21-Jan-2012
Classifications of Society
21-Jan-2012
Society
Society gives us content, direction, and meaning to our lives and in turn we in countless ways reshape and leave the same to the next generation
21-Jan-2012
21-Jan-2012
Features of a society
Society is universal having no assigned boundary and limits Members of the society are interdependent and family is the force of biological inter-dependence of society Society is invisible whose existence can only be felt. It can neither be seen nor touched. IT is a mutual interaction of individuals and groups Liberty is an essential elements of society but regulated through the mutual agreement of individuals Active cooperation is the backbone of a society Likemindness is an essential pre-requisite of a society
21-Jan-2012
21-Jan-2012
21-Jan-2012
Origin of society
Social contract theory
Society
Organic theory
Locke opined,
The state of nature was a state of peace and order. This state of nature lacked a recognized and well established system of justice and law. Hence man entered into a contract and conferred powers upon community
21-Jan-2012
10
Organic theory
Herbert Spencer was the main propounder of the theory. He said
This theory conceives society as a biological system, a greater organism, alike in its structure. Its functions exhibit the same kind of unity as the individual organism and is subject to similar laws of development, maturity and decline. Individual persons are cells of the society. He further said Social structure can be compared to an animal body whose system of nutrition has its counter part in industrial and agricultural systems, the circulatory system with heart, arteries and veins, corresponds to the communication and transport system of a nation, the nerves system to the government and so on
21-Jan-2012 | Society and Environment| www.amiestudy.com | AMIE Online Coaching 11
21-Jan-2012
12
Types of society
Hunting, gathering and tribal societies Tribal society Pastoral societies Horticultural societies
Agricultural societies or Peasant societies Industrial societies or Technological society Militaristic society
21-Jan-2012 | Society and Environment| www.amiestudy.com | AMIE Online Coaching 13
Emergence of modern family in place of old, traditional and patriarchal family New system of production Division of labour Economic pursuits
21-Jan-2012
14
21-Jan-2012
15
21-Jan-2012
16
Technological society
Technological society comprise a very small group, highly Technological advanced basically concentrate on the production and distribution of industrial goods In industrial society people are educationally, vocationally and professionally qualified
21-Jan-2012
17
Industrial society
Potential size of the society practice industrialization, mechanization and computerization in the process of production Medium of exchange is money throughout in case of an industrial society Industrial society is complex and advanced in modern sense Industrial society: USA is a highly advanced industrial society. The crime rate in this society is very high
Barter system of exchange prevail in peasant society to some extent Peasant society is aesthetic, backward and simple Crime rate is low in peasant society whereas the rate of crime is comparatively high in advanced society
21-Jan-2012
18
Social mobility
Movement of people in a population from one social or economic class to another is social mobility Members of the industrial society can raise or lower their status thro their achievements People live in stress and strain in working in shifts A mechanical life is led where exploitation, classstruggle and culture lags prevail Suicide and drug addiction is also high in this society
21-Jan-2012 | Society and Environment| www.amiestudy.com | AMIE Online Coaching 19
primary
secondary
A primary group consist of a small no of people who interact over a relatively long period to an intimate over face-to-face basis. The members of this group know each other and interact in an informal manner. E.g.., families, friends and small communities These groups are building blocks of social structure and are also called as informal groups A secondary group is a formal one which consists of a no of people who interact with each other in a family temporarily and in personal manner. These people do not know each other personally. E.g.., political parties, IAS officers etc.,
21-Jan-2012 | Society and Environment| www.amiestudy.com | AMIE Online Coaching 21
Contd When an individual or a group of individuals for socio-economic, political and psychological reasons regards some other groups as worthy or imitating such a group is called reference group. The behaviour involved in imitating the group by individuals is called the reference behaviour. It accepts the reference group as model and follow it Individuals of lesser social strata try to follow the cultural levels of high strata and in this way reference group proceed on.
21-Jan-2012 | Society and Environment| www.amiestudy.com | AMIE Online Coaching 22
21-Jan-2012
24
Elements of a community
A community is essentially a group of people sharing the common feeling and basic conditions of a common life Group of people residing in a definite locality form a community. Feeling of community sentiments is an important characteristics of a community. Unlike crowd, community is of permanent nature Community is not created and made by an act of will but its emergence is quite natural Likeness in language, customs and mores is a significant elements of a community. Sociologist Green said community is a cluster of people living with a narrow territorial radius, who share a common way of life. Ends and objective of a community are wider and natural and not artificial A community has no legal status. It can neither sue nor to be sued Every community has some specific and particular name
21-Jan-2012
25
21-Jan-2012
26
Contd
Society Society is a web of social relationship and adjustments resulting from human behaviour Society is universal Society constitute a largest social group Society is self sufficient Society enrich culture and heritage Society is the most ancient institution in which man has been living since time immemorial Division of labour is an essential characteristic of the society
21-Jan-2012
Community Community is a group of people having feeling of oneness Community has well defined bound within which individuals live and develop Community is a part of society Community is scarcely self sufficient Community has hardly any role to play in this respect Life in community started much latter when man became socially conscious There is very little scope for division of labour in community
27
Contd
Institution Established rules and regulations accepted to the society are given in institution Institution is a self evolved organisation Institution has definite structure Institution is an abstract phenomenon Institution is concerned for meeting the elementary human requirements Institution is a permanent organisation Institution abide by the rules and regulations of an institution Institution has name and symbol Association Association is a voluntary co-operative organisation of individuals Association constitute its members Association has no specific and defined structure Association comprise aggregate no. of human beings Association has some definite objective to achieve Association is a temporary organisation and last till the objectives are not achieved There is no such binding on the part of individuals in case of an association Association has definite name and banner
21-Jan-2012
29
21-Jan-2012
21-Jan-2012
Social tensions
Numerous causes of social tensions Class struggle a form of social conflict which creates tension in the society Misuse of public power for private profit Diversified or heterogeneous population Competition Crime Unemployment Racialism Religious variation Linguistic intolerance Gay and lesbian Divorce Juvenile delinquency Rapid social change War Lack of tranquility in family Uneven distribution of wealth General poverty
21-Jan-2012 | Society and Environment| www.amiestudy.com | AMIE Online Coaching 32
Conflicts
Unequal distribution of income in society leads to conflicts. Some earn more while the other find difficult to earn bread and butter. These situations lead to conflict. On this account society is divided between 1. rich and the poor 2. labour and capitalist 3. exploitee and exploiters 4. haves and have nots To bridge the gap government has imposed various taxes on the rich to facilitate the poor 1. Direct progressive income tax on rich 2. wealth or property tax 3. Commodity tax 4. Gift tax The revenue collected is changed to public benefit and is given for the beneficial to the poor as follows 1. subsidy to marginal farmers 2. road construction and flyovers 3. free medical facilities 4. opening of perish-houses and old houses 5. help age 6. free schooling 7. opening of old age houses 8. rationing
21-Jan-2012
33
Meaning of work
Work means expenditure of mental and physical energy to achieve decided objectives Work generates income which governs the diversified activities performed in this planet Work changes life style positively It keeps soul and body fit It reduces tension and engage in job Work keeps man busy and away from social evils It elevate human personality and inject extreme joy in mind Work maintain dignity of man in society Work keeps the limbs of body alive Work enhance knowledge Work destroy worries
21-Jan-2012 | Society and Environment| www.amiestudy.com | AMIE Online Coaching 34
21-Jan-2012
21-Jan-2012
36