A heritage of John Archibald Wheeler: the accurate measurement of dragging of inertial frames using the LAGEOS satellites and

the forthcoming LARES satellite f th i t llit

Dedication t J h A hib ld Wh l D di ti to John Archibald Wheeler and brief db i f introduction on frame-dragging frameMain M i experimental efforts to measure frame-d i t l ff t t frame-dragging f i brief description of Lunar Laser Ranging test p g g Satellite laser ranging measurements of the LenseLense-Thirring effect using the LAGEOS satellites LARES (LAser RElativity Satellite) (LAser

gnazio Ciufolini (Univ. Lecce): Virginia 7-7-2008

A heritage of John Archibald Wheeler: the accurate measurement of dragging of inertial frames using the LAGEOS satellites and f i h lli d the forthcoming LARES satellite th f th i t llit THIS TALK IS DEDICATED TO JOHN ARCHIBALD WHEELER ONE OF THE MASTERS OF PHYSICS OF XX CENTURY AND FATHER OF THE REINASSANCE OF GENERAL RELATIVITY
If today we are here we also owe this to Johnny, he was the scientific father, grandfather and grand-grand father of i tifi f th df th d grandd d f th f many of us!

gnazio Ciufolini (Univ. Salento): Virginia 7.7.2008

Johns office, Univ. Texas at Austin, nearly 20 years ago

A SCHOOL OF ASTROPHYSICAL RELATIVITY IS DEDICATED, S C SINCE 2006, 006, TO JOHNNY

I.C. & E.Pavlis, Letters to NATURE NATURE, 21 October, 2004. I.C., E.Pavlis and R.Peron,, New Astronomy 2006. I.C., Dragging of Inertial Frames, NATURE Review Review, September, 2007. I.C., Lunar Laser Ranging, (2008).

Frame Dragging and Gravitomagnentism by Spin

I.C., A. Paolozzi, E.Pavlis, R.Matzner, et al. in General

Relativity and John Archibald ea ya d o c ba d Wheeler (Springer, 2008).

DRAGGING OF INERTIAL FRAMES

(FRAME-DRAGGING as Einstein named it in FRAME1913)

The local inertial frames are dragged by gg y massmass-energy currents: u gravitomagnetism: gravitomagnetism: G = T = Thirring 1918 Braginsky, Caves and Thorne 1977 = [( +p) u u + p [( Thorne 1986 Jantsen et al. 1992-97, 2001 g] I.C. 1994-2001 It plays a key role in high energy astrophysics gy p y (Kerr metric)

GRAVITOMAGNETISM

INVARIANT CHARACTERIZATION of GRAVITOMAGNETISM

Gravitomagnetism defined without g approximations by the Riemann tensor in a local Fermi frame.
MatteMatte-1953

for th K f the Kerr metric: metric: t i eabsr Rsrmn Rabmn = 1536 J M cosq (r5r-6 - r3r-5 + 3/16 r r-4) cosq (r b r m In weak-field and slow-motion: weakslow*R R = 288 (J M)/r7 cos + R cos J = aM = angular momentum

I.C. 1994 I.C. and Wheeler 1995:

By B explicit spacetime i li i i invariants built with the i b il i h h Riemann tensor:

SOME EXPERIMENTAL ATTEMPTS TO MEASURE FRAME-DRAGGING AND FRAMEGRAVITOMAGNETISM

1896: Benedict and Immanuel FRIEDLANDER (torsion balance near a heavy flying-wheel) flying1904: August FOPPL (Earth-rotation effect on a gyroscope) (Earth1916: DE SITTER (shift of perihelion of Mercury due to Sun rotation) 1918: LENSE AND THIRRING (perturbations of the Moons of solar system planets by the planet angular momentum) 1959: Yilmaz (satellites in po 5 (s s polar o orbit) ) 1976: Van Patten-Everitt Patten(two non-passive counter-rotating satellites in polar orbit) noncounter1960: Schiff-Fairbank-Everitt (Earth orbiting gyroscopes) Schiff-Fairbank1986: I.C.: USE THE NODES OF TWO LAGEOS SATELLITES (two supplementary inclination, p ( pp y , passive, laser ranged satellites) , g ) Lunar Laser Ranging measurements of geodetic precession 1988 : Nordtvedt (Astrophysical evidence from periastron rate of binary pulsar) 19951995-2007: I.C. et al. measurements using LAGEOS and LAGEOS-II LAGEOS1998: Some astrophysical evidence from accretion disks of black holes and neutron stars t t 2004 launch of Gravity Probe B Binary Pulsars/Gravitomagnetic deflection of radio waves due to the orbital Pulsars/ motion of Jupiter (Kopeikin) (Kopeikin) LARES (2007-2009) by ASI (2007-

Lunar Laser Ranging has been and is a basic tool for testing fundamental physics, it has provided: Very accurate test of the weak equivalence principle Accurate test of the strong equivalence principle (Nordtvedt effect) Accurate measurement of PPN (P t N t i A t t f (Post Newtonian Parametrized) parameters ) Limits on G-dot Very accurate measurement of the geodetic effect with Very accuracy of about 0.6 percent
(see: Williams J G Turyshev S G and Boggs D H Phys Rev Lett (2004) Williams, J.G., Turyshev, S.G., Boggs, D.H. Phys. Rev. (2004). Williams, J.G., Newhall, X.X., and Dickey, J.O. Phys. Rev(1996). For a discussion on frame-dragging, Lense-Thirring effect and geodetic precession, see: OConnell, R.F. A Note on Frame Dragging. Class. Quant. Grav. (2005) and Proc. of Course CLXVIII of the International School of Physics "Enrico Fermi", Varenna, Italy, 2007, ed. E. Arimondo, W. Ertmer and W. Schleich, (2008).

Has Lunar Laser Ranging measured the gravitomagnetic field by spin (Lense-Thirring effect) or not?.
Debate:
Murphy, T.W. Jr., Nordtvedt, K. $\&$ Turyshev, S.G. Gravitomagnetic Influence on Gyroscopes and on the Lunar Orbit. Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 071102--1-4 (2007). Kopeikin, S.M. Comment on ''The gravitomagnetic influence on gyroscopes And on the lunar orbit". Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 229001 (2007). Murphy, T.W. Jr., Nordtvedt, K. $\&$ Turyshev, S.G. A Reply to the Comment by Sergei M. Kopeikin. Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 229002 (2007). y g p y ( ) In: I.C. Gravitomagnetism, Frame-Dragging and Lunar Laser g , gg g Ranging. ArXiv:0704.3338v2 [gr-qc] 10 May 2007; ); I.C.and Pavlis, E. Proc. of 15th International Laser Ranging Workshop, Camberra, Australia, October 16-20, 2006 and I.C. Lunar Laser Ranging, Frame-Dragging and Gravitomagnetism by Spin, to appear (2008) Frame Dragging

It is proven, using two different methods, that LLR measures frame dragging, i the sense of geodetic precession, b t NOT f d i in th f d ti i but framedragging by spin, in the sense of Lense-Thirring effect. One method uses the spacetime invariant built out of the Riemann tensor that is substantially zero on the Moon orbit near the ecliptic plane.

GRAVITY PROBE B

I.C.-Phys.Rev.Lett., 1986 I C Ph R L tt 1986: Use the NODES of two LAGEOS satellites. A. ZICHICHI: IL TEMPO, JUNE 1985

Satellite Laser Ranging

l=3, m=1

IC, PRL 1986: Use of the nodes of two laser-ranged satellites to measure the Lense-Thirring effect ff t

CO C CONCEPT OF THE LAGEOS III / LARES EXPERIMENT O G OS S

LARES

MAIN COLLABORATION
I.C.

University of Lecce and INFN

A. Paolozzi

Sapienza University of Roma p y and INFN LNF-INFN

E. Pavlis

University of Maryland
R. Matzner

University of Texas at Austin

D. Rubincam

NASA Goddard NASA-Goddard

Lageos However, NO LAGEOS satellite with supplementary inclination to LAGEOS has ever been launched. Nevertheless, LAGEOS II was launched in 1992. 1992

II: 1992

IC IJMPA 1989: Analysis of the orbital y perturbations affecting the d th nodes of f LAGEOS-type yp satellites ( ) (1) Use two LAGEOS satellites with supplementary inclinations OR:

Use n satellites of LAGEOS-type to measure the first n-1 even zonal harmonics: J2, J4, and the Lense-Thirring d th L Thi i effect

EGMEGM-96 GRAVITY MODEL

EGM96 Model and its uncertainties

Even value zonals lm Uncer -tainty in i value UncerUncertainty on node I UncerUncertainty on node II UncerUncertainty on Perigee II
0.8 08 wLT

20

03

0.48416 5 37 x 10-

0.36x10 0 36x10- 1 WLT

10

2 WLT

40

0.53987 386 x 10-06 0.14995

09

0.1 x 10-

1.5 WLT

0.5 WL T

2.1 wL T

60

09

0.15x10- 0.6 WL T

0.9 WL T

0.31 wL T

eII = 0 04 0.04

I.C., NC A, 1996

2002

Use of GRACE to test Lense-Thirring at a few percent level: J. Ries et al. 2003 (1999),E. Pavlis 2002 (2000)

EIGEN-GRACE-S EIGEN GRACE S (GFZ 2004)

EIGENEIGEN-GRACE02S Model and Uncertainties

Even zonals lm Value 10-6 Uncertainty Uncertainty on node I Uncertainty on node II Uncertainty on perigee II

20 40 60

-484.16519788
0.53999294 -.14993038

0.53 10-10 0.39 10-11 0.20 10-11

1.59 WL T 0.058 WLT 0.0076 W L T

2.86 W L T 0.02 WL T 0.012 W L T

1.17 w LT 0.082 w L T 0.0041 w L T

80 10,0

0.04948789 0.05332122

0.15 10-11 0.21 10-11

0.00045 WL T

0.0021 W L T

0.0051 w L T 0.0023 w L T

0.00042 W L T 0.00074 W L T

Using EIGEN-GRACE02S: EIGEN2 main unknowns: dC20 and LT Needed 2 observables: dWI ,dWII (orbital angular momentum vector)
dWI = K2 x dC20 + K2n x dC2n,0 + m (31 mas/yr) dWII= K2 x dC20 + K2n x dC2n,0 + m (31.5 mas/yr)

not dependent on dC20 free from non-gravitational errors on the perigee nonTOTAL ERROR FROM EVEN ZONALS r C40 = = 3% to 4 % Lense-Thirring Lense-

m = dWI + K* dWII:

I.C. PRL 1986; I.C. IJMP A 1989; I.C. NC A, 1996; I.C. Proc. I SIGRAV School, Frascati 2002, IOP.

IC Nuovo Ci N Cimento A 1996

Observed value of Lense-Thirring effect using The combination of the LAGEOS nodes nodes. Observed value of Lense-Thirring effect = 99% of the general relativistic prediction. Fit of linear trend plus 6 known frequencies l k f i General relativistic Prediction = 48.2 mas/yr I.C. & E.Pavlis, Letters to NATURE NATURE, 431, 958, 2004.

Error budget
Static gravitational field ( g (using the EIGEN-GRACE02S g EIGENuncertainties): 3 % to 4 % (the EIGEN-GRACE02S uncertainties include EIGENsystematic errors) o s stematic e o s) or 6 % to 8 % doubling the do bling uncertainty published with EIGEN-GRACE02S. EIGENTime dependent gravitational field error: 2% NonNon-Gravitational perturbations: 2 % to 3% [most of the modeling errors due to the nonnong gravitational p perturbations are on the p perigee, in g , particular due the Yarkowski effect on the perigee, but with in this combination we only used the nodes] 2% error d due to random and stochastic errors and other errors t d d t h ti d th

TOTAL: about 10 % (RSS) b t .C., E. Pavlis and R. Peron, New Astronomy (2006). y I.C. and E. Pavlis, New Astronomy (2005).

The 2004 analysis with EIGENGRACE02S: Does not use the perigee (i.e., no problems to assess the non-gravitational non gravitational errors) In the error analysis we have summed up the absolute y p values of the errors due to each individual even zonal harmonic uncertainty: thus we did not use the correlation h i t i t th t th l ti (anyhow small) among the even zonal harmonic coefficients The EIGENGRACE02S model was obtained with the use of GRACE data only and did NOT use any LAGEOS data The even zonal harmonics obtained from GRACE are independent of the Lense-Thirring effect (the acceleration of a polar circular orbit satellite generated by the even polar, zonals is orthogonal to the acceleration generated by the Lense-Thirring effect).

Potentially weak points of the 2004 analysis: The analysis was performed with the NASA orbital Th l i f d ih h bi l Estimator GEODYN, but what would happen by Performing it with a different orbital estimator ? The 2004 analysis was p y perfomed with EIGENGRACE02S but what happens if we change the gravity field model (and th ( d the corresponding value of the even zonal harmonics) ? di l f th lh i ) Answer: Let us use the GFZ German orbital estimator EPOS Let (independent of GEODYN) Let us use different gravity field models obtained using GRACE

IC (Univ. Lecce), E. Pavlis (Univ Maryland Baltimore County), R. Koenig and Neumayer (GFZ Munich/Potsdam), G. G Sindoni and A Paolozzi (Univ. Roma I), A. (Univ I) R. Matzner (Univ. Texas, Austin) ( , ) Using GEODYN (NASA) and EPOS (GFZ)

NEW 2006-2007 ANALYSIS OF THE LAGEOS ORBITS USING THE GFZ ORBITAL ESTIMATOR EPOS

*by adding the geodetic precession of the orbital plane of an Earth satellite in th i the EPOS orbital estimator. bit l ti t

OLD 2004 ANALYSIS OF THE LAGEOS ORBITS USING THE NASA ORBITAL ESTIMATOR GEODYN

Comparison of Lense-Thirring effect measured using different g Earth gravity field fi ld models d l

LARES
Weight about 400 kg Radius about 18 cm Material Solid sphere of Tungsten alloy Semimajor Axis about 7850 km Eccentricity nearly zero Inclination about 70 degrees Combined with LAGEOS and LAGEOS 2 data it will provide a measurement of frameframe-dragging with accuracy of the order of 1 %

LARES
Funded by the Italian Space Agency (ASI) in a collaboration with Sapienza Universit di Roma, Roma University of Salento and INFN. INFN Main contractor Carlo Gavazzi Space. Launched in 2009 using the new European Space Agency launcher VEGA (by ASI ELV, ASI, ELV AVIO) Designed by Sapienza Universit di Roma, b Sapien a Uni e sit Roma Sc oo o e ospace School of Aerospace Engineering (Prof. Antonio g ee g ( o to o Paolozzi)