Hemoglobinopathy

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(Redirected from Hemoglobinopathies) Hemoglobinopathy is a kind of genetic defect that results in abnormal structure of one of the globin chains of the hemoglobin molecule.[1] Hemoglobinopathies are inherited single-gene disorders; in most cases, they are inherited as autosomal codominant traits. [2] Common hemoglobinopathies include sickle-cell disease. It is estimated that 7% of worlds population (420 million) are carriers, with 60% of total and 70% pathological being in Africa. Hemoglobinopathies are most common in ethnic populations from Africa, the Mediterranean basin and Southeast Asia.

Hemoglobinopathy
Classification and external resources ICD-10 D58.2 (http://apps.who.int/classifications/apps/icd/icd10online/? gd55.htm+d582) 282.7 (http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx? icd9=282.7)

ICD-9

DiseasesDB 19674 (http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb19674.htm) MeSH D006453 (http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2011/MB_cgi? field=uid&term=D006453)

Hemoglobinopathies imply structural abnormalities in the globin proteins themselves.[3] Thalassemias, in contrast, usually result in underproduction of normal globin proteins, often through mutations in regulatory genes. The two conditions may overlap, however, since some conditions which cause abnormalities in globin proteins (hemoglobinopathy) also affect their production (thalassemia). Thus, some hemoglobinopathies are also thalassemias, but most are not. Either hemoglobinopathy or thalasemia, or both, may cause anemia. Some well-known hemoglobin variants such as sickle-cell anemia are responsible for diseases, and are considered hemoglobinopathies. However, many hemoglobin variants do not cause pathology or anemia, and thus are often not classed as hemoglobinopathies, because they are not considered pathologies. Hemoglobin variants are a part of the normal embryonic and fetal development, but may also be pathologic mutant forms of hemoglobin in a population, caused by variations in genetics. Other variants cause no detectable pathology, and are thus considered non-pathological variants.[4][5]

Contents
1 Migration patterns 1.1 Migration patterns (Alkaline Electrophoresis) 1.2 Migration patterns (Acid Electrophoresis) 2 Hemoglobin Variants 3 Hemoglobinopathy and evolution 4 References

Migration patterns
Migration patterns (Alkaline Electrophoresis)
In general on alkaline electrophoresis in order of increasing mobility are hemoglobins A2, E=O=C, G=D=S=Lepore, F, A, K, J, Bart's, N, I, and H. In general a sickling test (sodium bisulfite) is performed on abnormal hemoglobins migrating in the S location to see if the red cells precipitate in solution.

Migration patterns (Acid Electrophoresis)

In general on acid electrophoresis in order of increasing mobility are hemoglobins F, A=D=G=E=O=Lepore, S, and C. This is how abnormal hemoglobin variants are isolated and identified using these two methods. For example a Hgb G-Philadelphia would migrate with S on alkaline electrophoresis and would migrate with A on acid electrophoresis, respectively.

Hemoglobin Variants
Hb S Hb C Hb E Hb D-Punjab Hb O-Arab Hb G-Philadelphia Hb Hasharon Hb Korle-Bu Hb Lepore Hb M Hb Kansas (102 Asn>Thr)[6]

Hemoglobinopathy and evolution

Some hemoglobinopathies (and also related diseases like glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency) seem to have given an evolutionary benefit, especially to heterozygotes, in areas where malaria is endemic. Malaria parasites live inside red blood cells, but subtly disturb normal cellular function. In patients predisposed for rapid clearance of red blood cells, this may lead to early destruction of cells infected with the parasite and increased chance of survival for the carrier of the trait.

References
1. ^ "hemoglobinopathy (http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands_split.jsp? pg=/ppdocs/us/common/dorlands/dorland/four/000048231.htm) " at Dorland's Medical Dictionary 2. ^ Weatherall DJ, Clegg JB. Inherited haemoglobin disorders: an increasing global health problem. Bull World Health

3. 4.

5.

6.

Organ. 2001;79(8):704-712. ^ [http://web2.airmail.net/uthman/hemoglobinopathy/hemoglobinopathy.html Hemoglobinopathies and Thalassemias ^ "Hemoglobin Variants" (http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/hemoglobin_var/glance-3.html) . Lab Tests Online. American Association for Clinical Chemistry. 2007-11-10. http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/hemoglobin_var/glance-3.html. Retrieved 2008-10-12. ^ Huisman THJ (1996). "A Syllabus of Human Hemoglobin Variants" (http://globin.cse.psu.edu/html/huisman/variants/) . Globin Gene Server. Pennsylvania State University. http://globin.cse.psu.edu/html/huisman/variants/. Retrieved 2008-10-12. ^ Joseph Bonavetura and Austin Riggs, March 1968, "Hemoglobin Kansas, A Human Hemoglobin with a Neutral Amino Acid Substitution and an Abnormal Oxygen Equilibrium", The Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 243, No. 5, Issue of March 10, pages 980-991.

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