1-1

Chapter 1
Chapter 1
Complex Vectors
Complex Vectors
ECE 3317
Dr. Stuart Long
1-2
Why study electromagnetic waves?
Motivation:
Most basic of all ECE courses: Mathematically the most satisfying; all
others courses are just more specific cases (i.e. circuit theory

is the low
frequency special case)
Electromagnetics explains physical phenomena: Confirms
observations in areas of electricity and magnetism; closer to the
electrophysics

side of ECE, more like applied physics
Important to know about EM: Even if you are specializing in circuits,
computers, control, communications, biomed, or solid state devices
1-3
Applications:
Applied Electromagnetics : Radar; Antennas; Microwaves; Military
uses; Electrical machinery; Aircraft
Wireless Communications: Cell phones; Bluetooth; Wireless routers;
Cordless handsets; EZ pass tags; RFIDs
Computer Applications: Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC);
Electromagnetic Interference (EMI); Chip design beyond simple circuit
analysis (faster circuits mean smaller wavelengths).
Why study electromagnetic waves?
1-6
Notation, Symbols, and Units
Real Scalars:

Indicated by italic type or Greek letters e.g. a or .
Complex Scalars:

Indicated by a ~

underneath letters e.g. c
Real Vectors:

Indicated by boldface italic type e.g. B.
Unit Vectors:

Indicated by the symbol ^

above a quantity and boldface italic
type or Greek letters e.g.
x
~
Complex Vectors:

Indicated by bold type with a ~

underneath letters e.g. J
~
1-7
References to equations and pages in your book will be written in green.

Appendices A, B, C, and D

in the text book list frequently used symbols and
their units.
Notation, Symbols, and Units
1-8
Complex Numbers
real imaginary magnitude phase
1
c | c|
j
a j b e
|
= + =

2
h | h|
j
f j g e
|
= + =

1-9
1
1 1
c | c | | c | cos | c | sin
j
a j b e j
|
| | = + = = +

real imaginary magnitude phase
Re
a
Im
c a jb = +

( )
1
c sin |

( )
1
c cos |

1
|
b
Graphic Representation of

Complex Numbers
( )
2 2
1
1
| c |
tan
a b
b a |

= +
=

1-10
1
- *


c h ( ) ( )
c



-h ( - ) ( - )
c - | c |


j
a f j b g
a f j b g
a jb e
|
+ = + + +
= +
= =
addition
subtraction
complex conju t ga e





Complex Algebra
1
2

c | c|
h | h|
j
j
a j b e
f j g e
|
|
= + =
= + =


1-11
1
( )



c h | c | | h |
c |c|

h |h|
j
j
e
e
| |
| |
1 2
2
( + )

=
(
=
(

multiplication
division




1
2

c | c|
h | h|
j
j
a j b e
f j g e
|
|
= + =
= + =


Complex Algebra
1-12
( )
1
2
c c
c c
j n
x
j x n x
x
e
e
|
t
| t
1
| |
+
|
\ .
+2
=
=
square root
power


( )
1
2
c | c|
j n
e
| t +
=

Complex Algebra
Where n

is an integer
Note: square root will have
two possible values, one
for n=0 and one for n=1.
1-13
{ }
{ }
0
0
( ) = cos( )
( ) = Re
( ) = Re V
j j t
j t
V t V t
V t V e e
V t e
| e
e
e | +

0
V =
j
V e
|

Time Harmonic Quantities

2
f
e
t
=
Amplitude Angular Phase
Frequency
[1.4]
[1.5]
1-14
B
( , , , ) ( , , ) x y z t x y z V

V
real, time
harmonic
quantity
complex
representation
B
A
V(t)
t
c

c
A
( )
Re V

( )
Im V

Time Harmonic Quantities

1-15
( ) ( ) +
(t)
( )
Note:
However,


)

(
t t
j
t
t t
e

+
c
c
V U
V

VU

V U
V
V U
( , , , ) ( , , ) x y z t x y z V

V
real, time
harmonic
quantity
complex
representation
Time Harmonic Quantities
B
A
V(t)
t
c
c A
( ) Re V

( ) Im V

B
1-16

cos

cos

( ( ) ( ) s ) co ( )
x z
y
x
x x
y
y z y
z
z



j j
j

t
V e V e
V

V t
V
t

t
e
V
|
|
|
e | | | e e +
= + +
= + + + +
V x
x V
z
z
y
y

Transform each component of a time

harmonic vector function into complex
form
{ }
( ) Re
j t
t e
e
= V V

Complex Vectors
1-17
Example 1.15
{ }
{ }
{ }
Let


( ) Re

( ) Re ( )

( ) Re ( )(cos sin )

( ) cos sin
j t
j t
j
t e
t j e
t j t j t
t t t
e
e
e e
e e
= +
=
= +
= + +
=

A x y
A A
A x y
A x y
A x y
t = 3/2
t =
t = /2
y
x
t = 0
[Fig. 1.8]
[p.16]
The direction
of the vector
varies with time.
1-18
1-19
Recall from example 1.15
and
Let and

( ) cos sin

( ) ( ) sin cos

(A B A B )
( )( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )


x y y x
j t t t
j j j t t t
j j
e e
e e
= + =
= + = =
=
=
=
=

A
B
A B

x y A x y
x y x y B x y
z
1 1
1 1
0
( )
(x-formation only for basic vector produc ) N ts T O
( ) ( )

( ) (
Ho
) cos si
w
n
ever, t t
t t t t e e
=
=
=
= =
A B

2 2
0 A B 0
A B z z 0
Example 1.16
[p.16]
1-20
0
0
2 2 2
0
0
2
0
0
2
2 0
Not true for pro t
2
duc s
1
( ) cos( ) 0
1
( ) cos ( )
1 cos[2( )]

2
( )
2
T
T
T
T =
V t V t dt
T
1
f
V t V t dt
T
V
t
dt
T
V
V t
t
e
e |
e |
e |
+ =
| |
=
|
\ .
= +
+ +

=
`
)
=
}
}
}
[p.17]
Time Average of Harmonic Quantities
[p.17]
[p.17]
1-21
time average po
2
wer

Usual 60 [Hz] power
A way to compute the time average of the cr

Quic oss products of
two time har
k
monic vectors is g
!!!
(t) 0 (t) but 0 = =

V V
{ }
*
time-average
1
(t) (t) Re
2

iven belo


rule

w
= A B

A B
[1.19]
Example