Wireless Sensor Networks with SelfOrganization Capabilities for Critical and Emergency Applications

2010

2007

A WSN Architecture for Environmental Risk Management.

(Incendies, glissement de terrains et rseau de capteurs auto-organiss )

Jean-Benot PIERROT
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Project overview
The key idea of the project was the design a validation of a monitoring system for GMES (Global Monitoring Environmental System) scope, using a innovative sensor networks based on mutual coupling between nearby sensors that allows for distributed detection and estimation with increased reliability and scalability, with minimum complexity and energy consumption; The project focus on the detection of natural hazards and risk management through self-organising, selfhealing, and ad-hoc wireless sensor networks;
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2007

Project overview We aim at developing a totally innovative design methodology where the high accuracy and reliability of the whole network is achieved by introducing a suitable coupling among adjacent, low cost, sensors, enabling a global distributed detection or estimation more accurate than that achievable by each single sensor, without the need for sending all the data to a fusion centre

2007

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How we did it
Develop and test innovative algorithms implementing the self-organization capabilities of the low level sensors and devise the most appropriate radio interface responsible for the interaction among nearby sensors Develop and test two system level simulators addressing the following applications in environmental monitoring:
Detection or prediction of landslides Monitoring forest fires

2007

Develop a Sensor Node prototype Validation on field

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Approach
Development of an innovative design methodology for wireless sensor networks, with a totally decentralized architecture, and employing new techniques for the diffusion of information through the network The entire network achieves a global consensus about a common observed phenomenon, through local coupling of nearby nodes Since connectivity may vary with time due to malfunctioning nodes or node mobility, the network will be able to dynamically adjust the topology, in a self-organized way
2007

A high accuracy and reliability of the whole network is achieved through proper coupling among adjacent sensors The network is scalable, fault tolerant and it can perform different tasks, e.g. parameter estimation, event detection, source localization, by simply changing the values of a few system parameters
100 80 D riva delle va ili d stato di ciascun se re e ta riab i nso 60 40 20

The node simplicity is suitable for an economy of scale

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Approach

Global consensus vs Network Topology

2007

Self-synchronization for a strongly connected network

Self-synchronization for a quasi-strongly connected network

Self-synchronization for a weakly connected network

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Approach From consensus to enhanced solutions of distributed algorithms for estimation, decision and optimization/learning. Finally integrate properties on
2007

Energy consumption minimization Fault tolerant to topology changes Nodes Communication channels Asynchrone and acyclic algorithms Measured data spatial and temporal correlation
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Why was the proposed approach better than SoA

self-synchronization of nearby sensors improves detection and estimation capabilities without the need of fusion centers distributed detection and estimation through local coupling among sensors is capable to reach global maximum likelihood estimates improved reliability of each node, thanks to the proposed mutual 2007 coupling between nearby nodes, simplifies access scheme congestion nearby sink nodes is strongly reduced thanks to distributed estimation capabilities

See the WP3 deliverables

full scalability
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Antenna

Project node architecture

ISM Radio Radio Transceiver Transceiver

Micro Controller

Sensor/s Sensor

Flash Flash

10 cm * 10 cm * 3.2 cm

Power Connector

2007

3D gain (dBi) / E (main) + E

dBi dBi dBi

F = 315 MHz = 35 %

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F = 433 MHz F = 868 MHz reserved = 50 % CEA 2010. All rights = 43 % 9

Project node architecture No Operating System Features

Synchronization + STDMA radio access technique Positioning (nodes and events) Event detection and alarm propagation Average consensus

2007

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10

Two applications

Forest fire detection and fire risk estimation

2007

Landslides detection and prediction

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11

Fire scenario
There are three main typology types of fires ground fires
a fire that consumes the organic material beneath the surface

surface fires
2007

A surface fire is a fire that burns loose debris on the surface (dead branches, leaves, and low vegetation ) A crown fire is a fire that advances from top to top of trees or shrubs, more or less independent of a surface fire
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crown fire

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Fire scenario - prediction

Predictive systems are based on the knowledge of the environment and of its history Sensor networks will be developed to support measurement of parameters allowing the prediction of forest fire danger. Physical 2007 parameters:
Fuel moisture content Weather variables as temperature, wind, rain precipitation Relative humidity Presence of COx

Model with coupled simulators

Forest fire growth Communication

Test algorithm Embedding into nodes

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13

Fire scenario - detection

Two conditions are of critical importance: An alarm is to be raised when the dimensions of the fire are still small FIRE DETECTION
2007

The fire is to be localised as accurately as possible to minimise spreading FIRE LOCALISATION

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14

Fire scenario - simulators

2007

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15

Fire scenario - simulators

2007

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16

Fire scenario HW architecture

Flame Sensor
Flame Sensor S1

The expansion board adapts different sensors outputs to the RS485 serial bus of the Winsoc Node. The Winsoc Node (Master) requests to the expansion board (Slave) to provide the current value of the sensor.

Winsoc
2007 Smoke Sensor S2

Node RS 485

Infrared Temperature Sensor S3

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17

Fire scenario - experiments Several environments to evaluate communication & sensors comportments.

2007

Old forests

Bushes

Field without forests Young forests

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18

Fire scenario - experiments

2007

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19

Landslide scenario
Landslides happen due to the down-slope movement of soil, rock and organic materials under the influence of gravity Three distinct physical events occur during the process:
Initial slope failure, Subsequent landslide material transport, Final deposition of the slide materials.
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2007

20

Lanslide scenario
The annual loss due to landslides in India is equivalent to $400 million The factors aggravating incidence of landslides are:
Environmental degradation due to pressure of population, Decline in forest cover, Changes in agricultural practices and land use, Infrastructure developments in hilly regions, High annual rainfall.

2007

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21

Lanslide prediction
The types of landslides vary with respect to the: Rate of movement:
This ranges from a very slow creep (millimetres/year) to extremely rapid (metres/second).

Model and experiments

Type of material:
2007

Landslides are composed of bedrock, unconsolidated sediment and/or organic debris.

Nature of movement:
The moving debris can slide, slump, flow or fall.
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22

Landslide scenario - prediction

2007

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23

Landslide detection
5 primary sites were visited and 3 of them were short listed.

2007

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24

Landslide scenario - Experiments

2005 2007
2007

Munnar Town, India

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25

Landslide scenario - Experiments

2007

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26

Landslide scenario Architecture

Wireless Sensor Network Nodes Stargate Intel X-Scale Processor based, Top Level hub
Data Relay Point to Wi-Fi, Local Analysis Station, VRC Satellite May eventually be used to replace the Local Analysis Station

Sensor components for two sensor columns

2007

Vibrating Wire and Strain Gauge Type Pore Pressure piezometers (~1 sample/5mn) Dielectric soil moisture sensors (~1 sample/5mn) Strain Guages, tiltmeter, triple axis accelerometers : measure the inclination of the sensor column (~1 sample/5mn) Geophones: detect the seismic vibrations (~10 samples/s) + Amplifier Circuitries
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27

Landslide scenario Architecture

2007

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28

Landslide scenario - Architecture

Sensors column Project Wireless Node

Solar energy scavenging 2007

Wireless Node

Sensors column

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29

Landslide scenario - experiments

Soil move sensor 5 Soil move sensor 3

2007

Pore pressure at the middle position of the hill

Combination
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30

Conclusion Show the limits and interests of distributed algorithms in WSN. The project participate actively to the domain with a large number of publications. Studies are always not enough mature to solve all the problems for a fully coupled hardware architecture Applied models for sensors and environment activities require more studies
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2007

31

Project team
No. 1 2 3 4 5 6
2007

Partner Name SELEX Communications DUNE srl SAPIENZA Studies Universita` Roma La Sapienza Ecole Polytechnique Fdrale de Lausanne Czech Centrum for Science and Society. Universitat Politecnica de Catalunia INTRACOM CEAL-LETI, Commisariat per lEnergie Atomique Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University Antrix Organization

Country Italy Italy Spain Italy Suisse Czechoslovakia Spain Greece France India India

Type Industry Wireless Communications SME SME University University Research Centre University Industry Comms Research Centre University Research Centre

Logo

dune

7 8 9 10 11

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32

Innovation for industry

2007

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