CHINESE JOURNAL OF PHYSICS VOL. 44, NO.

4 AUGUST 2006
Entropy of Spin Fields in Anti-de Sitter Space-time
Gu-Qiang Li

School of Information Technology and Science,

Zhanjiang Normal College, Zhanjiang,
Guangdong 524048, Peoples Republic of China
(Received February 6, 2006)
Using t Hoofts brick-wall model, the quantum entropies of gravitational, electromagnetic,
neutrino, and scalar elds on a Reissner-Nordstrom-anti-de Sitter space-time background are
considered, and the eects of the spins of the elds on the entropy are investigated. It is
shown that the entropy depends on the spins of the elds, the dierent elds obey dierent
statistics and the contribution of the spins of the particles explicitly depends on its spin
states.
PACS numbers: 04.70.Dy, 97.60.Lf
I. INTRODUCTION
One of the interesting problems in theoretical physics is the study of black hole
thermodynamics. Since the pioneering works of Bekenstein and Hawking [1, 2], which
proved that the entropy of a black hole is proportional to its horizon area, much eort has
been devoted to the study of the statistical origin of black hole entropy [319]. t Hooft
proposed a brick-wall model, by which he studied rst the contribution to the entropy of
the Schwarzschild black hole due to a scalar eld [3]. After this, the method was applied to
scalar elds in various black hole backgrounds [4-9]. Recently, the method was extended to
spin elds in dierent space-times, where, in particular, it has been shown that the entropy
of a spin eld in general is not proportional to the scalar one [1219]. In this paper, focusing
our attention on the gravitational, electromagnetic, neutrino, and scalar elds in Reissner-
Nordstrom-anti-de Sitter space-time, we discuss the eects of the spins of the elds on
the statistical entropy by deducing expressions for the statistical-mechanical entropy in the
brick-wall model.
II. REISSNER-NORDSTR

OM-ANTI-DE SITTER SPACE-TIME

The line element of the Reissner-Nordstrom-anti-de Sitter space-time is given by
ds
2
= Bdt
2
B
1
dr
2
r
2
d
2
r
2
sin
2
d
2
, (1)
where
B = 1
2M
r
+
Q
2
r
2

r
2
3
, (2)
http://PSROC.phys.ntu.edu.tw/cjp 257 c 2006 THE PHYSICAL SOCIETY
OF THE REPUBLIC OF CHINA
258 ENTROPY OF SPIN FIELDS IN . . . VOL. 44
M and Q are the mass and charge of the black hole, and is a negative cosmological
constant, which gives the space-time its asymptotically anti-de Sitter behavior. The event
horizons are determined by
1
2M
r
+
Q
2
r
2

r
2
3
= 0 . (3)
When < 0, under certain conditions, there exist two positive real roots, r
H
> r
1
> 0 [20],
which can be interpreted as the outer and inner black hole horizons. In this case, B can be
factorized into
B =
||
3r
2
(r r
H
)(r r
1
)C(r) . (4)
In order to express the eld equations in the space-time (1) in the Newman-Penrose for-
malism, we take the covariant components of the null tetrad vectors as
l

= (B
1
, 1, 0, 0) , n

=
1
2
(1, B, 0, 0) ,
m

=
1

2r
(0, 0, 1,
i
sin
) , m

=
1

2r
(0, 0, 1,
i
sin
) , (5)
Using the Newman-Penrose formula [21], we can get from (1) and (5) the non-vanishing
spin-coecients
= =
ctg
2

2r
, =
1
r
,
=
B
2r
, =
B

4
. (6)
The only non-vanishing component of the Weyl tensor is

2
=
M
r
3

Q
2
r
4
. (7)
Equations (6) and (7) tell us that the Reissner-Nordstrom-anti-de Sitter metric is of Petrov
type D.
III. SPIN FIELDS
The eld equations for spin s =
1
2
, 1, and 2 for the source-free case in a type D
space-time can be combined into [12, 13]
_

_
_
[D (2p + 1)][2p + ] [ + 2(p 1)][

2p]
(2s 1)(s 1)
2
_

p=s
= 0 ,
_
[2(p + 1) + (1 2p)][D ] [

2(p + 1)][ + 2p]

(2s 1)(s 1)
2
_

p=s
= 0 ,
(8)
VOL. 44 GU-QIANG LI 259
where D, , and are the directional derivatives, given by D = l

, = n

, = m

;
the rst equation is for spin states p = s and the other one is for p = s.
Using Eqs. (6)(7) and making the following transformations

p
= r
ps
p
R
lE
(r)
p
Y
lm
(, )e
iEt
, (9)
we nd that Eq. (8) can be split into the forms
_
1
sin

(sin )

+
1
sin
2

2
+
2ip cos
sin
2

p
2
ctg
2
+ p +
2
_
p
Y
lm
(, ) = 0 , (10)
_
(r
2
B)
p
_
d
dr
(r
2
B)
p+1
d
dr
_
+
r
2
E
2
+ ipE(2rB r
2
B

)
B
+
2 || r
2
3
_
(2p + 1)(p + 1) (s 2)(s 1)(s
1
2
)
_

2
_
P
R
lE
(r) = 0 . (11)
Equation (10) shows that
p
Y
lm
(, ) is the spin-weighted spherical harmonic [12, 13], and
the separation constant satises
2
= (lp)(l+p+1). Here l and m are integers satisfying
the inequalities l s and l m l. It is clear that Eqs. (10)(11) can also be shown
to describe the behavior of a massless scalar eld (s=0) on the Reissner-Nordstrom-anti-de
Sitter space-time background.
IV. STATISTICAL ENTROPY
Using the WKB approximation with r
ps
p
R
lE
(r) = exp[iS(r, p, l, E, )], we nd that
Eq. (11) yields the radial wave number k(r, p, l, E)
r
S(r, p, l, E)
k
2
=
E
2
B
2
+
1
r
2
B
_
s(2s
2
7s + 11)(p + 1) || r
2
3
+ 2(s p)(p + 1)
_
1
M
r
_
+ (s p)(s p + 1)B (l p)(l + p + 1)
_
. (12)
According to the semi-classical quantization rule, the radial wave number is quantized as
_
L
r
H
+
k(r, p, l, E)dr = n . (13)
With the brick wall boundary conditions:
p
R
lE
(r) = 0 at r = r
H
+ and r L, where
0 < << r
H
and L >> r
H
, the number of modes with energy smaller than E reads
g(E) =

l
(2l + 1)n
260 ENTROPY OF SPIN FIELDS IN . . . VOL. 44
=
1

p
_
lmax
s
(2l + 1)dl
_
L
r
H
+
dr
B
_
E
2
+
B
r
2
_
s(2s
2
7s + 11)(p + 1) || r
2
3
+ 2(s p)(p + 1)
_
1
M
r
_
+ (s p)(s p + 1)B (l p)(l + p + 1)
__
1/2
=
2
3

p
_
L
r
H
+
r
2
dr
B
2
_
E
2
+
B(r, p)
r
2
_
3/2
, (14)
where l
max
is determined by Eq. (12), while
(r, p) =
s(2s
2
7s + 11)(p + 1) || r
2
3

2(s p)(p + 1)M
r
+ (s p)(s p + 1)B (s p)(2p + 1) . (15)
The free energy with inverse temperature is given by
F =

ln(1 e
E
) . (16)
The plus sign in Eq. (16) corresponds to the Fermi case, while the minus sign corresponds
to the Bose case. Using Eq. (14) to determine the density of states, and ignoring the usual
contribution from the vacuum surrounding the system, we obtain the main contribution to
the free energy
F =
1

_

0
dE
dg(E)
dE
ln(1 e
E
) =
_

0
g(E)dE
e
E
1
=
2
3

p
_
L
r
H
+
r
2
dr
B
2
_

0
dE
e
E
1
_
E
2
+
B(r, p)
r
2
_
3/2
,
=
_
_
_

2
3
45
4
_
L
r
H
+
r
2
dr
B
2


6
2

p
_
L
r
H
+
(r,p)dr
B
, (bosons)

7
3
180
4
_
L
r
H
+
r
2
dr
B
2


12
2
_
L
r
H
+
(r,p)dr
B
, (fermions)
(17)
where =

p
1, For the gravitational and electromagnetic elds = 2; For the neutrino
and scalar elds = 1. The corresponding statistical entropies of the spin elds can be
calculated from Eq. (17)
S =
2
F

=
_
_
_
8
3
45
3
_
L
r
H
+
r
2
dr
B
2
+

3

p
_
L
r
H
+
(r,p)dr
B
, (bosons)
7
3
45
3
_
L
r
H
+
r
2
dr
B
2
+

6
_
L
r
H
+
(r,p)dr
B
, (fermions)
(18)
Substituting Eq. (4) into Eq. (18), we can obtain the statistical entropies of the spin elds
S =
_
_
_
8
3
5
2

3
_
a

+ b ln
L

+
c
||

p
(r
H
, p) ln
L

, (bosons)
7
3
5
2

3
_
a

+ b ln
L

+
c
2||
(r
H
, p) ln
L

, (fermions)
(19)
VOL. 44 GU-QIANG LI 261
where
a =
r
6
H
[(r
H
r
1
)C(r
H
)]
2
; b =
d
dt
_
r
6
[(r r
1
)C(r)]
2
_

r=r
H
; c =
r
2
H
(r
H
r
1
)C(r
H
)
. (20)
Choosing the inverse temperature to correspond to the Hawking temperature of the non-
extreme black hole, i.e., =
12r
2
H
||(r
H
r
1
)C(r
H
)
, Eq. (19) can be written as
S =
_

_
A
H
360
+
_
r
H
15

2||r
2
H
+1
180
_
ln
L

+
1
12

p
(r
H
, p) ln
L

, (bosons)
7A
H
2880
+
7
8
_
r
H
15

2||r
2
H
+1
180
_
ln
L

+
1
24
(r
H
, p) ln
L

, (fermions)
(21)
where A = 4r
2
H
is the horizon area.
V. DISCUSSION
By using the WKB approximation and then making use of the brick-wall model, we
have investigated the entropies of the gravitational, electromagnetic, neutrino, and scalar
elds on the Reissner-Nordstrom-anti-de Sitter space-time background. Several remarks
regarding the main result (21) of the paper are listed in order: (I) The entropy of any spin
eld consists of both linear and logarithmical divergences, and it is not proportional to the
horizon area. (II) The result is dierent from the quantum entropy caused by the scalar eld
which is, respectively, given by S
Scalar
= A
H
/360+[r
H
/15(2 || r
2
H
+1)/180] ln(L/)
from Eq. (21). The disagreement exists even if we just set s = 0 in Eq. (21) (by an overall
factor of 2 for the Bose case and 7/8 for the Fermi case). Therefore the whole expression of
the statistical entropy of a spin eld does not take the form of the scalar eld. (III) The sub-
leading logarithmic correction explicitly depends on the spin states of the eld considered
and not only on the degeneracy. (IV) From Eq. (15), we learn that the contribution of the
spins comes from two spin states p = s, and we also nd the earlier result for Reissner-
Nordstrom space-time [12] that the contribution of the spins just comes from the spin state
p = s holds in the limit for 0.
References

Electronic address: zsgqli@hotmail.com;ligq@zhjnc.edu.cn

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