021
200GPa
0.00022
200GPa
0.0004
200GPa
0.00043
200GPa
-0.00019
200GPa
0
200GPa
-0.00012
200GPa
0.00075
b = 0.00163 mm
E
SUL/AE (mm)
200GPa
0.00035
200GPa
-0.00021
200GPa
0.00054
200GPa
0.0004
200GPa
0.00043
200GPa
-0.00019
200GPa
0
200GPa
-0.00012
200GPa
0.00075
c = 0.00127 mm


Joint d
Mem.
S
ab
-1.7569
ac
-5.2143
bc
-3.4286
bd
-6.7857
cd
4.2858
ce
-7.7858
de
0
ef
-7. 7858
df
-9.4235

U
L(m)
A
-0.3194 4.4721 0.09m2
0.1428
2
0.09m2
0.2858
4
0.09m2
-0.1428
3
0.09m2
-0.3573
5
0.09m2
0.3573
3
0.09m2
1
4
0.09m2
-0.7986
2
0.09m2
0.3573 4.4721 0.09m2

E
SUL/AE (mm)
200GPa
0.00014
200GPa
-0.00083
200GPa
-0.00022
200GPa
0.00016
200GPa
-0.00043
200GPa
-0.00046
200GPa
0
200GPa
-0.000187
200GPa
-0.0031
d = 0.000667 mm

Joint e
Mem.
S
ab
-1.7569
ac
-5.2143
bc
-3.4286
bd
-6.7857
cd
4.2858
ce
-7.7858
de
0
ef
-7. 7858
df
-9.4235

U
L(m)
A
-0.3194 4.4721 0.09m2
0.1428
2
0.09m2
0.2858
4
0.09m2
-0.1428
3
0.09m2
-0.3573
5
0.09m2
0.3573
3
0.09m2
0
4
0.09m2
-0.7986
2
0.09m2
0.3573 4.4721 0.09m2

E
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa

SUL/AE (mm)
0.00014
-0.00083
-0.00032
0.00016
-0.00043
-0.00046
0
-0.000187
-0.0031
e = 0.000667 m

Horizontal Deflections

Joint a

ab = 0
ac = 0
bc = 0

bd = 0
cd = 0
ce = 0

de = 0
df = 0
ef = 0

ac = 0.2857 C

bc = 0.5714 T

Joint b

ab = 0.6388 T

bd = 0.7143 C
cd = 0.7143 C

df = 0.7143 C
ef = 0.6388 T

bd = 0
cd = 0
ce = 1 C

de = 0
df = 0
ef = 1 C

bd = 0.2857 T
cd = 0.7143 T
ce = 0.7143 C

de = 0
df = 0.6388 C
ef = 0.7143 C

Joint c

ab = 0
ac = 0
bc = 0

ce = 0.7143 C
de = 0

Joint d

ab = 0.6388 T
ac = 0.2857 C
bc = 0.5714 C

Joint e

ab = 0
ac = 0
bc = 0

bd = 0
cd = 0
ce = 0

de = 0
df = 0
ef = 1 C

bd = 0
cd = 0
ce = 0

de = 0
df = 0
ef = 1 C

Joint f

ab = 0
ac = 0
bc = 0

Joint b

Mem.
S
ab
-1.7569
ac
-5.2143
bc
-3.4286
bd
-6.7857
cd
4.2858
ce
-7.7858
de
0
ef
-7. 7858
df
-9.4235

Joint c
Mem.
S
ab
-1.7569
ac
-5.2143
bc
-3.4286
bd
-6.7857
cd
4.2858
ce
-7.7858
de
0
ef
-7. 7858
df
-9.4235

Joint d
Mem.
S

U
L(m)
A
-0.6388 4.4721 0.09m2
-0.2857
2
0.09m2
0.5714
4
0.09m2
-0.7143
3
0.09m2
-0.7143
5
0.09m2
-0.7143
3
0.09m2
0
4
0.09m2
-0.6388
2
0.09m2
0.7143 4.4721 0.09m2

U
0
0
0
0
0
-1
0
0
-1

L(m)
4.4721
2
4
3
5
3
4
2
4.4721

L(m)

E
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa

A
0.09m2
0.09m2
0.09m2
0.09m2
0.09m2
0.09m2
0.09m2
0.09m2
0.09m2

E
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa

SUL/AE (mm)
-0.00028
0.00017
-0.00044
0.00081
-0.00085
0.00093
0
0.00055
-0.00017
b = 0.0042 mm

SUL/AE (mm)
0
0
0
0
0
0.0013
0
0
0.00087
c = 0.00217 mm

SUL/AE (mm)

ab
ac
bc
bd
cd
ce
de
ef
df

-1.7569
-5.2143
-3.4286
-6.7857
4.2858
-7.7858
0
-7. 7858
-9.4235

0.6388
-0.2857
-0.5714
0.2857
0.7143
-0.7143
0
-0.6388
-0.7143

4.4721
2
4
3
5
3
4
2
4.4721

0.09m
0.09m2
0.09m2
0.09m2
2
0.09m
2
0.09m
2
0.09m
0.09m2
2
0.09m

200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa

-0.00028
0.00017
-0.00044
-0.00032
-0.00085
0.00093
0
0.0015
0.00062

d = 0.00391 mm

Joint e
Mem.
S
ab
ac
bc
bd
cd
ce
de
ef
df

-1.7569
-5.2143
-3.4286
-6.7857
4.2858
-7.7858
0
-7. 7858
-9.4235

L(m)

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1

4.4721
2
4
3
5
3
4
2
4.4721

0.09m
2
0.09m
0.09m2
0.09m2
2
0.09m
0.09m2
0.09m2
0.09m2
0.09m2

SUL/AE (mm)

200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa
200GPa

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.65x10-3

e = 0.000865 mm

Example 2
Find the stresses and deflections of each member.

A = 0.0001m2
E = 10 GPa
= 53.1301

ab = 6 C
ac = 27.5 C
ad = 16.5 T
bc = 0
cd = 0
ce = 24 C
cf = 12.5 T
df = 16.5 T
ef = 16 C

eg = 24 C
fg = 7.5 T
fh = 19.5 T
gh = 0
gi = 0
gj = 32.5 C
hj = 19.5 T
ij = 8 C

Joint b

ab = 6 C
ac = 0
ad = 0
bc = 0
cd = 0

Joint c

ab = 0
ac = 0.9375 C
ad = 0.5625 T
bc = 0
cd = 1 T
ce = 0.375 C

Joint d

ce = 0
cf = 0
df = 0
ef = 0

cf = 0.3125 C
df = 0.5625 C
ef = 0
eg = 0.375 T
fg = 0.3125 T
fh = 0.1875 T

eg = 0
fg = 0
fh = 0
gh = 0

gi = 0
gj = 0
hj = 0
ij = 0

gh = 0
gi = 0
gj = 0.3125 C
hj = 0.1875 T
ij = 0

ab = 0
ac = 0.9375 C
ad = 0.5625 T
bc = 0
cd = 0
ce = 0.375 C

cf = 0.3125 C
df = 0.5625 T
ef = 0
eg = 0.375 C
fg = 0.3125 T
fh = 0.1875 T

gh = 0
gi = 0
gj = 0.3125 C
hj = 0.1875 T
ij = 0

cf = 0.625 T
df = 0.375 T
ef = 1 C
eg = 0.75 C
fg = 0.625 T
fh = 0.375 T

gh = 0
gi = 0
gj = 0.625 C
hj = 0.375 T
ij = 0

Joint e

ab = 0
ac = 0.625 C
ad = 0.375 T
bc = 0
cd = 0
ce = 0.75 C
Joint f

ab = 0
ac = 0.625 C
ad = 0.375 T
bc = 0
cd = 0
ce = 0.75 C

cf = 0.625 T
df = 0.375 T
ef = 0
eg = 0.75 C
fg = 0.625 T
fh = 0.375 T

gh = 0
gi = 0
gj = 0.625 C
hj = 0.375 T
ij = 0

df = 0.1875 T
ef = 0
eg = 0.375 C
fg = 0.3125 C
fh = 0.5625 T
gh = 0
gi = 0

gj = 0.9375 C
hj = 0.5625 T
ij = 0

Joint g

ab = 0
ac = 0.3125 C
ad = 0.1875 T
bc = 0
cd = 0
ce = 0.375 C
cf = 0.3125 T
Joint h

ab = 0
ac = 0.3125 C
ad = 0.1875 T
bc = 0
cd = 0
ce = 0.375 C

ab = 0
ac = 0
cf = 0
df = 0
ef = 0

cf = 0.3125 T
df = 0.1875 T
ef = 0
eg = 0.375 C
fg = 0.3125 C
fh = 0.5625 T

gh = 1 T
gi = 0
gj = 0.9375 C
hj = 0.5625 T
ij = 0

ad = 0
bc = 0
eg = 0
fg = 0
fh = 0
gh = 0

cd = 0
ce = 0
gi = 0
gj = 0
hj = 0
ij = 1 C

Joint i

Mem.
ab
ac
ad
bc
cd
ce
cf
df
ef
eg
fg
fh
gh
gi
gj
hj
ij

Joint b

S
-6
-27.5
16.5
0
0
-24
12.5
16.5
-16
-24
7.5
19.5
0
0
-32.5
19.5
-8

U
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

L(m)
20
25
15
15
20
15
25
15
20
15
25
15
20
15
25
15
20

A
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2

E
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa

SUL/AE(mm)
120
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

b = 120mm

Joint c

Mem.
ab
ac
ad
bc
cd
ce
cf
df
ef
eg
fg
fh
gh
gi
gj
hj
ij

S
-6
-27.5
16.5
0
0
-24
12.5
16.5
-16
-24
7.5
19.5
0
0
-32.5
19.5
-8

U
0
-0.9375
0.5625
0
0
-0.375
-0.3125
0.5625
0
-0.375
0.3125
0.1875
0
0
-0.3125
0.1875
0

L(m)
20
25
15
15
20
15
25
15
20
15
25
15
20
15
25
15
20

A
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2

E
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa

SUL/AE(mm)
0
644.53135
139.21875
0
0
135
-97.65625
139.21875
0
135
58.59375
54.84375
0
0
253.90625
54.84375
0

c = 1517.5mm

Joint d

Mem.
ab
ac
ad
bc
cd
ce
cf
df
ef
eg
fg
fh
gh
gi
gj
hj
ij

S
-6
-27.5
16.5
0
0
-24
12.5
16.5
-16
-24
7.5
19.5
0
0
-32.5
19.5
-8

U
0
-0.9375
0.5625
0
1
-0.375
-0.3125
0.5625
0
-0.375
0.3125
0.1875
0
0
-0.3125
0.1875
0

L(m)
20
25
15
15
20
15
25
15
20
15
25
15
20
15
25
15
20

A
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2

E
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa

SUL/AE(mm)
0
644.53135
139.21875
0
0
135
-97.65625
139.21875
0
135
58.59375
54.84375
0
0
253.90625
54.84375
0

d = 1517.5mm

Joint e

Mem.
ab
ac
ad
bc
cd
ce
cf
df
ef
eg
fg
fh
gh
gi
gj
hj
ij

S
-6
-27.5
16.5
0
0
-24
12.5
16.5
-16
-24
7.5
19.5
0
0
-32.5
19.5
-8

U
0
-0.625
0.375
0
0
-0.75
0.625
0.375
-1
-0.75
0.625
0.375
0
0
-0.625
0.375
0

L(m)
20
25
15
15
20
15
25
15
20
15
25
15
20
15
25
15
20

A
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2

E
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa

SUL/AE(mm)
0
429.6875
92.8125
0
0
270
195.3125
92.8125
320
270
117.1875
109.6875
0
0
507.8125
109.6875
0

e = 2515 mm

Joint f

Mem.
ab
ac
ad
bc
cd
ce
cf
df
ef
eg
fg
fh
gh
gi
gj
hj
ij

S
-6
-27.5
16.5
0
0
-24
12.5
16.5
-16
-24
7.5
19.5
0
0
-32.5
19.5
-8

U
0
-0.625
0.375
0
0
-0.75
0.625
0.375
0
-0.75
0.625
0.375
0
0
-0.625
0.375
0

L(m)
20
25
15
15
20
15
25
15
20
15
25
15
20
15
25
15
20

A
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2

E
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa

SUL/AE(mm)
0
429.6875
92.8125
0
0
270
195.3125
92.8125
0
270
117.1875
109.6875
0
0
507.8125
109.6875
0

f = 2915 mm

Joint g

Mem.
ab
ac
ad
bc
cd
ce
cf
df
ef
eg
fg
fh
gh
gi
gj
hj
ij

S
-6
-27.5
16.5
0
0
-24
12.5
16.5
-16
-24
7.5
19.5
0
0
-32.5
19.5
-8

U
0
-0.3125
0.1875
0
0
-0.375
0.3125
0.1875
0
-0.375
-0.3125
0.5625
0
0
-0.9375
0.5625
0

L(m)
20
25
15
15
20
15
25
15
20
15
25
15
20
15
25
15
20

A
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2

E
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa

SUL/AE(mm)
0
214.84375
46.40625
0
0
135
97.65625
46.40625
0
135
-58.59375
164.53125
0
0
761.71875
164.53125
0

g= 1707.5 mm

Joint h

Mem.
ab
ac
ad
bc
cd
ce
cf
df
ef
eg
fg
fh
gh
gi
gj
hj
ij

S
-6
-27.5
16.5
0
0
-24
12.5
16.5
-16
-24
7.5
19.5
0
0
-32.5
19.5
-8

U
0
-0.3125
0.1875
0
0
-0.375
0.3125
0.1875
0
-0.375
-0.3125
0.5625
-1
0
-0.9375
0.5625
0

L(m)
20
25
15
15
20
15
25
15
20
15
25
15
20
15
25
15
20

A
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2

E
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa

SUL/AE(mm)
0
214.84375
46.40625
0
0
135
97.65625
46.40625
0
135
-58.59375
164.53125
0
0
761.71875
164.53125
0

h= 1707.5 mm

Joint i

Mem.
ab
ac
ad
bc
cd
ce
cf
df
ef
eg
fg
fh
gh
gi
gj
hj
ij

S
-6
-27.5
16.5
0
0
-24
12.5
16.5
-16
-24
7.5
19.5
0
0
-32.5
19.5
-8

U
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1

L(m)
20
25
15
15
20
15
25
15
20
15
25
15
20
15
25
15
20

A
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2
0.0001m2

E
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa
10 GPa

SUL/AE(mm)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
160

i= 160 mm

ANALYSIS OF
INDETERMINATE
TRUSS BY
CASTIGLIANOS
THEOREM

Procedure:
1.) Determine one support as the redundant which is to be
removed from the given truss.
2.) Determine the first set of bar forces due to applied loads in
the absence of the redundant.
3.) Determine the bar stresses due to redundant only in the
absence of real load.
4.) Tabulate the bar stresses obtained using the format below.
5.) Get the summation of
6.) Solve for the unknown reaction.

Radius of Curvature (m)

Example 1

Find the reactions.

Stresses
ab =5.2778 C
ac = 7.1667 T
bc = 3 T
bd = -8.6133 C
cd = 5.4083 C
Horizontal Unit Load

ce = 11.6667 T
de = 0
df = 14.0216 C
ef = 11.6667 T

ab =0
ac = 1 C
bc = 0
bd = 0

Member
ab
ac
bc
cd = 0

ce = 1 C
de = 0
df = 0
ef = 0

S
-5.2778
7.1667
3

U
0
-1
0

L
5m
3m
4m

A
0.0005m2
0.0005m2
0.0005m2

E
12 Gpa
12 Gpa
12 Gpa

bd
cd
ce
de
df
ef

-8.6133
-5.4083
11.6667
0
-14.0216
11.6667

0
0
-1
0
0
-1

3m
2m
3m

0.0005m2
0.0005m2
0.0005m2
0.0005m2
0.0005m2
0.0005m2

S-uRe
0

-5.2778

-3.5833

1.05

17.8333

-8.6133

-5.4083

-5.8333

0.5

221.8333

-14.0216

-5.8333

0.5

21.8333

Rah = 18.1667 KN
Rfh =
Rfv = 10.7778 KN
Rav = 7.2222 KN

Example 2
Find the reactions.

12 Gpa
12 Gpa
12 Gpa
12 Gpa
12 Gpa
12 Gpa

Member

ab
ac

-4
-2.8284

0
0

4m
5.6567m

0.0005m2
0.0005m2

12 Gpa
12 Gpa

ad

4m

0.0005m2

12 Gpa

12 Gpa

bc

-4

4m

0.0005m

cd

-6

4m

0.0005m2

12 Gpa

ce

-6

4m

0.0005m2

12 Gpa

0.0005m

12 Gpa

0.0005m

12 Gpa

0.0005m

12 Gpa

de
df
ef

8.4853
0
-10

0
1
0

5.6567m
4m
4m

S-uRe
0
0
4
0
0
-5.8333
0
0
-5.8333

Rfh = 3 KN
Rav = 6 KN
Rfv = 10 KN
Rah = 11 KN

0
1.05
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

-4
-2.8284
9
-4
-6
-6
8.4853
3
-10

MOMENT
DISTRIBUTION
METHOD
(MDM)

Example 1
Find the reactions of the frames below.

Column = 2I
Beam = I

Origin

A
ab
1
-14.40

ba
0.7059
9.6

bd
0.2941
-82.5

1st

14.40

51.4601

CO
nd
2

25.7301
-25.7301

7.2
-5.0219

CO
3rd

-2.5110
-2.5110
0

DF
FEM

C
cd
0
0

db
0.2059
82.5

D
dc
0.6176
0

21.4399

-0.1716

-0.0858
-2.0923

-0.2573
0

10.72
6.2003

-12.8651
6.8930

3.1002
2.8719

9.2990
0

57.2661

-57.2661

9.0417

+Fv = 0
Rvc = 168.5884 KN
Fh= 0
Rhc = 19.4532 KN

de
0.1765
-81.6667

E
ed
1
81.6667

-0.5146

-0.1471

-81.6667

0
18.5980

-40.8334
5.3150

-0.0736
0.0736

-1.0462
0.2078

0
0.6234

0.0368
0.1782

2.6575
-2.6575

98.4103

18.7068

-117.1172

Example 1
Determine the vertical deflection at point E of the simple frame
below. Use E=11370 MPa and I = 1750x106 mm4 for all members.

Unit Load

A. M due to real loads


1. Segment ab

2. Segment bd

3. Segment cd

4. Segment de

5. Segment ef

B. Due to vertical load downward


1. Segment ab

2. Segment bd

3. Segment cd

4. Segment de

5. Segment ef

Solution:

Horizontal Unit Load

mab = x
mbd = x
mcd = 0
mde = 0.6667x
mef = 0.6667x
Substitute:

Moment
Distribution of
Frames with
Sidesway

Procedure:
1. The joints are held against sidesway. The fixed-end moments
caused by the applied loading are distributed and the first set of
balanced end moments is obtained, call these joint as M .
2. The unloaded frame is then assumed to have a certain amount
of sidesway which will cause a set of fixed-end moments. These
fixed-end moment are then distributed and a second set of
balanced end moment is obtained, call these moment as M .
3. The resulting set of end moments may be obtained by adding
the first set and the product of a ratio k and a second set. The
value k may be obtained using shear conditions.
M = M + KM

ILLUSTRATION:

Actual frame
M

Due to loads
M

Due to sidesway
M

Example 1

Orig
MEM
DF
FEM
1ST
CO
ND
2
CO
RD
3

A
ab
0
0
0
1.0302
0
-0.0661
0
0.9614

ba
0.3636
0
2.0604
0
-0.1321
0
0.0532
1.9815

B
bg
0.2728
-2.6667
1.5459
-0.3638
-0.0991
-0.0063
0.0399
-1.5501

bc
0.3636
-3
2.0604
0.7272
-0.1321
-0.1401
0.0532
-0.4314

cb
0.3636
3
1.4544
1.0302
-0.2801
-0.0661
-0.0432
5.0952

C
cf
0.2728
-4
1.0912
0.5456
-0.2801
0.0372
-0.0432
-1.5460

cd
0.3636
-3
1.4544
0.2857
-0.2801
0.0372
-0.0432
-1.5460

Orig
MEM
DF
FEM
ST
1
CO
ND
2
CO
RD
3

Orig
MEM
DF
FEM
1ST
CO
2ND
CO
3RD

D
dc
0.5714
3
0.5714
0.7272
0.0734
-0.1401
0.0173
4.2501

gf
0.3636
0
-1.4544
-0.4840
0.3934
-0.0084
-0.0120
-1.5662

E
de
0.4286
-4
0.4286
-0.8572
-0.0361
0.1099
0.0129
-4.2501

G
gb
0.2127
2.6667
-0.7275
0.7730
-0.0125
-0.0496
-0.0401
2.6100

ed
0.4286
4
-1.7144
0.2143
0.2198
-0.0181
-0.0963
2.6513

gh
0.3636
0
-0.9696
0
-0.0167
0
-0.0535
-1.0398

ef
0.5714
0
-2.2856
0.7272
0.2931
0.1967
0.1283
-2.6513

fe
0.3636
0
1.4544
1.1428
0.3934
0.1466
-0.0121
-2.0693

H
hg
0
0
0
-0.4848
0
-0.0084
0
-0.4932

F
fc
0.2727
4
1.0912
0.5456
0.2952
-0.1051
-0.0090
3.6354

fg
0.3636
0
-0.9696
-0.7272
-0.0167
0.1967
-0.0535
-1.5703

PORTAL
METHOD

Example 1
Determine the shear moment and axial forces, and the columns,
girders of the frame below.

Solution:
1.) Column Shear

1st level

ground level

2.) Column Moments

1st level

Mcb = Mbc = 7.50 ( 1.50 ) = 11.25 KN.m


Mde = Med = 15 ( 1.50 ) = 22.5 KN.m
Mih = Mhi = 7.50 ( 1.50 ) = 11.25 KN.m

Ground level

Mba = Mab = 10 ( 2 ) = 20 KN.m


Meh = Mfe = 20 ( 2 )= 40 KN.m
Mhg = Mgh = 10 ( 2 )= 20 KN.m

3.) Girder Moments


Joint c :Mdc = Mcb = 11.25 KN.m
Joint d :22.50 = 11.25 + Mdi = 11.25 KN.m

Joint i :Mdi = Mih = 11.25 KN.m


Joint b :Mba + Mhg = 31.25 KN.m
Joint h :Mhi + Mhg = 31.25 KN.m
Joint e :Mbe + Meh = Med + Mef = 31.25 KN.m

4.) Girder Shears


Mcd = Vcd( 2 )
11.25 = Vcd( 2 ) = 5.625 KN
Mdi = Vdi( 2 )
11.25 = Vdi( 2 ) = 5.625 KN
Mbe = Vbe( 2 )
31.25 = Vbe( 2 ) = 15.625 KN
Meh = Veh( 2 )
31.25 = Veh( 2 ) = 15.625 KN

5.) Column Axial Forces s

Joint C

3.625 Scb = 0
Scb = 5.625 KN

Joint i

Sih 5.625 = 0
Sih = 5.625 KN

Joint b

5.625 + 15.625 Sba= 0


Sba = 21.25 KN

Joint d

By inspection, Sde = 0

Joint e

By inspection, Sef = 0

Joint h

-15.625 5.625 + Shg = 0


Shg = 21.25 KN

Cantilever
Method

Cantilever Method
Assumptions:
1. There is a point of inflection at midpoint of all members.
2. The intensity of axial force in each column of a storey is
proportional to the horizontal distance of that column
from the center of gravity of all columns of the storey
under consideration.

Example 1
Analyze the building frame below completely using the
cantilever method. Assume area of each column is
100,000mm2.

1.

Coulmn Axial Forces

ax

1st level (Above A-A)

M@1=0
60(1) + Sde (6) sin (14) = 0
60 + 0.09 sin (6) 14 sin = 0
Sin = 4.46 KN

Thus;
Scb = 0.91 (4.46) ; Scb = 4.06 KN
Sde = 0.09 (4.46) ; Sde = 0.40 KN
Ground level (Above B-B)

M@2=0
40(1.5) + 60(3.5) + 0.09 Shg (6) Shg (14) = 0
Shg = 20.06 KN
Sba = 18.25 KN
Sef = 1.81 KN

2.

Girder Shear

Joint c

Fv = 0
Vcd 4.06 = 0
Vcd = 4.06 KN

Joint d

Fv = 0
-4.06 0.40 + Vdi = 0
Vdi = 4.46 KN

Joint b

Fv = 0
-18.25 + 4.06 + Vbe = 0
Vbe = 14.19 KN

Joint e

Fv = 0
-14.19 1.81 + 0.40 + Veh = 0
Veh = 15.60 KN

3.

Girder Moments
Mcd = Mde = 4.06 (3) = 12.18 KNm
Mdi = Mid = 4.06 (4) = 17.84 KNm
Mbe = Meb = 14.19 (3) = 42.57 KNm
Meh = Mhe = 15.60 (4) = 62.40 KNm

4.

Column Moments
M column = M girder

Joint c
Mcd = Mcb = 12.18 KNm

Joint d
Mdc + Mdi = Mde
Mde = 30.02 KNm

5.

Joint j
Mdi = Mih = 17.84 KNm

Joint h
Mhi + Mhg = Mhe
17.84 + Mhg = 62.40
Mhg = 44.56 KNm

Joint b
Mbc + Mba = Mbe
12.18 + Mba = 42.57
Mba = 30.39 KNm

Joint e
Med + Mef = Meb + Meh
30.02 + Mef = 42.57 + 62.40
Mef = 74.95 KNm

Column Shear
Vbc = 2 (12.18) / 2 = 12.18 KN
Vde = 2 (30.02) / 2 = 30.02 KN
Vih = 2 (17.84) / 2 = 17.84 KN
Vba = 2 (30.39) / 3 = 20.26 KN
Vef = 2 (74.95) / 3 = 49.97 KN
Vhg = 2 (44.56) / 3 = 29.71 KN

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