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Research Methodology Assignment

2011

A Brief Review of Radio Over Fiber Systems With Special Emphasis to Full Duplex systems
Karthikeya G. S M3, MTE, Fiber Optics Lab Dept. of Electronics and Communication, CET Trivandrum

Abstract In this paper, we discuss the relevant technologies in the radio over fiber field. Also, the challenges and drawbacks are briefly discussed. First a couple of review papers are studied, later papers specializing full duplex systems and optical generation of millimeter waves are briefly reviewed. All the papers act as a previous research for simultaneous wired and wireless communication. The relevance of the problem in the bigger context is also discussed. Keywords- radio over fiber, full duplex, wired and wireless.

cellular communication or wireless internet we usually encounter two way communications. Thus a successful radio over fiber link would address the issue of simultaneous bidirectionality. Thus full duplex RoF systems take the centre stage. The optical back bone network which is already in existence caters to the need of the cellular users. That means the optical network is exclusively meant for transmission and distribution of wireless data. Also, it is a well known fact that the bandwidth of optical signal is not fully utilized; approximately 5-10% of the capacity is only exploited. In other words, light has a huge potential for embedding much more information than it is currently in use. So researchers around the globe have tried embedding both wired and wireless signals in the same optical fiber channel. Various schemes are explored and the problem of simultaneous bidirectional wired and wireless signal transmission of multiple users in WDM systems is a recent issue. The paper will attempt to briefly give the glimpse of technological overview in section II, a brief review of full duplex and RSOA systems are considered in section III. Finally, the scope of the problem and conclusions are discussed in section IV.

I.

INTRODUCTION

Due to the phenomenal growth in the Information consumerism, there is a tremendous pressure for the engineers to develop a robust underlying back-bone network which is future proof and supports extremely high data rates. Also, if the high data rate is augmented with mobility that would be the utopia of any communication system. Radio over fiber technology is the spectacular culmination of both the worlds namely optics (high speed) and microwaves (mobility). Like all the technologies ever designed have its own problems, Radio over Fiber is no exception. The current architecture today is to embed wireless signals (popular for cellular communication, wireless internet, Wireless HD etc.) in the optical back bone network. Usually, the wireless signals are first frequency translated to millimeter carrier signals and later those millimeter waves are embedded onto light carrier. The primary reason for fascination for optical carrier is due to atmospheric attenuation and extremely directive properties of millimeter waves. But, light signal suffers extremely little attenuation. Due to exponential growth in the number of users (data sources), the wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technology is explored. Here individual sources of data are augmented in different colours. These coloured signals do not interfere with each other. Hence successful transmission of multiple users simultaneously is possible. To understand a real-time radio over fiber link, a full duplex system is very crucial since for any application such as

II.

A GLIMPSE OF REVIEW PAPERS

IIA. Broad overview of microwave photonics [1] The problem of microwave photonics became relevant only after huge success of cellular communications. After the development of solid state lasers in early 1960s, lot of improvements has happened to the laser sources as such. The linewidth of laser source is extremely narrow. And customized laser sources have been developed. Modulation of solid state lasers by 40 GHz signals were explored as early as 1996. Direct modulation is relevant in analog CATV applications, but the input data rate is limited to 10 Gbps. Indirect or external modulation is popular for high speed data transmission, the most common example includes Mach

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Research Methodology Assignment

2011

Zender modulator which supports error-free 40Gbps data transaction. Receivers also have wide bandwidth with reasonably decent switching speed. Usually pin photodetectors is preferred over avalanche photodiodes. Also commercially, single mode fiber with step index with dispersion compensation is used. Normally, the entire optical communication is centered around 1.55um. The reason being low attenuation and mature technology of EDFA (Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers), which in turn operates in that wavelength window. Problems in an analog link (not specific to RoF technology, but in transmission of microwave signals in light in general) are multifold such as, harmonic and inter-modulation distortions of the source, nonlinearities in the external modulator, nonlinearities in the fiber and all-optical amplifiers, nonlinearities in the photodetectors. Applications of microwave signals in light carrier systems are multidimensional namely, wireless over fiber system (mentioned earlier), signal processing, radio astronomy, antenna beam forming . IIB. Broad overview of Fiber-Wireless networks[2]

(c) Optical carrier suppression technique: spectrally efficient but requires a larger drive RF power.
The basic architecture for a conventional central office, base station etc. is clearly discussed in [3]. Several device specific issues are discussed in [4] but they cannot be fully utilized for system level simulation starting from fundamental equations (MATLAB) or using commercially available simulation software (OptiSystem). III.
REVIEW OF PAPERS SPECIFIC TO FULL DUPLEX ROF SYSTEMS

IIIA. WDM RoF system using RSOA, an experimental demonstration [5] In a typical RoF link, the optical fiber channel connects the central station to the base station. The primary agenda is to simplify the hardware in the base station. In this paper, the wireless data (meant for downlink data transmission) is modulated onto light using electro-optic modulator using a particular wavelength. Different wavelength sources are used to do the same as above as per the number of channels required. A multiplexer is used to combine the different coloured light with data. They packaged multiple lights are transmitted through a single mode fiber. At the receiver, a demultiplexer is used to separate the wavelengths and after separation, in each individual channel a portion of light is used for wireless data detection purpose and rest portion of light in incident on a gain saturated RSOA, which acts as an amplifier as well as modulator of uplink data (from the mobile station). This uplink packaged light is transmitted back towards the transmitter, where a power splitter is utilized to detect the uplink data.

Optical transmission and distribution of wireless signals can be realized as: (a) RF over fiber suffers due to enhanced effects of chromatic dispersion. (b) IF over fiber, increased complexity is hardware realization (c) Baseband over fiber, simplest form of transmission but does not support high data rates. Problems faced by optical transmission of mm-wave signals: Due to the effects of nonlinear modulator, the analog mmwave is weakly intensity modulated onto the light carrier. The nonlinear characteristics of the external modulator play a detrimental role in the mitigation of the actual signal strength in light. Fiber chromatic dispersion places an upper bound for the transmission distance. The spectacular opportunity for researchers is that useful information is low (<3Gb/s as reported in [2]) compared to the occupied spectrum 40 GHz. Nonlinear effects at the detector also plays a key role in deteriorating the signal. Different modulation strategies for optical mm-wave are as follows: (a) Intensity modulation: simple to generate but spectrally inefficient (b) Optical single sideband with carrier: spectrally efficient but unsuitable for long haul communication

IIIB. Generation of both wired and wireless for mm-wave RoF systems [6] Since the optical channel capacity is under used we can naturally incorporate different types of data. In this paper both wired and wireless data is augmented onto the same single lightwave carrier. The strategy is that the wireless microwave signal requires the microwave carrier signal for successful transmission in atmosphere and hence bandpass filtering at the receiver would yield wireless data. Whereas the wired data would be modulated as baseband data itself hence a simple low pass filtering at the receiver serves the detection. This strategy works for a broad variety of schemes. In this paper, a dual-drive Mach Zender modulator is used to modulate the continuous wave laser with both wired data (10

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Research Methodology Assignment

2011

Gb/s) and wireless data (2.5 Gb/s). At receiver both the signals are split up using an optical interleaver.

used in the above mentioned concept to achieve modulation with upstream data. IIIG. Full duplex 60 GHz RoF system [11]

IIIC. Combination of optical carrier suppression and full duplex radio over fiber system [7] The approximate monochromatic light from CW laser is split into two segments, in the first segment the light is modulated with downlink data which leads to standard amplitude modulation spectrum. Further the signal is given to an optical carrier suppression which snubs the carrier power with respect to its prevalent sidebands. Then both suppressed carrier and carrier are coupled and transmitted through SMF. At the receiver a FBG (Fiber Bragg grating) is used to accept the sidebands but reflects the carrier. The sidebands are used for data detection and the reflected carrier is used for modulation with uplink data. But this scheme uses two individual SMF links. IIID. Generation of SSB using low frequency local oscillator signal [8] The CW laser light is intensity modulated with downstream data and transmitted through SMF. At the receiver, power splitter is used and in one segment optical filter is used and ssb signal is detected and used to drive the antenna after suitable amplification. The other segment also houses an optical filter which taps out energy from unmodulated light which in-turn is used for intensity modulation with uplink data, which is retransmitted though another fiber. This scheme is the simplest scheme hence fairly inefficient. IIIE. Full Duplex RoF using phase modulated downlink and intensity modulated uplink [9] The CW laser light is modulated with downstream data to achieve phase modulation for 16-QAM, 5.9GHz and at the receiver a power splitter is used for phase changes detection and the other for remodulation with upstream data (intensity modulated) using electroabsorption modulator. The detection of uplink data at the base station is fairly simple compared to complicated phase detection scheme in the base station. IIIF. RSOA based WDM-Passive Optical Network [10] RSOA is used as amplifier and modulator. Also, the primary advantage of RSOA is that if it is biased in the gain saturation region then the data in the incoming light could be successfully erased and could be remodulated with fresh uplink data. In the current paper, various light sources along with data is sent to AWG in the Optical Line Terminal (OLT) and transmitted through SMF and at remote node RSOA is

Here the incoming light from a CW laser is used as carrier for modulation of RF carrier data using an EAM, transmitted through downlink fiber. The power is split up and one segment is used for detection and the other is used for further modulation by EAM and transmitted back to the source. This is not a very efficient scheme due to the fact that EAM does not provide extremely high gain, thus the optical travel distance is limited. IIIH. Simultaneous bidirectional wire-line and wireless signal transmission based on cross-remodulation [12] A truly simultaneous bidirectional wired and wireless optical transmission is experimentally investigated. Here two optical fiber channels are used which are cross-coupled in an extremely intelligent way so as to achieve 4-way communication (wired L to R, wired R to L, wireless L to R and wireless R to L) using two cables. The wired data is directly modulated with C-band signal and wireless data is also separately modulated with L band signal. The wired channel houses a transmitter and receiver, the same holds good for wireless channel. Isolators and couplers are placed in such a way that interference and cross-talk issues are minimized. III.I SOA-EAM frequency up/down converters for 60 GHz duplex RoF systems [13] The source light from DFB laser is given to electro-optic modulator and launched to the SMF. At the receiver, the cascaded effect of SOA and EAM would effectively filter out the light which houses data. The combination of SOA and EAM is effective because SOA acts as a booster amplifier and EAM acts as a standalone modulator. For the incoming upstream signal at the central office optical bandpass filter is used to capture the data. III.J Frequency quadrupler using cascaded MZM [14] A single MZM suitably biased would act as a optical carrier suppressor and frequency doubler. When two such intensity modulators are cascaded we can have a severe optical carrier suppression and frequency quadrupling thus for an input of 10 GHz, output of 40 GHz is achieved. Hence the data rate that it could accommodate has increased. III.K Frequency quadrupler without optical filtering [15] Here a customized MZM is designed which acts as both optical carrier suppressor and frequency quadrupler. Since it is

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Research Methodology Assignment

2011

a customized design it is not cost effective and unsuitable for generic commercial RoF links. IV. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK

[9]

Since the optical back bone network is already existing, the complete bandwidth support of the optical communication system is not fully exploited which is an extremely important issue in ultra fast data communication networks. Thus culmination of wired and wireless technology based on optical architecture is an important issue to be solved. Also, it has to be a complete full duplex system which could stimulate real world applications. In this paper, the accompanying technical papers have been reviewed peripherally. Lot of drawbacks are visible in these schemes, in other words the area of simultaneous wired and wireless transmission in optical carrier offers tremendous opportunities for researchers in the authors opinion. Since the drawbacks of the schemes are visible the authors agenda is to innovate a novel scheme to enhance the data rate and efficiency of the RoF system. REFERENCES
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] AJ Seeds, KJ Williams, Microwave Photonics,J. Lightwave Technology, vol. 24, No.12, Dec 2006 C Lim et. al, Fiber Wireless Networks and Subsystem Technologies, JLT, Vol 28, No.4, .Feb 2010. L Chen et. al, Optical front ends to generate optical millimeter wave signal in RoF systems with different architectures, , JLT nov 2007 Charles H. Cox, limits on the performance of RoF links and their impact on design,IEEE trans. On MTT Feb 2006. Y. Y. Won, H. C. Kwon, and S. K. Han, 1.25-Gb/s wavelength-division multiplexed single-wavelength colorless radio-on-ber systems using reective semiconductor optical amplier, J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 25, no. 11, pp. 34723478, Nov. 2007. Z. Jia, J. Yu, A. Chowdhury, G. Ellinas, and G. K. Chang, Simultaneous generation of independent wired and wireless services using a single modulator in millimeter-wave-band radio-over-ber systems, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 19, no. 20, pp. 16911693, Oct. 2007.M. Young, The Technical Writer's Handbook. Mill Valley, CA: University Science, 1989. Z. Jia, J. Yu, and G. K. Chang, A full-duplex radio-over-ber system based on optical carrier suppression and reuse, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 18, no. 16, pp. 17261728, Aug. 2006. J. Yu, M. F. Huang, Z. Jia, T. Wang, and G.-K. Chang, A novel scheme to generate single-sideband millimeter-wave signals by using low-frequency local oscillator signal, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 20, no. 7, pp. 478480, Apr. 2008.

H.-C. Ji, H. Kim, and Y. C. Chung, Full-duplex radio-overber system using phase-modulated downlink and intensitymodulated uplink, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 911, Jan. 2009. [10] Elaine Wong, , Ka Lun Lee, Trevor B. Anderson, Directly Modulated Self-Seeding Reective semiconductor Optical Ampliers as Colorles Transmitters in Wavelength DivisionMultiplexed Passive Optical Networks, JLT,vol. 25, No. 1, Jan 2007 [11] Toshiaki Kuri, Member, IEEE, Ken-ichi Kitayama, Senior Member, Yoshir,Takahashi, A Single Light-Source Configuration for FullDuplex 60-GHz-Band Radio-on-Fiber System EEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 51, NO. 2, FEBRUARY2003. [12] Shu-Chuan Lin, Ye-Li Shiu, and San-Liang Lee, Simultaneous bidirectional wire-line and wireless signal transmission based on a crossremodulationWDM-PON, ECOC 2010, 19-23 September, 2010, Torino,Italy [13] Jun-Hyuk Seo, Chang-Soon Choi, Young-Shik Kang, Yong-Duck Chung, JehaKim, SOAEAM Frequency Up/Down-Converters for 60-GHzBi-DirectionalRadio-on-FiberSystems,IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 54, NO. 2, FEBRUARY2006 [14] Jian Zhang, Hongwei Chen, Member, IEEE, Minghua Chen, Member, IEEE, Tianliang Wang, andShizhong Xie, Senior Member, IEEE, A Photonic Microwave Frequency Quadrupler UsingTwo Cascaded Intensity Modulators With RepetitiousOptical Carrier Suppression IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, VOL. 19, NO. 14, JULY15,2007 [15] Chun-Ting, Frequency quadrupler without optical filtering, IEEE transactions on microwave theory and techniques,vol 57,no. 8, Aug 2009

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