A Framework on Fuzzy Logic Based Routing in Ad Hoc Wireless Network

Department of Information Technology Kalyani Govt. Engg. College Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, India psbanerjee.kgec@gmail.com

International Journal of Computer Information Systems, Vol. 3, No. 6, 2011

Partha Sarathi Banerjee

Department of Information Technology Kalyani Govt. Engg. College Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, India jnpc193@yahoo.com

J. Paul Choudhury

Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engg. Bengal Engg. And Science University (BESU) Shibpur, Howrah, West Bengal, India prof.srbc@gmail.com

S. R. Bhadra Chaudhuri

AbstractThe development of Mobile Ad Hoc network advocates self-organized wireless interconnection of communication devices that would either extend or operate in concert with the wired networking infrastructure or, possibly, evolve to autonomous networks. Unlike traditional wireless networks, ad hoc networks do not rely on any fixed infrastructure. Instead, hosts rely on each other to keep the network connected. In MANET, any node may compromise the routing protocol functionality by disrupting the route discovery process. We understand the various routing problems related to bandwidth, signal strength, mobility delay, throughput and power consumption. In this paper an effort has been made to form an exhaustive Fuzzy rule based system with respect to values of the above mentioned parameters of MANET. The output of the system is an optimal path which would provide efficient communication, despite the infrastructural constraint of the MANET. Keywords--Delay; Mobility; Power Consumption; Signal Strength; Throughput; Ad Hoc Network; Topology

II. RELATED WORK Several routing algorithms were proposed for Ad hoc wireless networks [4]. A. Boukerche and his team made an exhaustive survey on the routing protocols meant for ad hoc networks. They provided a little bit of comparisons also among the protocols. After analyzing reactive and proactive protocols, Y. Yang, J. Wang, and R. Kravets [1] proposed that the proactive protocols that implement the hop-by-hop routing technique, as Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) [2] and Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) [3] protocols are the best choice for mesh networks. They have also inspected the design requirements for routing link metrics for the mesh networks and related them to the routing techniques and routing protocols. Acampora. A, and Naghshineh. M [5] discussed about the quality of services of a high speed microcellular network. QoS is the basic need of any standard network. Sohan Garg, Payal ,Kansal, Viksit Kumar Sharma developed a fuzzy logic based routing algorithm [6] where they put emphasis on signal power, delay and mobility in wireless ad hoc network. All these algorithms do have their own limitations. These works lay the foundation for the development of our framework in which we try to find out the optimum path for data delivery. In this paper five major parameters of ad hoc network have been considered. They are: signal strength, power consumption by nodes, delay, mobility, and throughput. Fuzzy logic has been applied to get the fuzzified values of the respective parameters. They are used as input parameters of the fuzzy inference system which gives an optimal path as output. The algorithm has been simulated in MATLAB 7.2 in which we have uses the Fuzzy Logic Tool Box. III. METHODOLOGY A. Fuzzy Logic In fuzzy logic([8] [11]), unlike standard conditional logic, the truth of any statement is a matter of degree. The notion central to fuzzy systems is that the truth values (in fuzzy logic) or membership values (in fuzzy sets) are indicated by a value

I. INTRODUCTION Ad Hoc networks are made up of a number of nodes, which are capable of performing routing without using a dedicated centralized controller as a base station. Ad Hoc networks can be represented as a connected graph G (v, e), with a set of vertices v and a set of edges e. Each vertex of the set v represents a network node and each edge of the set e represents a wireless link. The total number of nodes is n = |v|. This key feature of these networks enable them to be employed in places where an infrastructure is not available, such as in disaster and on battle grounds, or we can say that the dynamic nature of these networks and the scarcity of bandwidth in the wireless medium, along with the limited power in mobile devices (such as PDAs and laptops) make routing in these networks a challenging task. The topology of an ad hoc network changes due to the movement of mobile hosts, which may lead to sudden packet losses and delays. In the mobile ad hoc network due to the high mobility, low signal power and limited bandwidth the wireless links are frequently broken and new links are frequently established. Such dynamic network topology presents a significant challenge for the network routing algorithms.

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on the range [0.0, 1.0], with 0.0 representing absolute False and 1.0 representing absolute Truth. The minimum value is 0 and the maximum value is 1. The value in between the range can be decided by the membership function. B. -shaped membership function y = pimf(x,[a b c d]) This spline-based curve is so named because of its shape [7]. The membership function is evaluated at the points determined by the vector x. The parameters a and d locate the "feet" of the curve, while b and c locate its "shoulders." The function is given by y=0 , when x a = 2{(x-a)/(b-a)}2 when a x (a+b)/2_ =1-2{(x-a)/(b-a)}2 , when (a+b)/2 x b =1 when b x c =1-2{(x-c)/(d-c)}2 when c x (c+d)/2 =2{(x-d)/(d-c)}2 when (c+d)/2 x d =0 when xd

International Journal of Computer Information Systems, Vol. 3, No. 6, 2011 has always been to choose an end-to-end high capacity path. A protocol can achieve maximum throughput: (a) directly by maximizing the data flows, (b) indirectly by minimizing interference or retransmissions, (c) by allowing the multiple rates of data delivery to coexist in a network, where a channel with high capacity of data transmission is used over each link. End-to-end delay may also be reduced as a direct result of larger bandwidth. 4)Mobility This is a very important feature of MANET where there is always a highly moving node trying to communicate with another moving node. This mobility actually inversely effects the quality of the signal received by the nodes. 5)Signal Strength This parameter is actually one of the most dominating parameters of Wireless network. Higher the signal power better the quality of signal received. The node will tend to be aligned with the higher signal power.

IV. IMPLEMENTATION x->a b c d Fig 1: shaped membership function C. Ad Hoc network parameters 1)Delay: A network path is preferred over the others with its minimum delay. It is worth noting that if intra-flow and inter- flow interferences, queuing delays, and link capacity are not taken into consideration, then delay minimization often ends up being equivalent to path length or hop-count minimization. 2)Energy Consumption: Energy consumption is a major issue in all types of wireless networks where the battery lifetime constrains the autonomy of network nodes. A protocol, if chooses path with an unreliable link, it would probably produce longer delay due to higher retransmission rates, that ultimately results in raise in energy consumption (along with computational processing overhead of aggressive control packets). For energy saving, most of the work focuses on the communication protocol design. For example, the routing protocol ZigBee [12] uses a modified AODV to be used by low-power devices. By adapting transmission power to the workload, Real-time Power-Aware Routing (RPAR) protocol [13] reduces communications delays. and the link capacity possibly need to be captured by the link metric, as Yang et al. have presented in their work. 3)Throughput It is desirable to implement a wireless routing protocol with the maximum probability of data delivery, minimum probability of data loss. So, in wireless networks, the attempt Here Fuzzy Logic has been used for routing and management of an ad hoc wireless network. The proposed fuzzy logic based routing algorithm takes into account of five input variables, signal power, mobility, delay, throughput and energy consumption . The absolute value of each of these parameters can take a large range at different points on the network. We have considered the normalized values for each parameter. Step 1: Crisp normalized values have been converted into fuzzy variables. For this, three fuzzy sets have been defined for each variable. The fuzzy sets, low (from 0 to 0.4), medium (from 0.2 to 0.8) and high (from 0.6 to 1.0) have been used for the input variables. Step 2: The normalized value of each parameter is mapped into the fine sets. Each value will have some grade of membership function for each set. The memberships that have been defined for each of the fuzzy set for any particular input variable are in shape. Fig. 2 and fig. 3 show the variation of for input parameters signal strength and throughput according to the PI-membership function. All the input parameters will have the same kind of characteristics. Step 3: The rules of inference have been written. Initially total 242 rules were devised. The crisp value of input variable was given and a defuzzified crisp value for selected variable was calculated from the derived algorithm. An output linguistic variable is used to represent the route. Proposed optimal routes are based upon the fuzzy rules for different ranges of the metric availability. The routes are defined as below optimal (from 0 to 0.4), suboptimal (from 0.2 to 0.8) and optimal (from 0.6 to 1.0) between two mobile hosts. The below optimal indicates not optimal path, the sub optimal indicates good path

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International Journal of Computer Information Systems, Vol. 3, No. 6, 2011 Table 1 Rules
Thrpt. Low Low Low

low 1

medium

high

0.8

Degree of membership

Rule1
0.6

Sig. streng th Low Low Low

Mobili ty Low Low Low

Dela y Low Low Low

Energy consumpti on Low Medium High

Route SubOptim al SubOptim al Below optima l Suboptima l Suboptima l Below optima l Optim al Suboptima l Suboptima l Below optima l

0.4

Rule2 Rule3
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 signals trength 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

0.2

Rule4 Rule5

Low Low Low

Low Low Low

Low Low Low

Fig. 2: Input variable signal strength

Mediu m Mediu m Mediu m High High High High

Low Medium High

low 1

medium

high

Rule6

0.8
Degree of membership

0.6

Rule7 Rule8 Rule9 Rule10

Low Low Low Low

Low Low Low Low

Low Low Low Low

Low Medium Medium High

0.4

0.2

0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 throughput 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

and the optimal path indicates the best path. The proposed routing algorithm can apply to different routing metrics. These routes have to satisfy the mobility, signal power, throughput, power consumption and delay requirements of the network. The grade of membership function can be any where between 0 and 1 for each fuzzy set. The defuzzified crisp value for selected variable was calculated from the derived algorithm. Our problem is to find the optimal and suitable route from source to the destination based on mobility, signal Strength, delay, throughput and energy consumption. The system is based on the fuzzy inference system. The major components of the system consist of the knowledge base, decision making, fuzzification and defuzzification. Now we will write the fuzzy rules based on the on mobility, signal strength, delay, throughput and energy consumption and try to find out the optimal path or route. The Fuzzy Inference rules for the proposed routing technique are mentioned in table 1. There are 242 rules devised for this problem. Due to space constraint only some of them are shown here.

Fig. 3: Input variable throughput

In this fashion 242 rules have been formed depending on the three values low, medium and high of the five input variables signal strength, mobility, delay, throughput and energy consumption. The out system is the path or route which is either below optimal or sub-optimal or optimal depending on the effect of the input parameters. optimal means the best path for communication in present condition. The experiments have been done on Fuzzy Logic Toolbox of MATLAB 7.9.0.529 (R2009b).
I.

RESULTS

We have tested our routing framework with many test sets. Table 2 shows some of the test values of the input parameters with which we have tested our experiments and the corresponding outputs i.e route or paths have been identified.

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International Journal of Computer Information Systems, Vol. 3, No. 6, 2011 Table 2 Test values Delay Thrpt.

Sig. streng th Tes t1 Tes t2 Tes t3 0.9 (high) 0.6 (medi um) 0.1 (low)

Mobil ity

0.3 (low) 0.6 (medi um) 0.7 (high)

0.4 (medi um) 0.3 (low) 0.6 (medi um)

0.8 (high) 0.5 (medi um) 0.9 (high)

Energ y consu mptio n 0.1 (low) 0.7 (high) 0.2 (low)

Route

0.8(opti mal) 0.2(belo w optimal) 0.6(suboptimal)

Fig. 6: Output route for Test 2

0.7 0.6

route

0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 1 1 0.5 0.4 throughput 0 0.2 0 signals trength 0.8 0.6

Fig. 7: Route w.r.t signal strength and throughput for Test 2 Fig. 4: Output Route for Test1

0.8 0.7 0.6

route

0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 1 1 0.5 0.4 throughput 0 0.2 0 signals trength 0.8 0.6

Fig. 5: route w.r.t throughput and signal strength for Test 1 Fig. 8: Output route for Test 3

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International Journal of Computer Information Systems, Vol. 3, No. 6, 2011

0.8 0.7 0.6

0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 1 1 0.5 0.4 throughput 0 0.2 0 signals trength 0.8 0.6

Fig. 9: Route w.r.t signal strength and throughput for Test 3

Fig. 4, Fig. 6 and Fig. 8 show the rules for test1, test2 and test3 respectively of Table 2. Fig. 5, Fig. 7 and Fig. 9 show the 3D plot of the input parameters signal strength and throughput on the horizontal axis and output route on the vertical axis. This graph can be generated with respect to any two of the five input parameters on horizontal plane and output route o the vertical plane After running the experiments on various test sets it has been seen that optimal route in a wireless ad hoc network varies directly with signal strength and throughput while it varies inversely with delay, mobility and energy consumption by the node. CONCLUSION Due to the unprecedented growth in the scale and diversity of mobile computing devices, new horizons for wireless connectivity has come into view. In this chapter, we have shown the importance of an ad hoc routing protocol and some of the previous works. Following that we have proposed our new routing protocol based on mobility, signal power, delay, energy consumption and throughput; where the segmentation of nodes will substantially reduce the overhead of the entire network and speed up the routing process. After fully describing its functions and mechanism, we have suggested various optimizations to the protocol and utilized the concept of stability index. Finally, we have done limited trials to show that our protocol is functional and effective; we do see the need in further experimentation in order to accurately access the practical effectiveness of our protocol in a medium to large size network. REFERENCES
[1]Y. Yang, J. Wang, and R. Kravets, Designing Routing Metrics for Mesh Networks, WiMesh, 2005. [2] C. E. Perkins and P. Bhagwat, Highly dynamic Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector routing (DSDV) for mobile computers, SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev., vol. 24, pp. 234-244, 1994. [3] T. Clausen and P. Jacquet, Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR), ed, 2003. [4] Azzedine Boukerche, Begumhan Turgut, Nevin Aydin, Mohammad Z. Ahmad, Ladislau Boloni, Damla Turgut, Routing Protocols in Ad Hoc

Networks: A survey, Computer Networks (55), ELSEVIER, 2011, pp 30323072 [5] Acampora. A, and Naghshineh. M: Control and Quality-of-Service provisioning in high speed microcellular networks, IEEE Pers Communication, 1994, 1, (2), pp. 36-42 [6]Sohan Garg, Payal ,Kansal, Viksit Kumar Sharma: A Fuzzy Logic based network Dependant Routing Algorithm for Ad Hoc Wireles Network, Int. Journal Engg. Research and Application (IJERA), vol. 1 (1), pp. 1-10 [7]Fuzzy Logic ToolBox, MATLAB [8] Gian Nagib & Wahied G. Ali, Network Routing Protocol using GA, International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Computer Sciences, IJECSIJENS-Vol :10 No:2, pp40-44. [9] Anant Oonsivilai, Wichai Srisuruk, Boonruang Marungari, Thanatchai Kulworawanichong, Tabu Search Approach to solve Routing issues in Communication networks, Proceedings of International Conference of World Academy of Science, Engineering & Technology, 53,2009, pp1174-1177. [10] Q. Song and B. S. Chissom, Forecasting enrollments with fuzzy time series part I, Fuzzy Sets and Systems 54(1993) 1 - 9. [11] J. Sullivan and William H. Woodall, A Comparison of Fuzzy Forecasting and Markov Modelling, Fuzzy Sets and Systems 64(1994) 279 293. [12] Boughanmi, N. and Song, Y.Q., A New routing metric for satisfying both energy and delay constraints in wireless sensor networks. Journal of Signal Processing Systems for Signal, Image, and Video Technology, p137 143, 2008. [13] O. Chipara, Z. He, G. Xing, Q. Chen, X. Wang, C. Lu, J. Stankovic, and T. Abdelzaher, Real-time Power-Aware Routing in Sensor Networks, Forteenth IEEE International Workshop on Quality of Service, 2006.

route

Partha Sarathi Banerjee obtained his B.Tech in Electronics & Communication Engg. From Kalayni Govt. Engg. College in 2002. He passed M.Tech in Computer Technology from Jadavpur University, Kolkata in 2006. He is currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Information Technology in Kalyani Govt. Engg. College. He has more that 7 years of experience in research and academics. His current research interest is soft-computing models, networking, cryptography. He has 5 research publications in reputed National/International journals and conferences. Dr. J. Paul Chodhury is an Associate Professor and Head of the department of Information Technology of Kalyani Govt. Engg. College, Nadia,West Bengal. He obtained B.E in Electronics and Telecommunication Engg. From Jadavpur University in 1979. He did his M.Tech form IIT Kharagpur in 1982. He obtained Ph.D (Engg) from Jadavpur University in 2002. He is equipped with an excellent blend of industrial and academic experience of more than 30 years. He has more than 70 research paper published in National/International journals and conferences. His current research areas are soft-computing techniques, optimization techniques, data mining, image processing and networking. He is life member of Institute of Engineers (IE), Computer Society of India (CSI) and IETE.

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International Journal of Computer Information Systems, Vol. 3, No. 6, 2011

Dr. Sekhar Ranjan Bhadra Chaudhuri (04/11/1952) is a Professor in the Dept. of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering, Bengal Engineering & Science University , Shibpur, West Bengal, India. He obtained B.E. Degree and M.E. Degree in Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering from the then B.E.College under Calcutta University in the seventies. He also obtained M.B.A. degree from the Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management under University of Calcutta & Ph.D. Degree in Engineering from Jadavpur University in eighties. In the earlihood of his career, Dr. Bhadra Chaudhuri was associated with the Telecommunication Industries. Afterwards, he joined with what is now known as Bengal Engineering & Science University (BESU), Shibpur, West Bengal, India, as Faculty Member in the Dept. of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering (E&TC Engg.) in April,1982 & continuing till date as Professor thereon since 1989. Dr.S.R.Bhadra Chaudhuri was the Head of the Dept.of E&TC Engg., BESU,Shibpur, during 2008-2010. His current research areas are Microwave, Communication, Small Antennas & Information Security .He has got 90 research publications in the International / National Journals & Conferences at his credit. He has guided three(3) Ph.D.(Engineering) Research Scholars & at present seven(7) research scholars are pursuing their Ph.D. works under his guidance . He is also the joint inventor of one Indian Patent (Digital Insolation Meter) in which the beneficiary is BESU.

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