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Basic Traffic Cases

Chapter 3
This chapter is designed to provide the student with an overview of the basic traffic cases. It addresses basic traffic cases components, and their functions, features and required specifications.

OBJECTIVES:
Upon completion of this chapter the student will be able to: understand how a mobile network operates and how different basic traffic cases are handled by the system.

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3 Basic Traffic Cases

3 Basic Traffic Cases


Table of Contents

Topic

Page

INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................29 KEY TERMS.........................................................................................29


REGISTRATION AND ROAMING ................................................................................30

CALL TO A MOBILE STATION...........................................................31 CALL FROM A MOBILE STATION .....................................................32 HANDOVER .........................................................................................33

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INTRODUCTION
One of the most important tasks in a mobile telephony system, is to continuously keep track of where mobile stations are located. One primary function of the Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC) and Visitor Location Register (VLR) is to store information, such as location area, about different mobile stations. It is the responsibility of the mobile station to always inform the network about changes in its location and it must also continuously verify, that it is tuned to the strongest frequency.

KEY TERMS
Below are some key terms that are important to understand: TERM Idle Mode DESCRIPTION The mobile station is ON but not in conversation. The mobile station is ON and in conversation. The mobile station is switched OFF. When the mobile station moves around the network, it is referred to as roaming. Roaming always occurs during idle mode. This is the process in which a call is passed from one cell to another. A mobile station roaming around the network must inform the network when it enters a new Location Area (LA). This is called registration or location updating. A message broadcast by the MSC/VLR to inform the mobile station about an incoming call.

Active Mode

Detached Roaming

Handover

Registration (Location Updating)

Paging

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REGISTRATION AND ROAMING


Mobile stations are constantly moving around in the cellular network. This action of moving around and changing the connection over the air interface is called URDPLQJ. Each time a mobile station changes Location Area (LA) it must inform the system of its new location. This process is called UHJLVWUDWLRQ (or Location Updating). Roaming and Registration are always performed in IDLE mode. In order to choose the best radio base station, the mobile station continuously measures the signal strength on frequencies belonging to each of the surrounding cells. When the signal strength in the current cell becomes weaker than the signal strength in the surrounding cells, the mobile station tunes to a new base station with better signal strength.
LA 1

MSC/VLR

LA 2

MSC/VLR

Figure 3-1. Roaming

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CALL TO A MOBILE STATION


The difference between making a call to a mobile subscriber and a PSTN network subscriber is that the mobile subscribers location is unknown. Therefore, the mobile station must be SDJHG before a connection can be made. The steps in the call setup procedure from a PSTN subscriber to a mobile station are listed below. The numbers refer to Figure 3-2. 1. The PSTN subscriber dials the mobile subscribers number. The Gateway MSC receives the call. 2. The Gateway MSC queries the HLR for the information needed to route the call to the serving MSC/VLR. 3. The GMSC routes the call to the MSC. 4. MSC checks VLR for the Location Area of the mobile station. 5. MSC contacts the mobile station via BSC and BTS by sending a page request. 6. The mobile station responds. 7. BSC selects a traffic channel and then orders the mobile station to tune to this traffic channel. The mobile station generates a ringing signal and when the subscriber answers the speech-connection is established.
2. 3.

HLR

GMSC

MSC/VLR

4.

1. 7.

BSC

5.

PSTN

BTS

BTS

BTS

6.

MS

Figure 3-2. Call to a Mobile Station

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CALL FROM A MOBILE STATION


When a mobile station wishes to establish a speech call, the following steps are performed: The numbers refer to Figure 3-3. 1. Mobile subscriber dials the number. 2. MSC/VLR receives a message requesting access. 3. MSC/VLR checks if the mobile station is authorized to access the network. If so, the mobile station is activated, or ON. 4. The dialed number is analyzed by MSC/VLR, which in turn initiates a call set-up to the PSTN network. 5. MSC/VLR asks BSC to allocate a free traffic channel. This information is forwarded to BTS and the mobile station. 6. The person receiving the call answers and a connection is established.
5. Acknowledgement

1.

PSTN

2.

4.
VLR

BSC

MSC

3.

Figure 3-3. Call from a Mobile Station

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HANDOVER
Since the mobile station can change its position during a connection, it may be necessary to switch the call to a different BTS. Switching to a new BTS when the mobile station has a BUSY state is called KDQGRYHU. To choose the best target cell, the mobile station and the BTS takes measurements on its own cell and on neighboring cells. The active role that a mobile station plays is called Mobile Assisted Handover (MAHO). The results from the measurements are sent to the BSC for analysis. BSC in turn decides if a handover is necessary. The evaluation-algorithm is called Locating. If the algorithm finds that another cell is better, the BSC initiates a request to handover the call to the better cell.

Switch BTSs

MS

Figure 3-4. Handover

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