Demonstrative Pronouns
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
The
for things at
:
:
Examples
-(
)
This is a man
(for masculine singular-rational)
-(
)
This is a book
(for masculine singular-irrational)
-
(
)
This is a woman
(For feminine singular-rational)
- (
)
These are scholars
(For masculine dual-rational)
-
(
)
-
(
)
This is a car
(For feminine singular-irrational)
- (
)
-
(
)
-
(
)
-(
)
: .
. .
is
These words
-(
)
That is engineer
(for masculine singular-rational)
-(
)
That is a star
(for masculine singular-irrational)
-
(
)
That is a nurse
(For feminine singular-rational)
-
(
)
That is a fridge
(For feminine singular-irrational)
(
}
) {
.
- (
)
Those are farmers
(For masculine dual-rational)
- (
)
Those are notebooks
(For masculine dual-irrational)
-
(
)
(
) -
-
(
)
-(
)
:
{
}
(Verily the hearing and the sight and the heart, of each of those
you will be questioned)
}
{
Possessed and possessor
can do so.
Examples
The teachers
book
Possessor
Possessed
Haamids book
Possessor
Possessed
}
{
follows the
and the
Example
A new house
(Without alif and laam)
(With alif and laam)
}
{
10
called the
regardless of gender.
Oh Yaasir!
The
Addressed
The
Vocative
Particle
11
}
{
The Genitive prepositions
. . . . . .
Arabic nouns have endings to show their function in a sentence. The normal
ending of a noun is
:
:
:
By/at
To
12
Examples:
13
}
{
A noun which is ismul maqsoor, has an aa sound ending. The ending
vowels of these nouns remain constant, despite their change in
function. For example, if they are preceded by a genitive preposition
(Harful Jarr), which would cause them to take a kasra, they remain
unaffected.
The hospital
America
Musa
Zakariyya
Germany
for Musa
to America
.
in the hospital
}
{
14
.
. . .
.
. . .
and differ in their form to correspond to the correct gender. They also
differ to correspond to the singular, dual and plural noun. Note that the
pronoun
animals and concepts are classified as irrational nouns whilst rational include;
humans, angels and devils.
:
masculine)
:
:
For masculine
Who (for plural masculine rational only)
Who/which (for singular feminine rational and plural masculine
and feminine irrational)
15
For feminine
Example
). .(
) . .(
16
) . .(
) . .(
..
)
(
17
. .
)
(
) . .
(
) . .(
18
. .
)
.
The students, who left from the school, are from
England.
For feminine dual rational
. .
)
(
.
The Muslims who went to the market, are teachers from
Germany.
For feminine plural rational
) . .
(
19
) . .
(
20
}
{
The laam of definiteness
,laam of definiteness.
Example
This house
This is a house
21
}
{
The detached pronouns
. . . .
. .
. . . . . .
Pronouns are of two main categories:
, the detached
pronouns and
,the attached pronouns. The pronouns
They are:
: For first person (masculine or feminine)
: I
: We
.
We are students
I am a student
)(
)(
For singular
22
: For Second person (masculine)
You (singular)
You (dual)
)(
)(
You (plural)
)(
: For second person (feminine)
:
You (singular)
You (dual)
)(
)(
You (plural)
)(
23
He (singular)
They (dual)
He is a student
)(
)(
: They (plural)
They are
students
)(
He (singular)
They (dual)
She is a student
)(
)(
: They (plural)
They are
students
)(
24
}
{
The attached pronouns
. . . . . . .
. . . . .
Our book
)
(
.
Masculine and feminine
plural and dual
My book
) .
(
25
Your book
) .(
Masculine plural
Your book
) .
(
Your book
) .(
Masculine singular
Your book
) .(
Your book
) .
(
For masculine and
feminine dual
Your book
) .(
26
Their book
) ( .
Their book
) .(
His book
) .(
Their book
) .(
Their book
) .
(
For masculine and
Feminine dual
Her book
) .(
27
}
{
The kam of interrogation
and its specification
Kam of interrogation comes before a noun and it is used for questioning. It gives
the meaning how much/many. The noun that comes after it is called its tamyeez
(specification) and it is always singular and takes the mansoob case (Accusative
case). Please look at the example below.
Example
Its
specification
The kam of
Interrogation
Its
specification
The kam of
Interrogation
28
Verbs
}
{
Arabic verbs have a root, similar to English. Verbs are normally made up
of three letters knows as radicals. To make a verb represent the past
tense certain letters are added at the end of the root (look at the
examples below). The
is used to conjugate a verb to make it
is used to
represents past tense, plural masculine third person. Please note these
are just a few of the conjugated verbs.
:
.
The mother left the
house
.
The student sat in the
classroom
29
{
}
Example
.
The women (pl.) went
to the masjid
}
{
The waw of group form
:
.
The men (pl.) went to
the school
30
}
{
) (
From 3 to 10
(the number)
(the enumerated). The noun, which denotes the thing numbered, is
. Unlike in English, Arabic numbers
and the number is called the
and the
called
is feminine the
is masculine the
is
feminine (opposites come together). Also the numbers from 3 to 10 follow the
mudaaf and mudaafun ilaihi construction.
3 Female students
to 1
(Feminine-
)
The enumerated
3 Male students
The number
The enumerated
(Masculine-)
The number
.
.
.
When the enumerated is masculine then the number is feminine, and
when the enumerated is feminine then the number is masculine, like
what is clear in the two examples (above).
For the masculine enumerated
)(
Six students
)(
)(
Five students
then the
)(
)(
Ten students
Nine students
)(
.
Four students
then the
)(
Three students
)(
.
Eight students
Seven students
31
32
For the feminine enumerated
)(
)(
)(
Six students
)(
Ten students
Five students
then the
)(
Nine students
)(
Four students
then the
)(
Three students
)(
Eight students
Seven students
33
}
{
The Diptotes
The Diptotes are nouns that do not take a single kasra nor do they take a
Tanween (double vowel), which can be of: dammataan , fathataan and
kasrataan
.)
( .
) (
The Diptotes do not like two things, and they are nunation and the kasra
To Zaynab
In the schools
From London
34
)
(
.
. . . .
(
)
.
. .
.
Talha Muaawiya
Usaama
Hamza
35
Masculine nouns, ending with aalif and noon on the
scale of falaan
(
)
.
.
.
.
Marwaan Sufyaan Affaan Uthmaan
)
(
Yuusuf
Paris
London
Edward William
)
(
Anwar
Ahmad
36
)
(
.
.
.
.
.
better
greater blue
yellow
red
black
white
(
)
full
thirsty
hungary
lazy
)
(
doctors
pl.
strongones
pl.
truthful ones
pl.
rich ones
pl.
37
On the scale of fualaau
)
(
scholars
pl.
colleagues
pl.
ministers
pl.
poor ones
pl.
(
)
.
.
.
.
minutes
pl.
schools
pl.
doctors
pl.
hotels
pl.
mosques
pl.
(
)
chairs
pl.
cups
pl.
keys
pl.
handkerchiefs
pl.
38
~~
~~
Inna and its likes
They make the ism (noun) mansoob (accusative) take a fatha, and
make the khabar marfoo (nominative take a damma).
Indeed/verily
Indeed/verily
But
39
:
.
:
.
I knew that verily Khaalid is ill.
.
.
40
.
I heard that verily the teacher did
not come today.
laakina brings about
istidraak.
41
Muhammad is a hard
worker but Haamid is
lazy.
Laalla conveys hope, and
its meaning is I hope.
) (
Conveys speculation
Conveys similitude
42
.
:
:
.
It is as if the masjid is a
school.
.
.
(
- seeking of the impossible)
.
Would that youth would return!
(
- that in which there is difficulty)
43
~~~~
( .
.
Dhu: its meaning is possessor/owner, and it is always mudaaf
(possessed) and the noun which is next to it is genitive (majroor), by
construction.
{:
}
Allah the most high says (translated meaning):
Verily Allah he is the sustainer, the possessor of
might and power
44
For feminine
plural
These students
(female pl.)
possesses knowledge
For feminine
singular
This student
(female sig.)
Posseses knowledge
For masculine
plural
These students
(male pl.) posses
knowledge
For masculine
singular
This student
(male sig.) posses
knowledge
45
~~ ~~
()
.
46
()
.
, 01 2
.
Hundred and thousand are similar to the numbers from 3 to 10, (in
construction) except that their
(enumerated) is singular.
47
A thousand women
A hundred men
.
() () .
.) (
()
The past tense is negated with
and the present tense with
Example
48
I am not going to
the museum.
.
Ahmad is not writing
(up) the lesson.
.
)(
The letter of future tense
:
49
.
)
(
The preposition of explanation
As for
Example
How much is this book and this magazine? As for the book, then it for ten riyals
and as for the magazine then it is for three riyals.
.
When the attached pronoun of nasb occurs after the pronoun of
second person,
50
:
Increase
in
Attached
pronoun of nasb.
- pronoun of
second person.
= +
Have you seen it?
(Plural masc. second person)
.
And the sound feminine plural; its sign of nasb (accusative
case) is kasra.
51
Example
Students
Fem. pl.
Cars
Fem. pl.
Believers
Fem. pl.
.
:
Allah created the earth and the sun and the moon and the
skies.
()
.) (
.) (
()
52
When the hamza of questioning enters upon al, the
hamza of al is made to stretch.
:
=
Is Bihaar (rivers) the plural of bahr (river)?
= ) + (
Did the headmaster come today?
.
Compound numbers
53
.
Compound numbers are made of two parts.
Eleven
Second part
First part
.
Compound numbers are fixed (remain unchanged/undeclined) on fath so the
first and second part like the fatha.
54
01 00
The numbers from 11 to 19
11 00
The enumerated, from 11 to 99 is always single, mansoob.
.
99 students (male)
.
11 students (male)
12 00
55
:01 00
If the madood is masculine then the first part and the second
part are masculine.
Twelve
Male students
Masculine
Eleven
Male students
Masculine
01 03
The numbers from 11 to 13
,
01 02
.
.
56
Thirteen
Female students
feminine
masculine
Thirteen
Male students
masculine
feminine
57
Ordinal numbers
.
And they are a qualifying noun and an adjective (i.e they act as nat and manut).
Example
.
The second lesson, to the tenth lesson.
58
.
The First lesson.
Because
(.
+ =
) (
)
= laam + anna. And anna is from the sisters of
inna.
Why?
59
= .
?Why
?Why
60
Haa of silence
Why?
:
Did you beat this boy?
Yes
Why?
.
:
.
61
.
And it is made majroor (genitive)
with baa of zaaida (increase).
) (
62
()
The hamza of ibn is omitted, in writing and pronunciation, when
it occurs between two names (and its condition is that the two
names are on one line).
Example
.
Haamid son of Ali
.
.
:
The hamza is not omitted in the example : Hasan son of the imaam,
because it does not occur between two names.
63
.) (
Ismu tafdeel: it is a diptote, (prevented from
changing). It is a description upon the scale of
) ( afalu.
:
,
.
Haashim is tall, and Haamid is taller then him.
.
,
64
.) (
It is on the scale of Afalu.
!
,
This man is tall, how tall is this man!
!
,
This car is tall, how tall is this car!
65
The Object
Example
object
subject
verb
66
Are you not going to the
playground?
.
,
The difference between
67
)(
The maa of connection
.)
( : )(
:
.
.
: meaning I am eating the thing which you are
eating
68
what is this?
what is your
name?
Why do you say that
which you do not do?
69
Haamid left to wash his face..
I left to drink water.
)
(
Making the present
tense verb accusative with anna
Example
70
You
singular.
Feminine
are going.
They dual.
masculine
are going.
You dual.
masculine
are going.
They
plural.
masculine
are going.
You plural.
masculine
are going.
71
.
The sign of its raf is the noon and the sign of nasb is its ommitence, and the
benefit of this alif is that it manifests in the naaqis verb (a naaqis verb is one
which its root ends with an alif, waw or yaa). So if it were not for this alif
you would not be able to see the difference between them.
)
( )
(
That he calls
72
.
(
)
Hamid was rich
.
Hamid was studying
73
.
,)( ) (
kaana,
Example
.
How are you today oh brother? I was ill yesterday and I do not
cease to be ill (meaning I still am ill).
74
()
. : :
.
The kaaf does not enter on the pronouns. Like, : it is said:
75
.
( )
( )
:
.
The present tense verb is negated with
to give a future
( :
. )
The prophet may Allahs peace and blessings be upon him
said : He who wears silk in this life will never wear it in
the hereafter. Narrated bukhari.
76
and
bring about negation in the past tense and they make the
present tense verb jussive (take a sukoon) And the sign of the jussive case
(jazm) in the afaalul khamsa (five verbs) is the emitting of the noon and in
the afaalul arba (four verbs) a sukoon.
.)
(
,
,
.)
(
:
=
=
,
.) (
77
The Five Nouns
in-law
mouth
possess
or
brother
father
78
,
:
.
Ibn Maalik said: abun, akhun, hamun and like wise
hanun, but leaving off the final on is better.
(ie, Hanun)
When the asmaa al khamsa are in idaafa, (other than being attached to the
yaaa of mutakkalam), they decline by the addition of letters.
This is your
fathers house.
I know your
father.
I am your father.
79
And if it is not in idaafa (possessor and possessed
construction) then it is made to decline with its
original signs.
I am a father
() ()
.
Marda
and it is a diptote
(mamnoo minas sarf- doesnt like tanween and kasra,) The sign of its
kasra is a fatha.)
80
Captives
pl.
Captive
sing.
Wounded
pl.
Wounded
sing.
Killed pl.
Killed sing.
,
.
(
)
Akhtar is a Persian name and it is a diptote (mamnoo
minas sarf- doesnt like tanween and kasra). The sign of
its kasra is a fatha.)
The Diminutive
This is a diminutive
.
( )
81
: ,
Fuayeelu
Fuayelu
Fuaylu
A small key
A key
A small hotel
A hotel
A small boy
A boy
82
)
(
Here it is oh teacher!
)(
)(
Information
Beginning
)(
The preposition of
alarming or making
aware.
. :
, :
83
( here I am)
and the woman says: ( here I am).
The man says:
)
(
)
)
(
(
)
,
(
iraab (declension) ,
84
)
(
.
When the past tense verb occurs as an affirmation with an oath, it is necessary to
emphasis it with a laam and qad.
:
(
)
..........
By the fig and the olive. Verily, We created man of the best stature
(mould), (At-Tin 95:4)
(.
.)
85
)(
) (
)(
,
) (
() .
use
When
(
)
.
This is called the lammaa of heeniyyah (lamma of time). It is an
adverb (of time) and is specific to the past tense (verb). Its answer
is always in the past tense like what is in the example.
86
.
)
:
It is not correct that it enters upon the present tense (verb), like the
speech of people Lamma (when) I eat this food I become ill and the correct
is: indamaa (when) I eat this food I become ill.
,
( )
, ,
.
The dual pronoun includes the masculine and feminine. It is used for
the dual masculine and feminine third person and dual feminine and
masculine second person.
87
Alif
,
.
( : ,
.)
It is permissible to use the plural wording of things which are
connected to a person, and can only be found in the singular forms,
when addressing two people.
your(two people) names? ,
Example:
What are
faces, and from it, is his speech the most high: ..so indeed your hearts
inclined (At-tahreem 66:04)
88
: .
The adjective follows the qualifying noun (that which is described) in 4
matters. They are:
In masculinity and
femininity
In declension
89
In definiteness and
indefiniteness
In singularity, duality
and plurality
90