Antibodies are gamma globulins that react with specifically with antigen which stimulated their production.

Five classes on basis of different heavy chain.

FUNCTIONS

1. Neutralize virus and toxins 2. Opsonize microbe 3. Activate complement 4. Prevent mucosal attachment of microbe 5. Enzymatic capability POLYCLONAL ANTIBODIES: antibodies formed from different clones of plasma cells. MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES: antibodies formed from single clones of plasma cells. these are glycoproteins. Have 2 heavy chains and 2 light chains linked by disulphide bond. 3D folded protiens are called domains Domains are of two types (variable and constant) CONSTANT DOMAIN: region for various biological effects like complement activation. VARIABLE DOMAIN: region for antigen binding It consists of hypervariable aminoacids sequence at terminal end of amino acids it is called as antigen binding site. Only 5 to 10 aminoacids forms this antigen binding site L-chain: have 1 variable domain and 1 constant domain It has two types kappa and lambda on basis of Amino acid sequences. H-chain: have 1 variable domain and 3 constant domains It has five types for 5 different antibodies. Take part in antigen binding, carboxyterminal forms Fc portion that has biological activities. IgG and IgA have 3 constant domains IgM and IgE have 4 constant domains Ig is broken by papain a proteolytic enzyme into Fab and Fc fragment 1. It is most abundant type of immunoglobulin in serum of adults and new borns.

2. It appears in late primary response and it is main antibody of secondary response.

3. It is an imp defense against virus and bacteria 4. It is antibody that cross placent 5. It activate complement system. 6. It act as opsonin and attach to Fc receptor of phagocytes and enhance phagocytosis. 7. Play part in type-III hypersensitivity.

1. it is main immunoglobulin in primary response.

2. It provide defense against bacteria and virus. 3. It cant cross placenta. 4. It activate complement system. 1. it mediates type-I hypersensitivity reaction by causing release of mediators from mast cells and basophils upon exposure to antigen.

2. It is main host defense against parasitic infections 3. It cant cross placenta and doesnt activate complement.

1. It is made by mucosal plasma cells

lining epithelial cells, 2. it play role in defense of mucus membranes as respiratory mucosa against microbial antigens. 3. It provides initial barriear against antigen of pathogens 4. It is predominant mucosal antibody. Consequences of Antigen-Antibody Binding Antigen-Antibody Complex: Formed when an antibody binds to an antigen it recognizes. Affinity: A measure of binding strength. 1. Agglutination: Antibodies cause antigens (microbes) to clump together. IgM (decavalent) is more effective that IgG (bivalent). Hemagglutination: Agglutination of red blood cells. Used to determine ABO blood types and to detect influenza and measles viruses. 2. Opsonization: Antigen (microbe) is covered with antibodies that enhances its ingestion and lysis by phagocytic cells. 3.Neutralization: IgG inactivates viruses by binding to their surface and neutralize toxins by blocking their active sites. 4. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity: Used to destroy large organisms (e.g.: worms). Target organism is coated with antibodies and bombarded with chemicals from nonspecific immune cells. 5. Complement Activation: Both IgG and IgM trigger the complement system which results in cell lysis and inflammation.

Major function

antibody Ig-G
Yes No Yes No

Ig-A
No No No No

Ig-M
Yes No Yes Yes

Ig-E
No Yes No no

Complement fixation Mediate allergic response Opsonization Antigen receptor on B cells

Isotypes: antigen amino acid sequence difference in constant region Eg IgG1 and IgG2 and 3,4 etc Idiotypes: antigenic determinant formed by specific amino acid sequence in hypervariable regions. Each idiotype is unique to antibody b/c antigen induce them to produce specific clone of antibody producing cells. Allotypes: these are additional antigenic changes in antibodies. Catalytic activations: antibodies act as enzymes to catalyze synthesis of ozone that is microbicidal. Ig take oxygen and react it with water to produce H2O2 and O3