Dear students, Read the instructions carefully before writing the details of the demo experiments in your record

book. Write the details as per the order given. The circuit diagram and observations should be entered on the left hand side. You may the readings as supplied by the teacher, as these are for demonstration purpose only. However, you will be asked questions based the contents of the experiments, during the viva-voce in the Board Examinations on practicals. Plot graphs (i) Resistance with length and (ii) Resistance with area of cross section from the tabular columns.

Demonstration Experiment 1 Factors affecting resistance of a conductor

Aim: To demonstrate variation of resistance of a conductor with length and area of cross-section. Apparatus: Metallic wires made of the same material but with different lengths, a cell, rheostat, connection wires, meter scale, key etc. Theory: - At constant temperature, the current flowing through a given wire is directly proportional to the potential difference between its terminals. V I Thus, V = IR.

The resistance of a conductor R is given as R= l / A Where is the specific resistance of the material of the wire, l , the length of the wire and A is the area of cross-section of the wire.

For the same uniform area of cross-section A and uniform density, we have R l For the same uniform length l and uniform density, we have R 1/A Procedure: To study the variation of resistance with length. Arrange all the apparatus and draw the circuit diagram to measure the resistance of a wire using Ohms law. Connect the given ammeter voltmeter and the rheostat along with the given source. Take a wire of given length and connect it as the unknown resistance (R). Make a mark on the wire about 5 cm away from its one end. Consider this point as zero. Make different marks on the wire at a distance of 40 cm, 50 cm, 60 cm, 70 cm and 80 cm, from zero. Connect the wire, between 0 cm mark and 40 cm mark in the gap as shown in the figure. Measure the corresponding ammeter and voltmeter readings. Calculate the resistance in each case. To study the variation of resistance with area of cross-section. Connect the given ammeter voltmeter and the rheostat along with the given source. Take a wire of given area of cross section and length and connect it as the unknown resistance (R). Take the readings from ammeter and voltmeter for known values of area of cross section and are tabulated as given.

Circuit Diagram:

OBSERVATIONS: (a) Variation of resistance with length

Sl. No. Length of the wire (l) cm Voltmeter Ammeter Resistance Reading Reading R = V/I (V) (I)

(b) Variation of resistance with area of cross section

Sl. No. Cross section of the wire (A) mm2 Voltmeter Ammeter Resistance Reading Reading R = V/I (V) (I)

CONCLUSION: Resistance is directly proportional to the length and inversely proportional to the area of cross section of a wire

Demonstration Experiment 2
AIM To demonstrate the working of logic gates using torch bulb, battery and switches. APPARATUS A battery of 6 V, two switches (keys), torch bulb, connecting wires. THEORY There are three logic gates: 1. OR Gate An OR gate has two or more inputs with one output. It operates in such a way that the output is high (i.e. 1) if one of the two inputs (or both the inputs) is high. Its symbol and truth table are shown below:

2. AND Gate An AND gate has two or more inputs and one output. It operate in such a way that the output is high (i.e. 1) when both the inputs are high. The symbol and truth table for AND gate are shown below.

3. NOT Gate It has a single input and single output. The output is not same as input. If the input is 0 (low), the output is 1 (high). On the other hand, the output will be 0 (low), if the input is 1 (high). In other words, it performs a negation operation on the input and called an inverter. The symbol and truth table is shown below:

PROCEDURE (1) Working of OR Gate The electric circuit diagram is shown in the figre.

Using the above circuit diagram, proceed as follows: Do not plug the switches S1 and S2 and record whether the bulb glows

or not. Now, plug the switch S1 and do not plug the S2 and again record the glow of bulb. Repeat the experiment by plugging S2 alone and then S1 and S2 both. In each case, record whether the bulb glows or not. The observations are tabulated. (2) Working of AND Gate The electric circuit diagram is shown in Fig. 12.19.

Using the above circuit diagram proceed as described above and record the observations carefully. (3) Working of NOT Gate The electric circuit diagram is shown in the figure below:

Using the above circuit diagram proceed as follows: Do not plug the switch S. Observe whether the bulb glows or not. Repeat the experiment after plugging the switch in and record the obervations.

OBSERVATIONS OR GATE

AND GATE

NOT GATE

CONCLUSION

The observations are found to be similar to the truth tables of OR, AND and NOT gates.