Chapter 1.

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
The increasing demand of electrical power in cities and industrial centersnecessitates the installation of a compact and efficient distribution andtransmission network. High voltage gas insulated switchgear (GIS) is ideal forsuch applications. The range of application of SF Gas Insulated Switchgear extends from voltage ratings of 72.5 kV up to 800 kV with breaking currents of up to 63 kA, and inspecial cases up to 80 kA. Both small transformer substations and large load-center substations can be designed with GIS technology. The distinctive advantages of SF Gas Insulated Switchgear are: compact, low weight, high reliability, safety against touch contact, low maintenance and longlife. Extensive in-plant preassembly and testing of large units and completebays reduces assembly and commissioning time on the construction site.GIS equipment is usually of modular construction. All components such asbusbars, disconnectors, circuit-breakers, instrument transformers, cableterminations and joints are contained in earthed enclosures filled with sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF ).

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Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) that uses compresses sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)gas overcomes many of the limitations of the conventional open type AIS, as itoffers the following advantages:1. The space occupied by the switchgear is greatly reduced.2. It is totally unaffected by atmospherically conditions such as polluted orsaline air in industrial and coastal areas, or desert climates.3. It possesses a high degree of operational reliability and safety topersonal.4. It is easier to install in difficult site conditions ( e.g. on unstable groundor in seismically active areas)5. In addition to having a dielectric strength much greater than that of air,SF6 has the advantages of being nontoxic and non flammable.

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GIS vs AIS Life cycle assessment

In order to ensure the future supply of electricity we require sustainable concepts that preserve resources and do not harm our environment. Humankind needs a reliable and secure power supply that is also environmentally friendly and economic today and in the future. On the one hand, the grids that are needed to transmit and distribute electricity comprise cables and transmission lines, and on the other, components such as transformers and switchgear. Designs (topology) of transmission and distribution grids vary depending on the application. For example, in the case of distribution grids we can make a distinction between utility grids and those of industrial customers. But it is also the available switchgear technologies that open up various possibilities for grid design. Thus, manufacturers and above all grid operators must find well-balanced solutions under a wide range of criteria. Synthetically produced sulphur hexafluoride (SF6 gas) makes an important contribution to this task. As an insulation and arc-extinguishing medium in high and medium-voltage switchgear, SF6 has enabled a continuous development of advanced solutions in the transmission and distribution of electrical energy like no other technology since 1960. Top

Discussions about environmental aspects

Immediately after the Kyoto Protocol was signed, German manufacturers and operators of SF6 switchgear and equipment and the SF6 producer Solvay Fluor und Derivate GmbH & Co. KG declared their commitment to avoid and reduce emissions throughout the entire product life cycle and also to monitor SF6 emissions. The German government expressly acknowledged this voluntary commitment in 1997. Switchgear manufacturers, electricity suppliers and Solvay Fluor prepared an initial life cycle assessment study as early as 1999. The study involved the analysis of an urban electricity transmission system. This previous life cycle assessment showed that the use of SF6-insulated high-voltage switchgear in urban energy supply is advantageous even from an ecological aspect. Subsequently, a more detailed study became necessary for the area of medium-voltage switchgear in energy distribution. Within the scope of its considerations to implement the National Climate Protection Programme, the German Ministry for the Environment considered the relevance of SF6 in medium-voltage switchgear in regard to this programme. Therefore, to obtain reliable information about the environmental profile of medium-voltage switchgear industry performed a corresponding life cycle assessment study for the power distribution at the medium-voltage level in 2003. Top

Goal and scope of the life cycle assessment

On the one hand, life cycle assessment studies such as the one presented here should create a platform for a sound environmental discussion, and on the other hand, demonstrate possibilities for further ecological optimisation to the companies involved. The goal and scope of the present study is to develop an environmental profile of power distribution in the medium-voltage range with a comparison between air-insulated switchgear (AIS) and gas-insulated switchgear (GIS). Top

Procedures of the life cycle assessment

The study was commissioned as a joint project by ABB, AREVA T&D (formerly: ALSTOM), SIEMENS, EnBW, E.ON Hanse, RWE and Solvay Fluor. The life cycle assessment was conducted in accordance with ISO 1404043 standards and included the participation of scientists and other stakeholders in the advisory board as well as a critical review by an external, independent verifier from TV NORD CERT. In the course of the study, data was gathered for a representative mix of medium-voltage switchgear: transformer substations, ring-main units (RMU) and customer substations. The data included electrical key figures (in particular ohmic losses), material data from disassembly analyses as well as electrical load and lifetime. To determine the quantity structures two different approaches were taken.
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For the system approach on grid level two representative model grids were examined: on the one hand, an urban and on the other, a rural region. These model grids are characteristic for utility grids and have a large number of ring-main units (RMUs). On the basis of the network calculation it was also possible to include ohmic losses of cables, transmission lines and transformers. On the switchgear level a representative German mix of medium-voltage switchgear was determined based upon a current delivery statistic from the Zentralverband Elektrotechnik- und Elektronikindustrie (ZVEI). This mix covers the complete range of switchgear types both for use in the utility grids and for industry and infrastructure grids. However, an investigation at the switchgear level means that the considerable ohmic losses of cables, transmission lines and transformers are not taken into consideration.

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Results of the life cycle assessment

When the total global warming potential (GWP) of a representative urban distribution grid is considered the switchgear only makes a minor contribution. Rather, other grid components such as cables and transformers play the decisive role regardless of whether AIS or GIS technology is used. An analysis of the contribution made by distribution grids to the global warming potential (GWP) in Germany shows that the greatest share is attributable to ohmic losses in cables, transmission lines and transformers. At present, SF6 emissions from medium-voltage switchgear contribute less than 0.005 % to the global warming potential in Germany. Furthermore, the following conclusions can be drawn from the results of the life cycle assessment:

System approach on grid level

The system approach on grid level is indispensable to obtain meaningful results. On the one hand, it confirms that the total contribution of power distribution grids to the global warming potential in Germany is very low. On the other hand, ohmic losses are clearly identified as the main determinant of this contribution to global warming potential. Consequently, the differences between the switchgear technologies are marginal compared to the significant ohmic losses from cables, transmission lines and transformers. For this reason alone, regulations aimed at switchgear will not accomplish any relevant climatic protection potential.

The figure shows an overview of the environmental impact categories that were examined in the study at switchgear level. It is based on a representative mix of all switchgear types in the medium-voltage range on the basis of a ZVEI delivery statistic. Clear advantages for SF6-insulated (GIS) compared to air-insulated switchgear (AIS) are also shown in regard to global warming potential (GWP).

Switchgear level
However, if a detailed investigation is made at switchgear level a comparison of airinsulated (AIS) and SF6-insulated (GIS) technologies shows the advantages of the SF6GIS technology in regard to primary energy demand, acidification potential (acid rain), eutrophication potential (over-fertilisation) and global warming potential (GWP). It has been shown that the determining factors impacting on the global warming potential are in fact the electrical loads in the grid and the switchgear. The current trend towards higher capacity utilisation of the grids increases the advantages of SF6-insulated switchgear. Thus, to accomplish any significant climatic protection potential it would appear that load management in grids would be more promising than a further optimisation of switchgear design. In principle the results of this life cycle assessment can be transferred to other European countries. A sensitivity analysis shows that the selection of primary energy carriers used for electricity generation, as the most significant regional factor, only has a minor effect on the results. Top

Conclusion
The life cycle assessment study presented here demonstrates the advantages of SF6insulated (GIS) compared to air-insulated switchgear (AIS) at a switchgear level. The switchgear themselves, however, only make a very minor contribution to global warming potential. The design and capacity utilisation of the power distribution grids have a much greater influence, regardless of whether AIS or GIS technology is used. Therefore, bans and application restrictions on the use of SF6-insulated medium-voltage switchgear cannot be justified from an ecological point of view. Consequently, regulations aimed at switchgear and components will not make any significant contribution towards climate protection. Rather, grid operators for whom also other criteria such as economic efficiency and personal safety are relevant should be given freedom of choice when selecting switchgear technology.

Bus bars Circuit Breakers Disconnecting switches Earthing switches Current transformers Voltage transformers Cable and boxes Gas supply and gasmonitoring equipment 1.Circuit Breaker2.Operating mechanism(CB)3.Current Transformer 4. Disconnector 5.Maintenance earthing switc6.Fast acting earthing switch7.Voltage transformer8.SF6 Bushing

Circuit Breaker Circuit breakers differ from switches in that they not only manuallymake and break the circuit while carrying their normal currents, but arealso capable of making and breaking the circuit under the severestsystem conditions. Breaking or making the circuit under load conditionsrepresents no real problem for a circuit breaker since the interruptedcurrent is relatively low and the power factor is high. Under short circuitconditions, however, the current may reach tens of thousands of amperes at a power factor as low as 0.1. It is duty of a circuit breaker tointerrupt such currents as soon as possible to avoid equipment damage.Loss of system stability is consequence of slow fault clearance. Faultclearance time has been reduced during the last 50 years due to thehigh technology adopted in circuit breaker design and the use of staticrelays. Basic components of the circuit breaker are shown in the figure below asfollow: 1.Cover 2.Support insulator 3.Barrier insulator

4.Interrupter 5.Cast enclosur6. Pressure relief devices7. Fixed contact assembly8. Bottom plate