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1. Collective security. 1. Definition: 1. A liberal alternative to balance of power, based on the rule of law & international institutions. 2. Embodies the (liberal) belief that "force can be tamed by law, just as it is at the domestic level" (Nye, 75). I.e., anarchy in international politics doesnt impose any more constraints than we encounter at home. 2. Distinct from the balance of power. 1. BoP strongest state; CS aggressive state. 2. BoP alliances in advance of aggression; CS alliances only after aggression revealed. 3. BoP those threatened by most powerful state should balance; CS all members of the system are mandated to act vs. the aggressor. 3. Operation: 1. Submit disputes to arbitration. 2. Outlaws war begun outside of League rules, as subject itself to punishment by all League members. Kellogg-Briand pact in 1928 outlaws war in general. 3. Like the Emory Honor Code!!! (Defines sin of omission as well as of commission.) 4. But no enforcement: each state decided for itself whether to comply. 5. Would you comply with the Honor Code under these circumstances? 2. Problems. 1. U.S. Senate rejected the treaty & US did not participate. 2. Communist Russia a non-participant. 3. French pressure for tougher line against Germany, continuing reparations payments resulting in in economic collapse and massive inflation in Germany, French occupation of Ruhr industrial region, political upheaval in Germany. 4. Britain, on other hand, sought to reintegrate Germany. Finally in 1925, Germany allowed into League of Nations. 3. The 1930s. 1. Sept 1931, Japan stages Manchurian incident and seizes Manchuria. Result of growth of Japanese power and desire for colonies like other great powers, plus the increasing dominance of military in Japanese decision-making. After much delay, the League of Nations condemns but does not sanction Japan otherwise; Japan withdraws. 2. Hitler becomes German Chancellor in 1933, elected into office in a democratic election (with plenty of paramilitary action by the brownshirts). 3. March 1935, Hitler renounces Versailles constraints on German armed forces. 4. October 1935, Italy invades Ethiopia. League of Nations economically sanctions Italy, but only partially. (E.g., Britain doesnt close off Suez Canal, and no embargo on steel & oil.) Britain and France wanted to keep Italy available for an alliance against Hitler. 5. March 1936, Hitler remilitarizes the Rhineland. Rhetoric about revisions of Versailles. BUCKPASS. 6. 7. 1938, Hitler takes over Austria in the "Anschluss." 8. September 1938, Munich Crisis, Germany seizes Sudetenland. BUCKPASS. "Peace in our time." 9. March 1939, Germany invades rest of Czechoslovakia. 10. August 1939, Germany and USSR sign nonaggression pact and agree to divide up Poland and other Eastern European states. BANDWAGON. 11. Sept 1939, Germany invades Poland. Fr & Britain declare war. 12. June 1941, Germany invades USSR, bringing USSR into war. 13. July 1941, US full oil embargo on Japan re: China invasion. 14. Dec 7, 1941: Japan attacks Pearl Harbor & then Hitler declares war as well on US.