Early Stages of the Universe: Brane Gas-Driven Bulk Dynamics

Natalia Shuhmaher (McGill)

Based on:
JHEP 0601, 074 (2006) PRL 96, 161301 (2006) by Robert Brandenberger, N.S.
Natalia Shuhmaher Early Stages of the Universe: Brane Gas-Driven Bulk Dynamics p.

Outline
Overview Outline of the Approach Emerging Brane Ination Models Remark on the horizon and entropy problems Conclusions

Natalia Shuhmaher

Early Stages of the Universe: Brane Gas-Driven Bulk Dynamics

p.

Overview

Natalia Shuhmaher

Early Stages of the Universe: Brane Gas-Driven Bulk Dynamics

p.

Motivation
Extra Dimensions: Main motivation - String Theory Often treated as static Exceptions e.g. SGC models of brane ination Ekpyrotic scenario Can dynamics explain early stages of the Universe? New Approach: Bulk dynamics driven by a gas of p-branes

Natalia Shuhmaher

Early Stages of the Universe: Brane Gas-Driven Bulk Dynamics

p.

Basic Idea
Toy Phenomenological model motivated by String Theory In Use: FRW Cosmology in extra dimensions Branes (neglect charges and uxes) topological defects Orbifold xed planes In our scenario: Topology distinguishes 3 our dimensions Difference in topology = difference in evolution Starting point: A dense gas of branes
Natalia Shuhmaher Early Stages of the Universe: Brane Gas-Driven Bulk Dynamics p.

Outline of the Approach

Natalia Shuhmaher

Early Stages of the Universe: Brane Gas-Driven Bulk Dynamics

p.

Setup
Assumptions:
M = R T 3 T d /Z2

(d - # of extra dimensions ) (e.g. l ls )

Total Energy = l1 & i = ld4

Orbifold fixed planes

Standard Initial Conditions: Universe starts Small Dense Unique scale An isotropic brane gas

Bulk matter -pbranes

ls

ls
Natalia Shuhmaher Early Stages of the Universe: Brane Gas-Driven Bulk Dynamics p.

Overall Dynamics

Isotropic expansion Timeline

Contraction of extra dimensions

Standard Big Bang Cosmology

Natalia Shuhmaher

Early Stages of the Universe: Brane Gas-Driven Bulk Dynamics

p.

Phase of Expansion
Metric: ds2 = dt2 a(t)2 dx2 b(t)2 dy2 Isotropy: a(t) = b(t)

Natalia Shuhmaher

Early Stages of the Universe: Brane Gas-Driven Bulk Dynamics

p.

Phase of Expansion
Metric: ds2 = dt2 a(t)2 dx2 b(t)2 dy2 Isotropy: a(t) = b(t) Expansion governed by
a a 2 8G + (2 + d)( ) = [ P ] a a 3+d1

Equation of state
P = w

Leads to
2 a(t) = b(t) t ; = (3 + d)(1 + w)

Natalia Shuhmaher Early Stages of the Universe: Brane Gas-Driven Bulk Dynamics p.

p-Branes
3-brane: T = (, , , , 0, ...) 5-brane: T = (, , , , , , 0, ...)

Perfect uid approximation for the brane gas

P p 2 = = = w= 3+d 3+dp

Conclusion: The expansion phase is non-inationary for codimension 3 branes

Natalia Shuhmaher

Early Stages of the Universe: Brane Gas-Driven Bulk Dynamics

p. 1

From Expansion to Contraction

d 3 p n

V ~ ls b

pbranes

V
pbranes

t
Natalia Shuhmaher Early Stages of the Universe: Brane Gas-Driven Bulk Dynamics

p. 1

From Expansion to Contraction

Brane potential dominates

d 3 p n

when V =

V ~ ls b

leading to contraction of extra dimensions

pbranes

V
pbranes

t
Natalia Shuhmaher Early Stages of the Universe: Brane Gas-Driven Bulk Dynamics

p. 1

Emerging Brane Ination Models

Natalia Shuhmaher

Early Stages of the Universe: Brane Gas-Driven Bulk Dynamics

p. 1

Motivation II
Main Problem:
Brane ination doesnt occur for generic initial conditions one needs either much weaker couplings than expected from string theory large initial separation (r ls )

Conventional approaches: all extra dimensions are static

= any starting point with r ls poses hierarchy problem

Natalia Shuhmaher

Early Stages of the Universe: Brane Gas-Driven Bulk Dynamics

p. 1

Motivation II
Main Problem:
Brane ination doesnt occur for generic initial conditions one needs either much weaker couplings than expected from string theory large initial separation (r ls )

Conventional approaches: all extra dimensions are static

= any starting point with r ls poses hierarchy problem

New approach: preceding expansion phase due to a gas of p-branes

leads to a large separation.

Advantage: Natural starting point

Natalia Shuhmaher

Early Stages of the Universe: Brane Gas-Driven Bulk Dynamics

p. 1

Effective 4d view
Bulk Expansion Phase
V( )

Ination
V( )

Natalia Shuhmaher

Early Stages of the Universe: Brane Gas-Driven Bulk Dynamics

p. 1

Effective Field Theory Approach

Canonically normalized scalar eld :
= d(d + 2) mpl log(b) 2

Effective 4d potential:
2 d Vef f () = gs ls b()d V (b())

Natalia Shuhmaher

Early Stages of the Universe: Brane Gas-Driven Bulk Dynamics

p. 1

Example
Consider inter-brane potential
1 V (ls b) = , n < d + 3 p = Vef f () e/mpl (ls b)n

Add brane tension/ account for zero cosmological constant

4d potential 4+dn dn 4+dn dn mpl V () = ls ls e

If

mp / ln(2 + 1)

then a(t) is accelerating

N e-foldings require ls ( N )
2
d+3pn (d+n)(d+4n)

Allowing
1 0.1 ls
Early Stages of the Universe: Brane Gas-Driven Bulk Dynamics

Natalia Shuhmaher

p. 1

Summary
Natural starting point Radion serves as an inaton Emerging initial conditions for ination Unique scale

Natalia Shuhmaher

Early Stages of the Universe: Brane Gas-Driven Bulk Dynamics

p. 1

Remark on Horizon and Entropy problems

Natalia Shuhmaher

Early Stages of the Universe: Brane Gas-Driven Bulk Dynamics

p. 1

Entropy Problem
Assuming adiabatic expansion
1 Entropy per co-moving volume which corresponds to H0 :

SU

3 3 #H0 T0 = 1090 3 (1mm)3 Tpl

Entropy problem = Hierarchy problem: = m4 pl corresponds to Universe of mm size not m1 size pl

Natalia Shuhmaher

Early Stages of the Universe: Brane Gas-Driven Bulk Dynamics

p. 1

Entropy Problem
Assuming adiabatic expansion
1 Entropy per co-moving volume which corresponds to H0 :

SU

3 3 #H0 T0 = 1090 3 (1mm)3 Tpl

Standard Solution:

Entropy problem = Hierarchy problem: = m4 pl corresponds to Universe of mm size not m1 size pl Amplication of energy during early phase Non-adiabatic phase transition converting energy to radiation

Unusual technic: Energy amplied in codimension 3 branes

= no accelerated expansion
Natalia Shuhmaher Early Stages of the Universe: Brane Gas-Driven Bulk Dynamics

p. 1

Projected Energy Density - Phase 1

Orbifold fixed plane pbrane Expansion

Extra dimensions

pbranes

5-branes 3-branes

Extra dimensions

Phase 1
Natalia Shuhmaher

t
Early Stages of the Universe: Brane Gas-Driven Bulk Dynamics

p. 2

Horizon Problem
Standard Cosmology
t
past light cone

trec t0

forward light cone

Ination
t

trec tInf t0 x

Natalia Shuhmaher

Early Stages of the Universe: Brane Gas-Driven Bulk Dynamics

p. 2

Horizon Problem
Standard Cosmology
t
past light cone

Scenario without ination

t

trec t0

forward light cone

trec tSC

Ination
t

trec tInf t0 x

x t0

Natalia Shuhmaher

Early Stages of the Universe: Brane Gas-Driven Bulk Dynamics

p. 2

Summary
Horizon Problem: long period of dynamics in extra dimensions Entropy problem is addressed outside inationary scenarios

Natalia Shuhmaher

Early Stages of the Universe: Brane Gas-Driven Bulk Dynamics

p. 2

Conclusions

Natalia Shuhmaher

Early Stages of the Universe: Brane Gas-Driven Bulk Dynamics

p. 2

Conclusions
Natural starting point for string inspired cosmology New phase in the early Universe: bulk expansion governed by p-branes Undressing hierarchies: dynamical solution of initial conditions problem (inationary) entropy problem (non inationary) Possible solution of horizon problem in non-inationary context

Natalia Shuhmaher

Early Stages of the Universe: Brane Gas-Driven Bulk Dynamics

p. 2