1

BRAIN TEASERS
1. Several black guinea pigs of the same genotype were mated and they produced 29 black and 9 white offsprings. What would be the genotypes of the parents? 2. If a black female guinea pig is testcrossed and produces at least one white offspring, determine the genotype and phenotype of the male and parent? 3. In foxes, silver black coat colour is governed by a recessive allele b and red colour by its dominant allele B. Determine the genotypic and phenotypic ratios expected from the following matings: (a) pure red and carrier red, (b) carrier red and silver black, (c) pure red and silver black. 4. The shape of radishes may be long (LL), round (RR) or oval (LR). If long radishes are crossed to oval radishes and the F1 then allowed to cross at random among themselves, what phenotypic ratio is expected in the F2 generation? 5. In Mirabilis ( four oclock), a plant hybrid for red (R) and white flower (r) is pink (Rr). A plant with pink flowers is crossed with (i) one having red flowers and (ii) one having white flowers. Give the phenotypic ratios expected in its progenies. 6. In man, brown eyes (B) are dominant to blue (b) and dark hairs (R) to red hairs (r). A man with brown eyes and red hairs marries a woman with blue eyes and dark hair. They have two children, one with brown eyes and red hairs and the other with blue eyes and dark hairs. Give the genotypes of the parents and children. 7. In some plants, such as corn, there is a recessive gene on one chromosome which when homozygous, produces white plant colour, and also a dominant gene on another chromosome which produces white whether homozygous or heterozygous. What proportion of white plants will occur among the offspring of a self fertilized plant that is heterozygous for both of these genes? 8. In garden peas the tall allele (T) is dominant over dwarf allele (t), and round-seeded allele (S) is dominant over that of wrinkled (s). These two gene pairs are also known to assort independently of each other. (a) What proportions of phenotypes are expected among the progeny of tall, round seeded F1 plants crossed to each other if each such F1 parent is derived from a cross between a pure breeding tall, round seeded variety (TTSS) and a dwarf, wrinkled seeded variety (ttss)? (b) Would the proportions of phenotypes in the F2 generation be changed if the F1 plants were derived from a cross between a tall, wrinkled seeded variety (TTss) and a dwarf, round seeded variety (ttSS)? (c) What phenotypic results would you expect if the F1 plants in (a) were crossed to a dwarf, wrinkled seeded plant? 9. If two gene pairs A and a and B and b are assorting independently, the capital letters being dominant, what is the probability of obtaining: (a) An AB gamete from an AaBb individual? (b) An AB gamete from an AABB individual? (c) An AABB zygote from a cross AaBb AaBb? (d) An AABB zygote from a cross aabb AABB? (e) An AB phenotype from a cross AaBb AaBb? (f) An aB phenotype from a cross AaBb AaBB? 10. Two pair of alleles govern the colour of onion bulbs. A pure-red strain crossed to a pure white

strain produces an all-red F1. The F2 was found to consist of 47 white ,38 yellow, and 109 red bulbs. (a) what epistatic ratio is approximated by the data? (b) what is the name of this type gene interaction? (c) if another F2 is produced by the same kind of cross, and eight bulbs of the F2 are found to be of the double- recessive genotype, how many bulbs would be excepted in each phenotypic class ? 11. The colour of corn of aleurone is know to be controlled by several genes; A, C, and R are all necessary for colour to be produced. The locus of a dominant inhibitor of aleurone colour, I, is very closely linked to that of C. Thus, any one or more of the genotype I-, aa-, or rr- produces colorless aleurone. (a) What would be coloured : colourless ratio among F2 progeny from the cross AAIICCRR aaiiCCRR? (b) What proportion of the colourless F2 is expected to be homozygous ? 12. In tomato, genotypes aabbcc produces 100g tomatoes, and AABBCC produces 160g tomatoes, each dominant gene causing an increase of 10g. Give the weight of tomatoes in the parents and progenies in the following crosses: (i) AAbbcc aaBBcc (ii) AaBbCc aaBBCc. 13. In a given plant, long leaves (S) are dominant over short leaves (s) and green veins (V) are dominant over yellow veins (y). The cross SSYY ssyy produces an F1 SsYy. Assuming that S and Y are linked, if 760 individuals are produced in F2 generation, work out their phenotypic ratio? 14. Two dominant mutants in the first linkage group of guinea pigs govern the traits pollex (Px), which is the atavistic return of thumb and little toe, and rough fur (R). When dihybrid pollex, rough pigs were crossed to normal wild type pigs, their progeny fall into four phenotypes: 79 rough, 103 normal, 95 rough, pollex and 75 pollex. (a) Determine the genotypes of the parents. (b) Calculate the amount of recombination between Px and R. 15. A woman of blood group A marries a man of blood group O. There are three children in the family having blood group A, AB and O. Which child was definitely adopted? 16. A woman whose father was of blood group AB and whose mother was A, marries a man of blood group B. Of their two children one has blood group O and the other has A. (a) What is the genotype of the woman? (b) What is the genotype of her husband? (c) What is the genotype of her mother? 17. What phenotypes and ratios would you expect among the offspring of the following crosses: (a) IAIA ii (b) IAIA IAIB (c) IAIA IBi (d) IAIA IA i ? 18. In case of a disputed parentage the blood group of mother is A and her childs is B. List all the possible blood groups which the father may possess. 19. A woman of A blood group and normal vision has five children as follows: (a) male, A blood group, colourblind. (b) male, O blood group colourblind. (c) female, A blood group colourblind. (d) female, B blood group, normal colour vision (e) female, A blood group, normal colour vision. Of the two men that have mated with this women at different times, no.1 had AB blood group and was colourblind, and no.2 had A blood group with normal colour vision. Which of these men is the most probable father in each case? 20. A sex linked recessive gene c produces red-green colour blindness in humans. A normal woman whose father was colour blind marries a colour blind man. (a) What genotypes are possible for the mother of the colour blind man? (b) What are the chances that the first child from this marriage will be a colour blind boy? (c) Of all the girls produced by these parents, what percentage is expected to be colour blind? (d) Of all the children from these parents, what proportion is expected to be normal ?

21. Sex determination in the grasshopper is by XO method. The somatic cells of a grasshopper are analyzed and found to contain 23 chromosomes. (a) What sex is this individual? (b) Determine the frequency with which different types of gametes can be formed in this individual. (c) What is the diploid number of the opposite sex? 22. In Drosophila, the ratio between the number of X-chromosomes and the number of sets of autosomes is called the sex index. Calculate the sex index and the sex phenotype in the following individuals: (a) AAX (b) AAXXY (c) AAAXX (d) AAXXX (e) AAAXXX (f) AAY. 23. If the diploid number of honey bee is 16. (a) How many chromosomes will be found in the somatic cells of the drone? (b) How many bivalents will be seen during the process of gametogenesis in the male? (c) How many bivalents will be seen during the process of gametogenesis in the female ? 24. A dominant sex limited gene is known to affect premature baldness in men but is without effect in women. (a) What proportion of the male offspring from both heterozygous parents, is expected to be bald prematurely? (b) What proportion of all their children is expected to be prematurely bald ? 25. A holandric gene is known in humans that causes long hair to grow on the external ears. When men with hairy marry normal women, (a) what percentage of their sons would be expected to have hairy ears, (b) what proportion of the daughters is expected to show the trait? (c) what ratio of hairy eared : normal children is expected? 26. In fowl, barring (B) is sex linked and dominant, the recessive allele (b) producing solid black colour when homozygous. Silky feathers (s) is a recessive autosomal allele, as opposed to non-silky (S). If black cocks, heterozygous for silky, are crossed to barred, silky hens, what genotypes and phenotypes will be produced, including their ratio? Hint: In birds females are XY and males are XX. 27. A married couple, both of whom had normal vision, produced a colourblind son. Examination of cell samples from the son showed the presence of Barr bodies. (a) What is the genotype of the son? (b) What is the cause for this genotype? 28. Suppose that a female undergoes sex reversal to become a functional male and is then mated to a normal female. Determine the expected F1 sex ratios from such matings in species with (a) ZW method of sex determination (b) XY method of sex determination. 29. Normal women possess two sex chromosomes (XX) and normal men have a single X chromosome plus a Y chromosome that carries male determiners. Rarely, a woman is found with marked abnormalities of primary and secondary sexual characteristics, and she has only one X chromosome (XO), Turners syndrome. Likewise men are occasionally discovered with an XXY constitution called as Klinefelters syndrome. Colour blindness is a sex linked recessive trait. (a) A husband and wife both have normal vision, but one of their children is a colour blind Turner girl. Diagram this cross, including the gametes that produced this child. (b) In another family the mother is colour blind and the father has normal vision. Their child is a Klinefelter with normal vision. What gametes produced this child? (c) Suppose the same parents in part (b) produced a colour blind Klinefelter, what gametes produced this child? (d) The normal diploid number for humans is 46. A trisomic condition for 21 results in Downs syndrome. At least one case of Down-Klinefelter has been recorded. How many chromosomes would this individual be expected to possess?

30. Assume the eye colour in humans is controlled by a single pair of genes of which the effect of that for brown (B) is dominant over the effect of that for blue (bb). (a) What is the genotype of a brown-eyed individual who marries a blue eyed individual and produces a first offspring that is blueeyed? (b) For the same mating as in (a), what proportions of the two eye colours are expected among further offsprings? (c) What are the expected proportions of eye colours among the offspring of a mating between the two brown-eyed individuals who each had one parent that was blue-eyed? 31. Colourblindness is a recessive sex-linked disorder, mostly found in humans. (a) can two colourblind parents produce a normal son? (b) can two colourblind parents produce a normal daughter? (c) can two normal parents produce a colourblind son? (d) can two normal parents produce a colourblind daughter? (e) can a normal daughter have a colorblind father? (f) can a colourblind daughter have a normal father? 32. A colourblind woman marries a normal visioned man. They have two children, a boy and a girl. (a) What will be the genotype and phenotype of the boy? (b) What will be the genotype and phenotype of the girl ? 33. A normal woman whose father was colourblind marries a colourblind man. They produce a son and a daughter. (a) What is the probability that the son is colourblind? (b) What is the probability that the daughter is colourblind? 34. A normal woman whose mother was colourblind has a son. Nothing is known of the colourvision phenotype of the father. What is the probability that the son will be colourblind? 35. If an individual with Klinefelters syndrome (XXY) was found to be fertile in a mating with a normal female, what proportions of his sons would be expected to have this syndrome? 36. According to the sex-determination mechanism proposed by Bridges, what are the sexual phenotypes of the following tetraploids Drosophila: (a) XXYY (b) XXXY (c) XXY (d) XXXXY ? 37. The diploid number of an organism is 12. How many chromosomes would be expected in the following: (a) a monosomic (b) a trisomic (c) a tetrasomic (d) a double trisomic (e) a nullisomic (f) a monoploid (g) a triploid (h) an autotetraploid ? 38. The European raspberry (Rubus idaeus) has 14 chromosomes. The dewberry (R. caesius) is a tetraploid with 28 chromosomes. Hybrids between these two species are sterile F 1 individuals. Some unreduced gametes of the F1 are functional in back crosses. Determine the chromosome number and level of ploidy for each of the following: (a) F1 (b) F1 backcrossed to R. idaeus. (c) F1 backcrossed to R. caesius. (d) chromosome doubling of F1 ? 39. Assume a chromosome with the following gene sequence, the dot () represents centromere. ABCDEFGH. Identify the aberrations for the following sequence. (a) ABCDEFH (b) ADCBEFGH (c) ABCDCDEFGH. 40. If the mutation rate of a certain gene is directly proportional to the radiation dosage and the mutation rate of Drosophila is observed to increase from 3% at 1000R to 6% at 2000R, what percentage of mutations would be expected at 3500R? 41. Downs syndrome occurs in humans when a particular chromosome is present in triplicate instead of in the usual diploid state. Such individuals have 47 chromosomes instead of the normal 46. What proportion of offspring produced by an affected mother with 47 chromosomes mated to a normal man would be similarly affected?

42. A single stranded DNA phage has an A/T base ratio of 0.33, a G/C ratio of 2.0 and an A+T/G+C ratio of 1.33. (a) What is the A+G/T+C ratio in this molecule? (b) If this single stranded molecule forms a complementary strand, what are these four ratios in the complementary strand? (c) What are these four ratios in both the original and complementary strands together? 43. Given a single strand of DNA- 3' TACCGAGTACTGACT 5' . Construct (a) the complementary DNA chain, (b) the mRNA chain that would be made from the given strand, (c) Which strand is the sense strand? 44. Meiotic non-disjunction of the sex chromosomes in either parent can produce a child with Klinefelter syndrome (XXY) or Turner syndrome (XO). (a) If a colourblind woman and man with normal vision produce a colourblind Klinefelter child, in which parent did the non-disjunction even occur? 45. Given the frequency of gene A as 0.2, gene B as 0.6, find the equilibrium frequencies of the gametes AB, Ab, aB and ab. 46. The gene frequency of a sex-linked allele in human population is 0.4 in females and 0.8 in males. Find the frequency in the entire population. 47. Baldness is a sex-influenced trait that is dominant in males and recessive in females. In a sample of 10,000 men, 7225 were found to be normal. In a sample of same size, how many females are expected to be normal? 48. Haemophilia is a sex-linked recessive disease in humans. In a local population, survey was done on 500 men and 20 were found to be haemophilic. What is the gene frequency of normal allele in the population?
_______________________________

ANSWERS
1. Bb Bb 2. bb and Bb 3. (a). BB, Bb, all red; (b). Bb, red: bb, silver black; (c). all Bb, red. 4. 9 long, 6 oval, 1 round. 5. (i) 1 red : 1 pink (ii) 1 pink : 1 white 6. Father. Bbrr; Mother. bbRr; Children. Bbrr and bbRr 7. All white 8. (a) 9 : 3 : 3 : 3 : 1; (b) no change; (c) 1 : 1 : 1 : 1, test cross 9. (a) 25%; (b) 100%; (c) 1/16; (d) 0%; (e) 9/16; (f) 4/16 10. (a) 9:3:4 (b) Recessive epistasis (c) 32 white : 24 yellow : 72 red 11. (a) 13 colourless : 3 coloured (b) 3/13 12. (i) Parents 120g each, progenies 120g. (ii) Parents 130g each, progenies 130g 13. 570 long, green and 190 short, yellow 14. (a) PxR, pollex, rough pxr normal; (b) 79 rough and 75 pollex types are recombinants, constituting 154 out of 352 individuals, i.e. 43.8% recombination 15. Child AB 16. (a) IAi; (b) IBi; (c) IAi 17. (a) All IAi; (b) 50% IAIA, 50% IAIB; (c) 50% IAIB, 50% IAi; (d) 50% IAIA, 50% IAi 18. AB or B 19. man of AB blood group is the father of all three females; man of blood group A is the father of both the males. 20. (a) Cc or cc (b) 1/4 (c) 50% (d) 1/2 21. (a) Male (b) 1/2 (11A + 1X) : 1/2 (11A) (c) 24 22. (a) 0.5 male (b) 1.0 female (c) 0.67 intersex (d) 1.5 superfemale (e) 1.0 female (f) lethal 23. (a) 8 (b) None, meiosis cannot occur in haploid males (c) 8

24. (a) 3/4 (b) 3/8 25. (a) 100% (b) None (c) 1 hairy : 1 normal 26. Males. 50% BbSs, barred non-silky, 50% Bbss, barred silky; Females. 50% Ssb, black nonsilky, 50% ssb, black silky. 27. (a) XCXCY; (b) Mother heterozygous for colourblindness; non-disjunction of Xchromosomes during meiosis and its fertilization with a Y bearing sperm resulted into this type of son. 28. (a) 2 females : 1 male; (b) All females 29. (a) P: XCXc XCY; F1: XCO (b) XC and XCY (c) Xc Xc and Y (d) 48 30. (a) XbY and XBXb; (b) 1 : 1; (c) 3 brown : 1 blue 31. (a) No; (b) No; (c) Yes, if the mother is a carrier; (d) No; (e) Yes; (f) No 32. (a) XCY, colourblind; (b) XCX, normal but carrier 33. (a) 50%; (b) 50% 34. 50% 35. 0% 36. (a) male; (b) intersex; (c) male; (d) female

37. (a) 11 (b) 13 (c) 14 (d) 14 (e) 10 (f) 6 (g) 18 (h) 24 38. (a) 21, triploid (b) 28, tetraploid (c) 35, pentaploid (d) 42, hexaploid 39. (a) Deletion; (b) Inversion; (c) Duplication 40. 10.5% 41. 50% sons and 50% daughters will be affected 42. (a) 0.75; (b) 3.03, 0.5, 1.33, 1.33; (c) 1.0, 1.0, 1.33, 1.0 43. (a) 5' ATGGCTCATGACTGA 3' ; (b) 5' AUGGCUCAUGACUGA 3' ; (c) the strand given in question will be the sense strand as it can code for AUG. The complementary strand cannot code for it and therefore it will be the antisense strand. 44. Mother. 45. AB = 0.12, Ab = 0.16, aB = 0.48, ab = 0.32 46. 0.6 47. 9075 48. 0.96

__________________________ EXPLANATION
1. 29 black and 9 white means 3 : 1 ratio (genotypic) approximately. The phenotypic ratio must be 1 (homozygous black) : 2 (heterozygous black) : 1 (homozygous white). B b B BB Bb b Bb bb 2. The black female is test crossed; i.e. it is crossed with bb. There are two possibilities of the genotype of female BB or Bb. b b B Bb Bb
(i)

B Bb Bb

b b

B Bb Bb
(ii)

b bb bb

In cross (i) above, no white offspring is produced, therefore the genotype of the female is Bb, i.e. the (ii) cross; and bb that of male. B B BB b Bb B BB Bb 3. b b B Bb Bb b bb bb b b B Bb Bb B Bb Bb

(a) BB, Bb, all red

(b) Bb, red: bb, silver black

(c) all Bb, red

4. It is a clear cut case of duplicate genes with cumulative effect in which both the dominant non allelic alleles, when present together, give a new phenotype, but when allowed to express independently, they give their own phenotypic expression separately, giving the ratio 9 : 6 : 1. 5. Mirabilis shows incomplete dominance. R R RR R RR r Rr Rr r r R Rr Rr r rr rr

(i) 1 red : 1 pink 6. bR br Br BbRr (brown, dark) Bbrr (brown, red)

(ii) 1 pink : 1 white br bbRr (blue, dark) Bbrr (brown, dark)

7. Recessive gene on one chromosome produces white (ww; homozygous). Dominant gene on another chromosome produces white (AA; homozygous or Aa; heterozygous). Heterozygous F1 for both the alleles will be Aw (white). A w A AA Aw w Aw ww The offspring will be 1 AA (white) : 2 Aw (white) : 1 ww (white) 8. (a) The F1 is TtSs obtained by crossing TTSS and ttss. When these F1 are selfed, they will show the normal Mendelian ratio as 9 : 3 : 3 : 1. (b) If the P generation is changed then also the F1 obtained will be TtSs. So the F2 ratio will not change. (c) If F1 is crossed to recessive parents (dwarf, wrinkled), i.e. test cross, the ratio will be 1 : 1 : 1 : 1. 9. (a) Gametes of AaBb are AB, Ab, aB and ab. AB is 1 out of 4, i.e. 25%. (b) Gametes of AABB are all AB, i.e. 100%. (c) AABB zygote is homozygous dominant and we know that in a F 2 ratio, pure dominant and pure recessive are formed singly, i.e. 1/16. (d) AABB zygote canot be formed because the other parent (aabb) does not have any dominant allele, so the answer is 0%. (e) AB phenotype means dominant phenotype. In the ratio 9 : 3 : 3 : 1, the number 9 shows the dominant phenotype, i.e. 9/16. (f) In the ratio 9 : 3 : 3 : 1, the last numbers 3 and 1 shows the aB phenotype, i.e. 4/16. 10. (a) 109 : 38 : 47 is approximately 9 : 3 : 4. (b) This ratio depicts recessive epistasis. (c) Eight bulbs are double recessive, so by multiplying the 9 : 3 : 4 by eight we get the answer as 72 (red) : 32 (white) : 24 (yellow). 11. Here the dominant allele, either in homozygous or heterozygous condition, of one gene and the homozygous recessive allele of other gene produces the same phenotype. This is the case of dominant recessive interaction and the ratio comes to be 13 : 3, out of which only 3 will be homozygous colourless.

12. (i) Weight of AAbbcc is 100 + (10A +10A) = 120g. Weight of aaBBcc is 100 + (10B +10B) = 120g. The genotype of the progeny will be AaBbcc; its weight is 100 + (10A +10B) = 120g. (ii) Weight of AaBbCc is 100 + (10A +10B + 10C) = 130g. Weight of aaBBCc is 100 + (20B +10C) = 130g. The genotype of the progeny will be AaBbCc; its weight is 100 + (10A +10B + 10C) = 130g. 13. S and Y are linked so they will probably give the ratio of 3 : 1 in F 2 generation. Therefore out of 760, 570 will be long, green and 190 will be short, yellow. 14. (a) One parent is dihybrid pollex (Px), rough (R), means its genotype is PxR. The other is wild i.e. px and normal i.e. r, so its genotype is pxr. (b) 79 rough (R) and 75 pollex types (Px) are recombinants, constituting 154 (79 + 75) out of 352 (79 + 75 + 103 + 75) individuals, i.e. 154/352 x 100 = 43.8% recombination. IA IO O A O A O I I I I I IO IA IO IA IO (i) Hetreozygous A 15. IA IA A A I I I I I IO IA IO IA IA (ii) Homozygous A
O A O

Woman of blood group A may be homozygous or heterozygous. Both the possibilities have been shown here. But none of the case is found to be of blood group AB of the child. So, AB child is the adopted one. IA A A I I IA IO IB A B I I IB IO 16. (a) I IA
A

I IO

IA I I IA IA
A A

IB I I IA IB
A B

(i) Heterozygous A

(ii) Heterozygous A

The mother of the woman may be homozygous or heterozygous. Both the cases are solved above. The woman may be of blood group AB or A. When she marries a man with B blood group and children have blood group O and A, then it is sure that woman is of A blood group. Now the question arises homozygous A or heterozygous A. This is solved below. I IO
B

IA I I IA IO
A B

IO I I IO IO
B O

I IO

IA I I IA IO
A B

IA I I IA IO
A B

(iii) Heterozygous A

(iv) Homozygous A

In the second case there is no possibility of the O group child. So the woman is heterozygous A, i.e. IA IO . (b) The genotype of her husband is IB IO as shown in (iii) above. (c) Since it is confirmed that woman is IAIO , the genotype of her mother is also IAIO as shown in (i) above. IA IA i IA i IA IA i IA i IA I I IA IB
A A

i i 17.

I IB

IA I I IA IB
A A

I i

IA I I IA i

A B

IA I I IA i

A B

I i

IA I I IA i

A A

IA I I IO i

A A

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

18. Four possibilities arises, either the father is of A, B, AB or O blood group. All of these are illustrated below. IA IO IA IO IA IO IA A O B A B B O A A A B O O A O I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I IO IA IO IO IO IO IA IO IO IO IB IA IB IB IO IO IA IO (a) (b) (c) (d) In only (b) and (c), the child is having B blood group, i.e. the father belongs to either group.
A A A

IO I I IO IO
O O

B or AB blood

19. All the sons are colourblind, this suggests that mother is carrier; father never transmits sex-linked disease to his son. Sons are of blood group A and O, therefore their father must be of A blood group. The father of all the daughters is of AB blood group. The colourblind female is produced due to one allele passed on to her from father and one from the mother. Rest of the females are normal as they received only one allele of colourblindness from their father. 20. (a) If the woman is normal and her father is colourblind, then her mother could either be normal (cc) or a carrier (Cc), but not colourblind (CC). (b) If the woman father is colourblind, the woman must be recessive to colourblindness. X Y
C

XC XCXC XC Y

X XC X XY

We know that the chance of boy or a girl is 50%, and as shown above, the chances of a colourblind child is 50%, so the chances of a colourblind boy is 25% or 1/4 . (c) 50% girls are normal but carrier and 50% girls are colourblind. (d) Out of the four children shown above, 50% are normal and 50% are colourblind. 21. (a) In XO method of sex determination, the number of chromosomes in males (XO) will be always in odd number and even number in females (XX). (b) Out of 23 chromosomes, 22 are autosomes and 1 Xchromosome. The gametes will be 11A + X and 11A. (c) The chromosome number of female will be 24 (22 autosomes + 2 X chromosomes). 22. (a) X/A = 1/2 = 0.5, i.e. diploid male; (b) X/A = 2/2 = 1.0, i.e. diploid female; (c) X/A = 2/3 = 0.67, i.e. intersex; (d) X/A = 3/2 = 1.5, i.e. superfemale; (e) X/A = 3/3 = 1.0, i.e. triploid female; (f) X chromosome is absent, lethal effect; this Drosophila will not survive. 23. (a) Drones are formed without fertilization and are thus always haploid, their chromosome number will be 8. (b) Gametogenesis means meiosis. Since the males are haploid, meiosis does not occurs in haploid cells. (c) In females the bivalents will be half the chromosome number, i.e. 8. 24. (a) B b B BB Bb b Bb bb BB and Bb phenotype in males causes premature baldness, therefore 3/4 males will be prematurely bald. B b B BB Bb b Bb bb

10

Only BB female will be bald. Therefore out of total 8 individuals, 3 males and one female will be prematurely bald, i.e. 4/8. 25. (a) Hypertrichosis is transferred by the Y-chromosome, so all the sons will inherit the disease. (b) None of the daughters will be affected because Y-chromosome is absent in females. (c) All females normal : all males hairy, i.e. 1 : 1. 26. X Y
Bs

X bS XBsXbS XbSY

X bs XBsXbs XbsY

27. Presence of Barr body in son clearly indicates XXY, i.e. Klinefelters syndrome caused by nondisjunction at the time of meiosis. Refer to the chapter of cell cycle. 28. (a) The functional male derived through sex reversal will still remain genetically female (ZW); it is crossed to a normal female (ZW), as follows. Furthermore, at least one sex chromosome (Z) is essential for life. Z W Z ZZ ZW W ZW WW The ratio obtained is 2 females (ZW) and one male (ZW). WW will not survive. (b) The functional male derived through sex reversal will still remain genetically female (XX); it is crossed to a normal female (XX), as follows. X XX XX XY X XX XX

X X The ratio obtained is all females (XX). 29. (a) XCX x

XC O X (The chromosome from the father is unable to combine with XC of mother, i.e. non-disjunction, producing a Turner colourblind girl). (b) XCXC x

XY

XCXY (an example of non-disjunction) (c) XY x

XCXC

XCXCY (an example of non-disjunction) (d) 46 + 1 (due to extra 21st chromosome) + 1 (due to extra X-chromosome) = 48. 30. (a) Mother is heterozygous brown eyed and father is blue eyed. X Y
b

XB XBXb XB Y

Xb Xb Xb Xb Y

11

(b) For the same mating, the ratio will be 1 (brown) : 1 (blue). (c) Woman have blue eyed parent, so she will be heterozygous brown (Bb). The eye colour proportion will be 3 (brown) : 1 (blue). X Y
B

XB XBXB XB Y

Xb XB Xb Xb Y

X Y

X Y

XC XCXC XC Y (A) X XX XY (D)

XC XC XC XC Y XC XC X XC Y

31. X Y
C

XC Y

XC XCXC XC Y (B) X XCX XY (E)

XC XC XC XC Y X XCX XY

X Y

XC Y

X XX XY (C) XC XCXC XC Y (F)

XC XC X XC Y X XC X XY

32. All the sons are colourblind and all the daughters are normal but carrier. X Y XC XCX XC Y XC XC X XC Y

33. 50% of the sons and daughters will be colourblind . X Y

C

XC XCXC XC Y

X XC X XY

34. There are two possibilities, either the father is normal (a) or colourblind (b). But as we know father does not inherit his disorder to his sons, so his genotype will not effect the son. 50% 0f the sons will be colourblind in both the cases as shown below. X Y XC XCX XC Y (a) X XX XY X Y
C

XC XCXC XC Y (b)

X XC X XY

35. Klinefelters syndrome is not a sex-linked disorder; it is a result of non-disjunction at the time of meiosis. 36. Tetraploid means the number of autosomes is four. (a) X/A = 2/4 = 0.5, i.e. male; (b) X/A = 3/4 = 0.67, i.e. intersex; (c) X/A = 2/4 = 0.5, i.e. male; (d) X/A = 4/4 = 1.0, i.e. female. 37. (a) Monosomy is 2n 1 = 12 1 = 11 (b) Trisomy is 2n + 1 = 12 + 1 = 13 (c) Tetrasomy is 2n + 2 = 12 + 2 = 14 (d) Double trisomy is 2n + 1 + 1 = 12 + 1 + 1 = 14 (e) Nuliisomy is 2n 2 = 12 2 = 10 (f) Monoploid is n = 6 (g) Triploid is 3n = 6 x 3 = 18 (h) Autotetraploid is 4n = 6 x 4 = 24. 38. (a) Rubus idaeus (2n = 14) R. caesius (2n = 28)

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Gametes(n = 7)

Gametes (n = 14)

21 (triploid) (b) First the chromosome doubling will take place of the F 1, so it will become 42, hexaploid. Gametes of F1 = 21, gametes of Rubus idaeus = 7. Offspring will be 21 + 7 = 28, tetraploid. (c) Gametes of F1 = 21, gametes of Rubus caesius = 14. Offspring will be 21 + 14 = 35, pentaploid. (d) Chromosome doubling = 21 x 2 = 42, hexaploid. 39. (a) ABCDEFH shows deletion of G. (b) ADCBEFGH shows inversion of BCD to DCB. (c) ABCDCDEFGH shows duplication of CD. 40. Mutation rate is increasing at the rate of 3% per 1000. So at 3500R, the mutation rate will be 6% (2000R) + 3% (1000R) + 1.5% (500R) = 10.5%. 41. The chromosome complement of the mother will be 45 + XX = 47. The gametes will be 22 + X and 23 + X. As shown below, if such a woman is crossed to a normal man, 50% of the sons and 50% of the daughters will be affected. 22 + X 23 + X 22 + X 44 + XX 45 + XX 22 + Y 44 + XY 45 + XY 42. A/T base ratio is 0.33, i.e. 1/3. Therefore A = 1 and T = 3. G/C base ratio is 2.0, i.e. 4/2. Therefore G = 4 and C = 2. A+T/G+C ratio is 1.33, A+T = 133 and G+C = 100, i.e. A = 33, T = 100, G = 67, C = 33. (a) A+G/T+C ratio is 33 + 67 / 100 + 33 = 100/133 = 0.75. (b) In complementary strand, A = 100, T = 33, G = 33, C = 67. A/T base ratio = 100/33 = 3.03; G/C base ratio = 33/67 = 0.5; A+T/G+C ratio = 100 + 33 / 33 + 67 = 133/100 = 1.33; A+G/T+C ratio = 100 + 33 / 33 + 67 = 133/100 = 1.33 (c) In both the strands A = 33 + 100 = 133; T = 100 + 33 = 133; G = 67 + 33 = 100; C = 33 + 67 = 100. A/T base ratio = 133/133 = 1.0; G/C base ratio = 100/100 = 1.0; A+T/G+C ratio = 133 + 133 / 100 + 100 = 266/200 = 1.33; A+G/T+C ratio = 133 + 100 / 133 + 100 = 233/233 = 1.0 43. Explanation already given with the answer. 44. Since the child is colourblind, that means the extra X-chromosome comes from the mother, in which non-disjunction had occur. 45. Equilibrium frequency of AB = 0.2 x 0.6 = 0.12; Equilibrium frequency of ab = (B) 2 (A)2 = 0.36 0.04 = 0.32; NOTE: Frequency of homozygous recessive is twice the frequency of heterozygotes (2pq). q2 = 2pq = 2 x 0.32 = 0.64; q = 0.8. Equilibrium frequency of Ab = 0.2 x 0.8 = 0.16; Equilibrium frequency of aB = 0.8 x 0.6 = 0.48 46. Suppose the population consists of 100 males and 100 females. Percentage of males having sex-linked allele is 80% and percentage of females is 40%. Combining these two the resultant frequency comes out to be (120/200) x 100 = 60%. Thus the gene frequency of the entire population is 0.6 B b B BB Bb b Bb bb 47. B b B BB Bb b Bb bb

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Out of 10,000 males 7225 are normal, that means 2775 are bald. In the above cross, it has been shown that 3/4 males are generally bald. Here the 3 shaded blocks represents the figure 2775, i.e. one block = 925 individuals. In females only 1/4 are found to be bald, i.e. represented by one block only (shaded), which is equal to 925. Therefore normal females will be 10,000 925 = 9075. 48. (a) 20 men are haemophilic, i.e. 480 are normal; gene frequency of normal allele = 480/500 = 0.96.