SPACE EXPLORATION Prior to 1942

Date 1686 Event leading to space exploration Publication of the Philosophi Naturalis Principia Mathematica First exposition of the rocket equation based on Newton's third law of motion: Treatise on the Motion of Rockets From the Earth to the Moon published. The War of the Worlds published. This inspired Robert Goddard to investigate rocketry. Inspired by the writings of Jules Verne, first serious work published that showed physicalspace exploration was theoretically possible: (The Exploration of Cosmic Space by Means of Reaction Devices)[1] Goddard files for and is subsequently awarded U.S. patents on multistage and liquid fueled rockets Goddard's widely influential paper "A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes" discussed solid and liquid fueled rocketry Country Englan d UK Researcher(s) Sir Isaac Newton

1813 1865 1898

William Moore Jules Verne H. G. Wells

France UK

1903

Russia

Konstantin Tsiolkovsky

1913

United States United States Germa ny Soviet Union United States Germa ny Soviet Union

Robert H. Goddard

1919

Robert H. Goddard

15 Die Rakete zu den Planetenrumen ("By Rocket into December Planetary Space") self-published after its rejection as 1923 a doctoral thesis. 1924 16 March 1926 1927 Society for Studies of Interplanetary Travel founded in Soviet Union Goddard launches the first liquid fueled rocket Verein fr Raumschiffahrt (Society for Space Travel) formed; it includes many top European rocket scientists. "The Conquest of Interplanetary Space" discusses rocket mechanics and orbital effects including the gravitational slingshot

Hermann Oberth members includeKonstantin Tsiolkovsky, Friedrich Zander, Yuri Kondratyuk Robert H. Goddard

1927

Yuri Kondratyuk

1928

Das Problem der Befahrung des Weltraums der Raketen-Motor (The Problem of Space Travel The Rocket Motor) discusses space travel and its potential uses for scientific experiments. Oberth, with students including Wernher von Braun, launches his first liquid-fueled rocket First German military liquid fueled rocket engines developed Work begins on the Aggregate series of rockets which leads to the V2 rocket. Group for the Study of Reactive Motion (GIRD) launches the first Soviet liquid-fueled rocket Graduate student Frank Malina under his professor Theodore von Krmn begins work on asounding rocket

Austria

Herman Potonik

1929

Germa ny Germa ny Germa ny Soviet Union United States

Hermann Oberth

1931

Walter Riedel

1933 25 November 1933 1935

Wernher von Braun Sergey Korolev (group leader), Friedrich Zander (designer) Frank Malina

19421957
Date Mission Achievements Country/Organization Nazi Germany United States United States United States USA (ABMA) USSR Mission Name V2 rocket, military program captured and improvedV2 rocket Wac Corporal V2 V2 R-7 Semyorka/SS-6 Sapwood 3 October First vehicle to reach 62 mi (100 km) from the 1942 Earth's surface (boundary of space)[2] 10 May 1946 22 May 1946 First space research flight (cosmic radiation experiments) First U.S.-designed rocket to reach edge of space (80 km (49 mi))

10 October First pictures of earth from 62 mi (100 km)[2] 1946 [3] 1947 21 August 1957 First animals in space (fruit flies)[4][5] First intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM)

19571961
Date 4 October 1957 3 November 1957 31 January 1958 2 January 1959 Mission Achievements First artificial satellite First signals from space First animal in orbit, the dog Laika Confirmed the existence of the Van Allen belts First firing of a rocket in Earth orbit First reaching Earth escape velocity or Trans Lunar Injection First detection of solar wind First artificial satellite in heliocentric orbit First photograph of Earth from orbit First impact into another world (the Moon) First delivery of national (USSR) pennants in a celestial body First photos of far side of the Moon First plants and animals to return alive from Earth orbit First launch from orbit[clarification needed] First mid-course corrections First spin-stabilisation Country/Organization USSR Mission Name Sputnik 1

USSR USA (ABMA) USSR

Sputnik 2 Explorer 1 Luna 1

4 January 1959 7 August 1959 13 September 1959 4 October 1959 August 19, 1960 1961

USSR USA (NASA) USSR USSR USSR USSR

Luna 1 Explorer 6 Luna 2 Luna 3 Sputnik 5 Venera 1

19611969
Date 12 April 1961 7 March 1962 Mission Success First human spaceflight(Yuri Gagarin) First human-crewed orbital flight First orbital solar observatory Country/Organization USSR USA (NASA) USA (NASA) USSR USA (NASA) USSR Mission Name Vostok 1 OSO-1 Mariner 2 Vostok 6 X-15 Flight 90 Voskhod 2

14 December First planetary flyby (Venus closest approach 1963 34,773 kilometers) 16 June 1963 First woman in space (Valentina Tereshkova) 19 July 1963 First reusable crewed spacecraft (suborbital) 18 March First extra-vehicular activity

1965 14 July 1965 15 December 1965 3 February 1966 1 March 1966 16 March 1966 3 April 1966 2 June 1966 30 October 1967 7 December 1968 21 December 1968 First Mars flyby (closest approach 9,846 kilometers) First orbital rendezvous (parallel flight, no docking) First soft landing on another world (the Moon) First photos from another world First impact into another planet (Venus) First orbital docking between two spacecrafts First artificial satellite around another world (the Moon) soft landing on the Moon photos from the Moon First automated (crewless) docking First orbital ultraviolet observatory First piloted orbital mission of another celestial body (Moon), First-ever Trans-Earth injection (25 December) First human on the Moon and first space launch from a celestial body USA (NASA) USA (NASA) USSR Mariner 4 Gemini 6A/Gemini 7 Luna 9

USSR USA (NASA) USSR USA (NASA) USSR USA (NASA)

Venera 3 Gemini 8/Agena target vehicle Luna 10 Surveyor 1 Cosmos 186/Cosmos 188 OAO-2

USA (NASA)

Apollo 8

21 July 1969

USA (NASA) USA (NASA)

Apollo 11 Apollo 12/Surveyor 3

19 November First rendezvous on the surface of a celestial 1969 body

19701980
Date Mission Success Country/Organization USSR USSR USA (NASA) USSR Mission Name Luna 16 Lunokhod 1 Uhuru (satellite) Venera 7 24 September First automatic sample return from the 1970 Moon 23 November 1970 12 December 1970 15 December 1970 First lunar rover First X-ray orbital observatory First soft landing on another planet (Venus) First signals from another planet

23 April 1971 June, 1971

First space station First Manned orbital observatory

USSR USSR USA (NASA) USSR USSR

Salyut 1 Orion 1 Mariner 9 Mars 2 Mars 3

14 November First to maintain orbit around another 1971 planet (Mars) 27 November 1971 2 December 1971 3 March 1972 15 July 1972 15 November 1972 3 December 1973 5 February 1974 29 March 1974 15 July 1975 20 October 1975 22 October 1975 20 July 1976 26 January 1978 5 March 1979 1 September 1979, 12 November 1980 First impact into Mars First soft Mars landing First signals from Mars surface First human made object sent on escape trajectory away from the Sun First mission to enter the asteroid belt and leave inner solar system First orbital gamma ray observatory First Jupiter flyby (at 130,000 km) Venus flyby at 5768 kilometers, first gravitational assist manoeuvre First Mercury flyby at 703 kilometers First multinational manned mission First orbit around Venus First photos from the surface of another planet (Venus) First photos and soil samples from the surface of Mars First real time remotely operated ultraviolet orbital observatory Jupiter flyby (closest approach 349,000 km) First Saturn flyby at 21,000 km Saturn flyby (closest approach 124,000 kilometers)

USA (NASA) USA (NASA) USA (NASA) USA (NASA) USA (NASA) USA (NASA) USSR USA (NASA) USSR USSR USA (NASA) USA (NASA) ESA UK-SERC USA (NASA) USA (NASA) USA (NASA)

Pioneer 10 Pioneer 10 SAS 2 Pioneer 10 Mariner 10 Mariner 10 Apollo-Soyuz Test Project Venera 9 Venera 9 Viking Lander International Ultraviolet Explorer Voyager 1 Pioneer 11 Voyager 1

1981present
Date 12 April 1981 1 March 1982 25 January 1983 23 March 1983 13 June 1983 7 February 1984 24 January 1986 Mission Success First Reusable manned spacecraft (orbital) First Venus soil samples & sound recording of another world First Infrared orbital observatory Country/Organization USA (NASA) USSR USA (NASA) SERC Ultraviolet orbital observatory First spacecraft beyond the orbit of Neptune (first spacecraft to pass beyond all Solar System planets) First untethered spacewalk, Bruce McCandless II First Uranus flyby (closest approach 81,500 kilometers) UKMission Name STS-1 Venera 13

IRAS

Netherlands-NIVR USSR France Astron

USA (NASA)

Pioneer 10

USA (NASA) USA (NASA) USSR USA (NASA)

STS-41-B Voyager 2 Mir Voyager 2

19 February First consistently inhabited long-term 1986 research space station 25 August 1989 18 November 1989 1 December 1989 14 February 1990 24 April 1990 First Neptune flyby First orbital cosmic microwave observatory Ultraviolet to gamma ray spectrum orbital observatory First photograph of the whole solar system[3] Optical orbital observatory USSR ark

USA (NASA)

COBE

France Bulgaria USA (NASA)

Denm

Granat

Voyager 1 ESA Hubble Space Telescope Galileo ESA Ulysses Mir

USA (NASA) USA (NASA) USA (NASA) Russia

21 October First asteroid flyby (951 Gaspra closest 1991 approach 1,600 kilometers) 8 February 1992 22 March 1995 First polar orbit around the Sun record longest duration spaceflight (437.7 days) set by Valeri Polyakov

7 December 1995

First orbit of Jupiter

USA (NASA)

Galileo Galileo's atmospheric entry probe NEAR Shoemaker NEAR Shoemaker Spirit rover Opportunity rover CassiniHuygens

7 December First mission into the atmosphere of a 1995 gas giant (Jupiter) 14 February First orbiting of an asteroid (433 Eros) 2000 12 February First landing on an asteroid (433 Eros) 2001 4 January 2004 25 January 2004 1 July 2004 14 January 2005 7 May 2006 24 October 2007 6 March 2009 18 March 2011 16 July 2011 18 July 2011 26 November 2011 Free ranging Mars rover Free ranging Mars rover First orbit of Saturn

USA (NASA)

USA (NASA) USA (NASA) USA (NASA) USA (NASA) USA (NASA) ASI ESA ESA

First soft landing on Titan First extended (multi-year) orbital exploration of Venus First stage of China's lunar probe program, the satellite Chang'e I Kepler Mission is launched, first space telescope designated to search for Earth-like exoplanets[4] First orbit of Mercury First orbit of Vesta Radio orbital observatory. Largest observatory ever launched. Nuclear-powered NASA rover toward Mars to seek out life clues.

USA (NASA) ASI ESA China

CassiniHuygens Venus Express Chang'e I

USA

Kepler Mission

USA (NASA) USA (NASA) Russia (Astro Space Center)

MESSENGER Dawn RadioAstron

USA (NASA)

Curiosity rover