Mechanism for rigid bridges

Introduction
Guiding the rear wheels of the car can be done independently -
a guiding mechanism for each wheel, or dependent - a
mechanism for guiding the rigid bridge. The classical rear bridge
suspension is lamelar with bows, which provides both the role of
elastic element of the suspension and guide bridge against the
bodywork. Currently this is only used in trucks and cars on some
land, robustness not giving suspension comfort necessary
autovehicles. Constructive solution to current cars is the one
articulated spatial mechanisms, which are embedded in both the
elastic and the damping, this one carrying comfort compared with
the suspension lamelar springs.
Guiding bodies in space can be achieved in two principle ways:
through the guidance of a characteristic point of the body and its
orientation in relation to the point considered, solution used,
usually in industrial robots, and the guidance of several points of
the body area and / selected curves or convenient solution used
in guiding and bridging car (bridge articulate at the body). The
layout of the bridge points and elements guiding mechanism is in
view of requirements and dynamic cinematice
General
Car wheels, depending on the nature and size of forces and
moments acting on them may be:
- wheel motors (included) are running wheels under the flow of
power through transmission received from motor vehicle;
- free-wheel (driven) wheels are running under the action of a
force pushing or pulling, the same meaning with respect to travel
speed of the car, put on their bodywork and the car;
- hindered-wheels: wheels are running under the action of the
braking mechanisms developed in the braking of the wheels
(active braking) or by the power of walking in the trained (engine
brake).
For cars, fitted with two decks, the traction can be achieved by
solutions 4x2 or 4x4, the first figure indicating the number of
wheels, and the second on the wheel motors. For the traction
type 4x2, deck engine can be ordered in front or rear, and the
type bridges are both 4x4 tractors engines.
Engine decks, with the emot, ensure the transfer of power to
flow autopropulsare, depending on the organization of traction,
the tree of the secondary gear box or the longitudinal
transmission, the engine wheels. Down through the transfer of
power flow undergoes a series of adaptations, namely:
- geometric adjustment determined relative position of the plane
tree rotate elbow engine plane and the engine spinning wheels;
- adjustment determined by kinematics ensuring necessary
reports for transmission transmission car;
- dividing the flow of received power in two branches, one sent to
each of wheels of the engine puntii.
To be accomplesh the functions before the mechanisms of
power flow from engine deck include transmission main (or main
gear), and differential transmission wheels to motors.
In autopropulsion of wheel motors interacting with the path,
take delivery of forces and reaction moments. The bridge is to
take all these forces and moments and to send elements of the
elastic suspension and the car body or frame. Getting forces and
moments, and transmission lines after the rigid body or car, is a
constructive set of puntii called mechanism guiding the wheel.
Guiding mechanism, with all puntii, cinematic wheel suspended
by elastic suspension. Bridges are defined in such rigid and
articulated bridges.
Role of the automotive bridge
Ensure the transmission of power flow from the longitudinal
transmission wheels motors. For the flow of engine power bridges
include the following mechanisms: main transmission,
differential, trees and planetary wheel hub.
Engine characteristic is that bridges must ensure the
transmission of power flow to the engine's displacement, to
obtain the necessary qualities for optimal consumption and
dynamic, to ensure normal operation, and whisper-component
mechanisms.
For the flow of engine power decks include the following
mechanisms:
- main transmission
- differential
- planetary trees
- wheel hub
Rear deck is to retrieve all the forces and moments occurring at
the center of the rear wheel of the car and the forward elements
of the elastic suspension and the car body or frame. This role is
fulfilled through the bridge mechanism for guiding the wheel
After the type of guidance mechanism, the back decks can be
rigid or articulated
Rigid decks (or decks with dependent oscillating wheels) on
which decks are one of the wheel vibration, due to vertical load,
influence and position of the other wheels without changing the
relative position between them.
Articulated decks (or decks with independent wheel vibration)
are decks on which changes to a vertical load of the wheel
determines the relative position of changing wheels bridges.
Rear deck must meet several requirements, namely:
- ensure the takeover of the reactive forces and moments
occurring in wheel centers and to transmit related items
- have sizes as small size, especially vertically, to achieve
increasing guard ground - to be easy
- to provide technical solutions simple and low cost
- easy maintenance
- safety in operation.
Characteristic bridges engines are:
- adjusting the flow of power from the engine's displacement to
obtain the necessary qualities for optimal consumption and
dynamic
- to ensure the normal functioning of the mechanisms and quiet
components.
In accordance with the requirements set out above.,I chose as
a fitting solution car designed for a rigid bridge.

Main transmission
Includes all main transmission mechanisms brifge rear that
provides a multiplier of engine speed. Transmission main role is
to increase engine when received from the transmission of
longitudinal and forward through the trees and differential
planetary wheel motors that spinning on a spindle arranged at an
angle of 90 from the longitudinal axis of the car.
Amplification timing engine with a transmission rule
consistently called for the transmission of puntii engines (note
io), are required to adapt the kinematics of motor transmission
work. To perform this function by building transmission
mechanisms are angrenajelor type. Cars, where the required
transmission ratio falls in the range of values 3 ... 5, main
transmission consists of a single gear. Such transmissions are
called major transmission main simple.
Adaptation geometric flow for power autopropulsion assumed
target of the axis around which rotates the tree bend axis
transverse to the engine car, around the spinning wheels motors.
This function is achieved by the transmission main gear type
used and the gears with orthogonal axes in longitudinal
arrangement of the engine and gears with axes parallel to a
transverse engine layout.
Kinematics organization of the main
transmission
6
5
3
4
2
1
7
8

Transmission main from your first simple step of main
transmission gears using double type:
- whith conical gears
- the gears hipoide
- with worm gears - wheel snails
Transmission of the double main gears are cylindrical with
axes fixed or mobile
The figure is shown following kinematics scheme for organizing
a main transmission gears with simple conical.

The pinion of attack 2, is mounted by bearings rolling in the
housing 4 and is in permanent contact with the crown 3, mounted
by screws 6, on the case differential7.
Kinematics organization of the differential
1
3
2
O
7
4
O'
6
5
Differential is a transmission mechanism mounted between the
main transmission and engine to wheels, which allows speeds of
different wheels Angular puntii. The differential in certain
conditions of travel between the wheels puntii so - called
parasitic power. Differential used in cars with longitudinal engine
is willing, in general, a mechanism with planetary gears conical.


Elements of such a mechanism are: planetary wheels 2, an 6,
fixed on trees worldwide 1 and 7, transmission of the engine
wheels, arm (axis) port satelite 4 and the casing 3 differential.
The driver of the mechanism is portsatelit arm 4, which
receives the flow of engine power to the crown through the main
transmission case 3.
Wheel hub
1 1
1 0
8
9
4
1
2
3
7
6
5
1 2
In the following figure is constructive solution of the wheel hub of
the trees used worldwide total download.

Block 3 is helps the wheel rotation with the flange 1 of the
planetary shaft screws 2. Solidarity with the wheel motors 6 and
7 of the flapper brake is made by prezonul 4 with 5 nuts. By the
conical berrings 9 and 10, is blocking the rest of the trunk bridge
8. Adjust the game is rolling bearings with nut and conternut 11.
By mounting the rolling bearings, "O" opening between them
provides a greater stiffness of the building, so that trees are fully
Planetary download times of data ncovoietoare forces and
reactive moments acting on the wheel.
Guiding mechanism of the deck
Following the guidance of the wheels, decks engines can be
tough:
- Bridges in the engine forces and moments are transmitted
through the suspension springs;
- Bridges engines which forces are transmitted by the suspension
springs, and when the bars reaction;
- Bridges in the engine forces and moments are transmitted
through a trompe cardan.
Vehicle designed for the solution we chose a bridge to the
forces and moments are transmitted through the suspension
springs, solution presented in the following figure:
To send forces XR XF or the housing 1 to the bodywork or 6 arc 3
is mounted fixed in longitudinal direction through the pivot 2. To
ensure longitudinal arch deformation under the vertical force ZR,
the other end of the arch is fixed to the frame or body by a
double pivot with eardrop 4.
b a
L
Fi
Ga
Z1
Ff1 Ff2
Z2
h
g
Calculation and construction of the breaking
system
Determination of times necessary to brake the car decks
A method for determining the braking moments is given by the
condition that when the braking does not exceed the allowable
strength.
Normal reactions Z1 and Z2 are given by relations:
27 , 12699
2230
5 , 557 7 , 0 1228
17500
L
h b
G Z
g
a 1

+

+
N ;
576 , 4808
2230
5 , 557 7 , 0 1003
17500
L
h a
G Z
g
a 2

N ;
Where:
- G
a
is the total weight of the car
- a, b, h
g
are coordinates of the center of gravity of car
- is the coefficient of adhesion
Braking time is calculated by the relationship:
2471278 278 27 , 12699 7 , 0 r Z M
r 1 1 f

Nmm ;
935748 278 57 , 4808 7 , 0 r Z M
r 2 2 f

Nmm ;
The breaking moment on the wheels:
- for the front wheels:
1235639
2
2471278
2
M
M
1 f
fRF
Nmm ;
- for the back wheels:
5 , 467874
2
935748
2
M
M
2 f
fRS
Nmm ;
Calculation of brake:
To the rear deck is the solution adopted by the drum brake
shoe and the inside.

Force to be developed by the cylinder is:
351 , 1551
135 88
1
) 88 100 ( 135 3 , 0
5 , 467874 5 , 0
e c
1
) c d ( r
5 , 0 M
S
t
fRS

,
_

,
_

where : =0,3 is coefficient of friction between the gasket

and friction drum;
Couples friction brake done by the shoes are:
We take:
-
R
r
t
= 135 mm ;
-
d
d= 100 mm ;
-
c
c = 88 mm ;
2 , 233937
135 3 , 0 88
88 100
135 351 , 1551 3 , 0
e c
c d
r S M
t 1 fs


+


+

Nmm ;
85 , 86474
135 3 , 0 88
88 100
135 351 , 1551 3 , 0
e c
c d
r S M
t 2 fs

+
+

+
+

Nmm ;
Friction moment is
1 , 320412 85 , 86474 2 , 233937 M M M
2 f 1 f f
+ +
;
The norml stress at the shoes are:
085 , 6140
135 3 , 0 88
88 100
351 , 1551
e c
c d
S N
1


+

N ;
681 , 2269
135 3 , 0 88
88 100
351 , 1551
e c
c d
S N
2

+
+

+
+

N ;
Friction forces shoe drum are:
N 9044 , 680 681 , 2269 3 , 0 N F
N 025 , 1842 085 , 6140 3 , 0 N F
2 2 fS
1 1 fS


The coefficient of elasticity is given by relations:
6 2 6 , 1 E E E
4 3 8 9 , 0
3 5 1 , 1 5 5 1
9 0 4 4 , 6 8 0
S
F
E
1 8 7 3 6 , 1
3 5 1 , 1 5 5 1
0 2 5 , 1 8 4 2
S
F
E
2 1
2 f S
2
1 f S
1
+