Bus bars are large section conductors, to which all circuits and equipments are connected Bus bar protection is intended to detect faults with in the bus and trip all connected circuits Why separate bus bar protection is required
In sub station all equipments like generators, transformers and feeders have their own protections. Fast acting protections of these equipments will not operate for bus fault. A bus fault is external to the equipment protections and are cleared on back up. The time delayed clearance on bus faults having highest fault currents can cause large system disturbances Equipments like transformers and generators are stressed due to sustained short circuits On tripping of equipment back up protections all circuits of the bus trip out and healthy section of the bus also is lost Bus faults may cause serious fire and damage other equipments if not cleared quickly
Hence bus bar protection is provided selectively for EHV and larger sub stations Bus bar protection also provides discriminative tripping of faulted bus section only retaining healthy section in service. Less disruption Bus faults can occur due to
Wrong on load operation of isolators Failure of CT/PT/LA etc Flash over of bus insulators Snapping of jumpers Unknowingly leaving safety earths
Bus protection zone to operate for faults in bus up to the equipment breaker terminals (Defined by CT locations) Types of bus protections
Frame earth protection/Phase comparison/Current differential
High impedance is connecting all CTs in parallel and across the relay. No bias circuit. High impedance of the relay circuit made to provide the stability gives this name Low impedance protection is providing a bias winding in relay for stability and lower impedance presented to CT Advantages of high Impedance
Simple robust and reliable All CT connections need not be brought to relay panel and can be paralleled at the yard. Reduces cabling Less expensive
----By H.Raghavendra Rao, SE(RETD)/KPCL
Discrimination can also be provided by over current relays instead of isolator CT switching. But this requires time delay hence not preferred
During such breaker failures the equipment can be isolated only by tripping all breakers connected to the bus and making bus dead To take care of such breaker failures Local Breaker back up protection is provided Scheme logic detects continued presence of current flow after a small delay from the energisation of trip relays when the breaker has not tripped and trips all breakers connected to the bus through the bus bar trip circuit LBB and bus bar protection operate through same trip circuits
----By H.Raghavendra Rao, SE(RETD)/KPCL
All faults in transmission line are to be cleared with out time delay for secured operation of the system
Hence the inst. Tripping distance relay(Zone1) is to be set for less than line length, 80 to 85 % adopted For providing protection for balance 20% another distance element(Zone2) provided. To cover any under reaching relay is set for more than the line length but less than zone 2 reach of next section. Up to 50% of next shortest section adopted. This is time delayed to allow the zone1 element at the other end to trip Back up protection for faults in the next section to cover failure of tripping by other end relays providedby Zone 3 element. The back up is required to reach up to the end of the longest line at the other end. Time delay more than zone 2 time required.next faults
----By H.Raghavendra Rao, SE(RETD)/KPCL
D
Z1B Z1 time Z2 time Z1A Z2A Z3 time
Z3A
Zone1A=80% of protected zone=80% of A-B, Time =Instantaneous Zone2 A=Up to 50 % of next shortest section=(A-B)+50%of(B-D), Time=0.3 to 0.5 sec Zone3A=Up to slightly more than100% of next longest section=120%of (A-B)+100% of (B-C), Time= 06 to 1.0 sec.
----By H.Raghavendra Rao, SE(RETD)/KPCL
Automatic re closing after line has tripped from both ends reduces line outage times to large extent With out this auto re closing, for transient faults also operators closing the line breakers from both ends after mutual consultation takes minimum 15 to 30 mts Also quick auto re closing reduces the risk of system disturbance, over loading of other lines etc. Hence auto re closing is provided for EHV lines, important tie lines
----By H.Raghavendra Rao, SE(RETD)/KPCL
Auto re closing is enabled only on tripping by distance relay in zone 1 or zone 2 extended and is blocked for tripping by
Zone 2 and zone 3 distance/Over voltage/bus bar protection/inter trip from other end/manual trip
----By H.Raghavendra Rao, SE(RETD)/KPCL