Students guide .

Name:__________________________

English II

Teacher: Nasllely Garcia ..

English II Program
Grammar
Object Pronouns (me, you, him, her, it, we, you, them) Countable and uncountable nouns quantifiers (how much/ how many / a lot of / a little / a few /some /any) Plurals (regular/irregular) Auxiliar: Could (afirmative/negative/interrogative) Simple past (afirmative/negative/interrogative) Verbs (regular/irregular) Estructure of: Used to (afirmative/negative/interrogative) Past of the verb to be (was/were) Past continuous (afirmative/negative/interrogative) Present perfect (afirmative/negative/interrogative) Adjetivos comparativos (John is bigger than Mike) Adjetivos Superlativos (The Everest is the highest mountain in the world)

Vocabulary

Food and drinks (bannanas, fish, milk, water, etc) School supplies (pencil, pen, eraser, paper, etc) Numbers (from 100 to 1000) Measures (inch, foot, yard, etc) Public places (hospital, mall, stadium, etc) Sports (basketball, handball, swwiming) Time expressions (yesterday, last night, long time ago, etc) Occupations (lawyer, doctor, secretary, handy man, teacher, etc) Famous people (J.F. Kennedy, Steve Jobs, Machael Jackson, etc) Personal hobbies (listen to music, read a book, watch tv) Customs and traditions (The Independency, Thanks Giving, Christmas Eve) School experiences (kindergarten, elementary, university)

Conversation Strategies

Share experiences on assistance to public places: shopping center, restaurant, supermarket, museum, etc. Ask and give information about simultaneous events in the past. Ask and give information about visible changes in our family, environment, local, state, national, global. Ask and provide information of past events. Ask and give information about the place and date of birth of a person. Ask and give information about personages from the past.

Grades
50 % 20 % 10 % 10% 10% Writing and oral exam Portfolio Discipline Assistance Participation Teacher: Nasllely Garcia e-mail: nasllelycam@hotmail.com

OBJECT PRONOUNS Grammar

A subject pronoun does the action and goes BEFORE the verb (except in a question) while object pronouns go AFTER the verb receiving the action, or you can find it after a preposition. Consider the sentence "Lisa gave the coat to Phil." All three nouns in the sentence can be replaced by pronouns: "She gave it to him." If the coat, Lisa, and Phil have been previously mentioned, the listener can deduce what the pronouns she, it and him refer to and therefore understand the meaning of the sentence. Subject Pronou n I You He She It We You They Object Pronoun Me You Him Her It Us You Them My mom loves me Robert can help you I miss my boyfriend My brother kicked my little sister The boys painted the house My Dad read my siblings and me a book every night This present is for you and Nicole Juan invited Peter and July to the party My mom loves me Robert can help you I miss him He kicked her They painted it He read us a book This present is for you He invited them to the pary Object Nouns Object pronouns

Practice
A. Complete the sentences with the correct object pronoun

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Do you like cats? I love ___________ Dan likes Peter but Vicky hates _________ Jimmy is bad at physics. I'm very good at___________ Mary likes this book very much. Could you give it to__________ Dont ask__________. I dont know John! Where are you? I can't see__________ My mom loves my brother and me. She loves__________

B. Underline the correct object pronoun in each sentence

1. The teacher always gives the students homework. me her it me she them us them her her you him her him it 2. I am reading the book to my little sister. 3. The boys are riding their bikes. 4. My father is writing a letter to John. 5. I don't know the answer.

6. Sally is going to visit Anne . her it you him her him them them her me me us us you us 7. Open the window, please. 8. Can you tell the people the way to the airport? 9. The books are for Peter. 10. Can you help my sister and me, please?

C. Choose the pronoun in ( parenthesis ) that correctly completes each sentence. Write it on the line. Then, circle subject pronoun or object pronoun. 1. ___________ has studied kung fu for years.
(He, Him)

1. subject pronoun 2. subject pronoun

object pronoun object

2. The history of the martial arts is interesting to ___________ . pronoun

(he, him)

3. ___________ know about many great warriors. pronoun

(We, Us)

3. subject pronoun

object

4. One of ____________ was a 13-year-old girl named Shuen Guan.

(they, them)

4. subject pronoun 5. subject pronoun 6. subject pronoun 7. subject pronoun 8. subject pronoun

object pronoun object pronoun object pronoun object pronoun object

5. ___________ lived during the Jinn Dynasty, over 1600 years ago.
(She, Her)

6. Her people had a nickname for ____________.

(she, her)

7. ___________ called her Little Tigress.

(They, Them)

8. When her town was attacked by bandits, no one would fight ___________ . pronoun
(they, them)

9.____________ was the only one brave enough. pronoun

(She, Her)

9. subject pronoun

object

10. Shuen Guan fought her way through ____________ and went for help. pronoun
(they, them)

10. subject pronoun

object

D. Convert the subject and object nouns into pronouns or object pronouns and put them in a new sentence over the line.

1.

Bill phoned Sofia _______________________________________________________________________________

2.

Susan gave the letter to her mother_________________________________________________________________

3.

Can you lend Billy and me the car?

_________________________________________________________________ 4. Rosy and I love Charly and Tommy_________________________________________________________________ 5. Roberto kissed Susan___________________________________________________________________________ 6. The dog chased the cat__________________________________________________________________________ 7. I saw you and Andy at the disco.___________________________________________________________________ 8. Tony saw the girl yesterday_______________________________________________________________________ 9. Sara and I had lunch with Nicole and Michael_________________________________________________________ 10. Sally and Susan dont like cheese__________________________________________________________________

11.Obet hates to ride

buses_________________________________________________________________________ 12. Mirna went with Molly and John to the movies________________________________________________________ 13. Orlando is very kind with Susan and me____________________________________________________________ E. Read the next story, and answere the questions below

John liked to wear his hair very long. Some of his friends thought that it looked like
girl's hair, but they never made jokes about it, because John was a big, strong young man, and he did not think jokes about his hair funny. John always went to the barber's twice a month to have his hair cut and washed, and one day the barber said to him, "Now why don't you let me cut most of this hair off and make your head tidy? Nobody would recognise you if I do that, I am sure." John said nothing for a few seconds, and then he said, "Perhaps you are right - but I am sure that nobody would recognise you either if you did that to my hair."
1. Who are "they" in the second line?

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

What does the pronoun "it" in the second line minds?

Who is "him" in the fifth line?

Who is "me" in the fifth line?

Who is "you" in the sixth line?

Who is he in the seventh line?

Who is you in the seventh line?

Who is you in the eighth line?

F. Draw a line matching each subject pronoun with the correct object pronoun I You He She It We You They Us Him It Them You Me Her You

COUNTABLE NOUNS
Countable nouns are easy to recognize. They are things that we can count. For example: "apple". We can count apples. We can have one, two, three or more apples. Here are some more countable nouns: Fruits: pineaple, cucumbers, mango, etc. Things: pen, pencil, book, etc. Measures: liter, centimeter, pounds, etc.

UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
Uncountable nouns are substances, concepts etc that we cannot divide into separate elements. We cannot "count" them. For example, we cannot count "milk". We can count "bottles of milk" or "litres of milk", but we cannot count "milk" itself. Here are some more uncountable nouns: Food: fish, meat, pasta, etc Drinks: wter, milk, beer, alcohol, etc Feelings: love, happy, angry, etc

A. Enter the name of each food nex to the picture and finally write C if the noun is countable or U if it is uncountable. Eggs, milk, butter, cheese, yogurt, bacon, meat, a beef, pork, lamb, chicken, sausage, liver, a ham, turkey, salami, peanuts, almond, beans, pistachio, legume, avocado, cherry, strawberry, kiwi, lemon, tangerine, mago, apple, peach, melon, orange, pear, pineaple, banana, watermelon, pawpaw, grapes, blackberry, mineral water, milkshake, brandy, coffee, beer, hot chocolate, lemonade, milk, soda, tea, red wine, vodka, cocktail, sugar, jelly, marmalade, honey, cake, donuts, cheesecake, marzipan, cookies, cereal, noodle, flour, rice, bread, toast, pasta, wheat, clam, tuna, lobster, fish, shellfish, oysters, salmon, sardine, octopus, shrimp, crab, olive oil, margarine, sunflower oil, garlic, celery, broccoli, pumpkin, onion, cabbage, cauliflower, spinach, vegetables, lettuce, potatoe, cucumber, parsley, pepper, radish, mushroom, tomato, carrot, salt, cinnamon, ketchup, mustard, sauce, vinegar, black peper, soup, french fries, hamburger, pizza.

QUANTIFIERS
HOW MANY? M A N Y / A F E W / A L O T O F / A / AN
Countable nouns Q: How many cucumbers do I slice for the salad? A1: Dont slice many cucumbers (negative) A2: Slice a lot of cucumbers. (affirmative) A3: Slice a few of cucumbers. (affirmative) A4: You need a cucumber for the salad (affirmative) Q: How many books do we need for this semester? A1: You dont need many books. (negative) A2: You need a lot of books. (affirmative) A3: You need just a few books. (affirmative) A4: You need a book. (affirmative)

HOW MUCH? MUCH / A FEW / A LOT OF

Uncountable nouns Q: How much paper is in the printer? A1: There isnt much paper (negative) A2: There is a lot of paper. (affirmative) A3: There is a little paper. (affirmative) Q: How much alcohol do you drink per month? A1: I usually dont drink very much alcohol (negative) A2: I usually drink a lot of alcohol. (affirmative) A3: I usually drink just a little alcohol. (affirmative)

A. Decide whether you have to use much or many and write it before the noun. ____________cars ____________music ____________pictures ____________water ____________flowers ____________milk ____________numbers ____________money ____________books ____________time _____________tea _____________girls _____________people _____________person _____________students ____________penciles ____________love ____________makeup ____________wine ____________hotels

B. Underline the correc word in these questions ans answeres.

1.

A. How much / many fruit do you eat a week? B. Well, I have orange / an orange every day for breakfast, and I eat a lot of / much fruit after dinner for dessert.

2.

A. How often do you eat vegetable / vegetables? B. I usually eat many / a lot of french fries. Is that a vegetable?

3.

A. How much / many times a week do you eat rice / rices? B. About twice a week. But I eat potato / potatoes every day.

4.

A. Do you eat many / a lot of seafood? B. Well, I eat a lot of / much fish, but I cant eat shellfish / a shellfish.

5.

A. Do you eat meat / meats? B. Well, I dont eat beef / beefs, but I eat many / a lot of chicken.

6.

A. How much / many eggs do you eat a week? B. I dont eat much / many. I dont really like egg / eggs.

C. Complete the sentences with MUCH or MANY

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
8.

I don't have __________ hair to wash. I'm almost bald. We don't have __________ furniture in our house. That store sells so __________ desks to businesses. How branches does your bank have? The puzzle had so __________ pieces that we couldn't finish it. I am not making __________ progress in my work. Does he have __________ knowledge about business matters? Did you have __________ luck finding a parking space. Do you receive __________ junk mail each day?

9.

10.Do they use __________ slang when they speak? 11.You can't take __________ luggage on board an airplane.
QUANTIFIERS
SOME
We use some with countable or uncountable nouns to refer to a relatively small number or amount. We use this word to indicate the number or amount in a general way. The number or amount is not stated because we don't know what it is, or we don't really mind what it is. The word has a positive feel to it. Here are some example sentences. I bought some flowers and took them home to my wife. I met some interesting people when I was in Paris. Some of the petrol was dirty and that was why the car didn't run smoothly. Some furniture was damaged in the fire.

ANY
We use any in much the same way, again because we don't know or care what the exact number or amount is. However, there are two important differences. The word tends to have a negative feel to it and it is often used with words like not, didn't, wasn't, couldn't, shouldn't, mustn't and so on. It is also often used in questions. Here are some example sentences: I didn't see any mangoes in the market. You mustn't put any hot oil in that saucepan. He looked carefully but he couldn't find any beer in the garage. Have you seen any foxes in your back garden? Have you got any money? Yes, I have some. No, I haven't got any. I don't have any time today but I'll have some time tomorrow.

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We use no article at all when we are referring to a particular group or class of things. We also do this when we don't know or care how many of those countable or uncountable nouns there are. Judges should be well educated but they are often old-fashioned. I like animals, but sheep are rather smelly. The shop sells petrol and it also sells food and newspapers and things like that. I think that education in China has changed a lot over the last 10 years.

Notice that sometimes a speaker/writer can choose two or more of these (some/any/no article) and they could all be correct. Here are two examples. I believe that (some or --) education is important for everyone on Earth. If you have (some or any or --) sense, you'll leave us alone!

SOME / A / AN
It is used in affirmative sentences I have some chiken in the fridger (uncountable) I ate some cookies in the breakfast (plural countable) I ate a cookie in the breakfast (singular countable) It is used in offers

ANY / A / AN
It is used in questions Do you have any chiken? (unountable) Do you have any cookies? (plural countable) Do you have a cookie? (singular countable) Do you have any cookie?(singular countable)(more emphasis) It is used in negative sentences

Do you want some chicken? (uncountable) Would you like some cookies? (plural countable) Would you like a cookie? (singular countable)

I dont have any chicken (uncountable) I dont have any cookies (plural countable) I dont have a cookie (singular countable) I dont have any cookie (singular countable)(more emphasis)

It is used when you expect an affirmative answere Can I have some chiken? (uncountable) Can I have some cookies? (plural countable) Can I have a cookie? (singular countable) It is used in afirmative sentences to give options only with plural countable nouns You can pick any of these books (plural countable) She can use any of these dresses (plural countable) Please cook any of these fish fillets (plural countable)

A. Cimplete the sentences with SOME or ANY

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Sue went to the cinema with __________ of her friends! Jane doesn't have __________ friends. Have you got __________ brothers or sisters? Here is __________ food for the cat. I think you should put __________ flowers on the table. Could you check if there are __________ calls on the answering machine? I don't want __________ presents for my birthday. Did they have __________ news for you? I'm hungry I will eat __________ sandwiches.

10. There aren't __________ apples left. B. Complete these sentences using SOME, ANY or NO ARTICLE at all.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

I believe that __________ people enjoy having fun. The minister says that __________ trade is one way to build the economy. They don't sell __________ fruit at the shop but they have __________ vegetables. The book says that they eat __________ leaves but I think they eat __________ fruit too. It says here that __________ rice is grown in Asia. If you don't eat __________ food you'll be hungry by lunchtime. Have you ever read __________ books by Ian McEwan? I don't think he had __________ reason to shout at me like that. I enjoy __________ wine but __________ beer gives me a headache. __________ tofu. Is there __________ tofu left?

10.I love

C. Complete this paragraph using SOME, ANY or NO ARTICLE at all. Global warming will probably have serious consequences. In the future, 1.__________ temperatures will rise and the results will be uncertain. It may mean that 2.__________ deserts become drier. It may mean that 3.__________ oceans rise and 4.__________ small islands are flooded. In addition, 5.__________ areas of low land may also be flooded. The loss of land will force 6.__________ people to move to new areas. This may cause many problems. Will there be 7.__________ easy answers? Probably not. In 8.__________ areas, people will be welcomed; in other areas 9.__________ people will not be welcomed. Governments will have to take 10.__________ difficult decisions. They will need to start thinking today about how people affect the climate. Governments must act! If they do not take 11.__________ decisions, things will only get worse. It's essential to take 12.__________ action, now. Similarly, we need to take 13.__________ action too. Turn off 14.__________ lights, turn down the heaters, turn down the air-conditioning.

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Completed paragraph: Global warming will probably have serious consequences. In the future, (no article) temperatures will rise and the results will be uncertain. It may mean that (some or no article) deserts become drier. It may mean that (no article) oceans rise and some small islands are flooded. In addition, (no article is possible but probably some) areas of low land may also be flooded. The loss of land will force (some or no article) people to move to new areas. This may cause many problems. Will there be any easy answers? Probably not. In some areas, (some is possible but probably no article) people will be welcomed; in other areas (some is possible but probably no article) people will not be welcomed. Governments will have to take (some or no article) difficult decisions. They will need to start thinking today about how (no article) people affect the climate. Governments must act! If they do not take (some) important decisions, things will only get worse. It's essential to take (some or no article) action, now. Similarly, we need to take (some or no article) action too. Turn off some lights, turn down the heaters, turn down the airconditioning. Act now!

D. Write the correct quantifier in the next conversation: A FEW / A LITTLE / MUCH / HOW MUCH / MANY / HOW MANY / SOME / ANY / A LOT OF Amy : Mum, Im hungry. Mother: Do you want a Mediterranean Omelette? Amy : Yes, and I want to learn how to make it. Mother : Alright. Come on then Lets make one together. Amy : Thanks , mum ! OK. I need ________ eggs, but ___________ do I need ? Mother : Two . You also need a small onion, a small green pepper, a large tomato and butter, but there isnt _________ butter in the refrigerator. Amy : ___________ butter ? Mother : About 25 grams. Amy : Do I need ________ salt and pepper ? Mother : Yes, you do . Amy : Do I need _________ flour ? Mother: No, you need _________ flour. We need _________ vegetables. We have _________ onions , _________ green peppers. There are __________ tomatoes but there arent __________ mushrooms. OK. Its not problem. Amy : Should I cut them into pieces to help you , mum ? Mother : Yes, thank you . Put __________ butter into the frying pan. Amy : Do I put the vegetables in the frying pan now ? Mother : Yes, fry them for about three minutes. OK. Break the eggs into a bowl. Add _________ salt and pepper. Good... now beat them well.... like that . Right. I think the vegetables are ready now, so add the eggs to the frying pan. Its ready in __________ minutes. Amy : Is it ready ? Mother : Not yet. Turn the omelette over. Do we have_________ bread ? Amy : Yes, we have _________ bread. Mother : OK. Serve it with it. Its delicious. Amy : I want to drink _________ soda with it . Unfortunatelly, we dont have _________ soda . I will drink with _______ juice. Mother : It looks delicious and attractive.

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IRREGULAR PLURAL NOUNS

Noun type

Forming the plural Change f to v then Add -s

Example knife life wife half wolf loaf potato knives lives wives halves wolves loaves potatoes tomatoes volcanoes cacti nuclei foci analyses crises theses phenomen criteria men feet children people teeth mice

Ends with -fe

Ends with -f

Change f to v then Add -es

Ends with -o

Add -es

tomato volcano cactus

ends with -us

Change -us to -i

nucleus focus analysis

ends with -is

Change -is to -es

crisis thesis

ends with -on

Change -on to -a

phenomenon a criterion man foot child person tooth mouse

ALL KINDS

Change the vowel or Change the word or Add a different ending

Unchanging

Singular and plural are the same

sheep deer fish (sometimes)

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B. Make the next singular nouns into plural nouns following the rules given Foot person echo thief house child

wolfChoose and underline the analysis answere for the plurals. fish A. correct yourself goose The plural of "phenomenon" is ? phenomena ? phenomenons ? phenomeni ? phenomenon The plural of "buffalo" is ? buffalos ? buffals ? buffalose ? buffaloes The plural of "child" is ? children ? childs ? cheeld ? child The plural of "deer" is ? deers ? deeres ? door ? deer The plural of "stimulus" is ? stimuluses ? stimuli ? stimula ? stimules octopus The plural of "bus" is ? bis ? buss ? buses ? busa The plural of "shelf" is ? shelfs ? shelves ? shelvs ? shelfes The plural of "woman" is ? womans ? womanes ? women ? woman The plural of "thesis" is ? thesises ? thesies ? thesi ? theses

The plural of "calf" (a baby cow) is ? calfs ? calves ? calf ? celf

REGULAR PLURAL NOUNS

To make plural nouns ad an S at the end of the noun Examples: House --- Houses Car --- Cars Sister --- Sisters Book --- Books The house is beautiful / The houses are beautiful The car is fast / The cars are fast My sister is very nice / My sisters are very nice The book is on the table / The books are on the table

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MODAL AUXILIAR C O U L D
The verb Couldexpresses Little chance or conditionality. It means in spanish: podra, puede, poda, pudiera. According with the context: Example: I could dance if I could practice Affirmative: You could be wrong They could manage without us I could help Ann if she only let me This new plan could be very risky The news could kill Mr. Taylor Anybody could be chosen for the job I could go back and bring Kate with me Negative: I couldnt see very clearly Mrs. Jones coldnt stand the smell We coldnt leave you alone My dad couldnt come to my party Interrogative: Could you open the window? Could they scape? Could you lend me some money? Could you open the window please?

VERBS

To form regular verbs in past add ed at the end. Example: work --- worked When the verb finishes in e add d at the end. Example: move --- moved If the verb finiches in consonant + y the y is remplaced for i and then add ed. Example: try --- tried When the verb has one syllable ends in a consonant preceded by a vowel, doubl the last consonant and then add ed. Example: stop --- stopped For irregular verbs there isnt any specific rule. Example: go --- went

A. Change the next infinitive form of the verbs into past form. Clean ________________________ Study ________________________ Bathe_________________________ Fail__________________________ Share_________________________ Marry_________________________ Trap__________________________ Rain__________________________ Talk__________________________ Cheat_________________________ Carry_________________________ Cry___________________________ Obey__________________________ Listen_________________________ Live___________________________ Post___________________________ Pone__________________________ Like___________________________ Rain__________________________ Kiss___________________________ Trip___________________________ Want___________________________ Laugh__________________________ Invent__________________________ Mug___________________________ Love___________________________ Look___________________________ Drop___________________________ Walk___________________________ Copy___________________________ Step___________________________ Fry____________________________ Stand__________________________

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LIST OF VERBS
Infinitive answer arrive ask be * borrow break * buy * catch * clean climb collect come * compose cook cut * dance describe discover do * drink * drive * eat * enjoy fall * feel * find * fly * forget * give * go * happen have * help hurt * invent invite kill know * lend * leave * lie * like live look love make * meet * miss open pack pay * Simple Past answered arrived asked was / were borrowed broke bought caught cleaned climbed collected came composed cooked cut danced described discovered did drank drove ate enjoyed fell felt found flew forgot gave went happened had helped hurt invented invited killed knew lent left lay liked lived looked loved made met missed opened packed paid Past Participle answered arrived asked been borrowed broken bought caught cleaned climbed collected come composed cooked cut danced described discovered done drunk driven eaten enjoyed fallen felt found flown forgotten given gone happened had helped hurt invented invited killed known lent left lain liked lived looked loved made met missed opened packed paid Spanish responder llegar preguntar ser tomar prestado romper comprar atrapar limpiar escalar colleccionar venir componer cocinar cortar bailar describir descubrir hacer beber conducir comer disfrutar caer sentir encontrar volar olvidar dar ir suceder tener ayudar herir, doler inventar invitar matar saber prestar dejar yacer gustar vivir mirar amar hacer conocer, encontrar perder, extraar abrir empacar pagar

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phone play prefer prepare push put * rain read * remember rent rescue return ring * save say * search see * sell * sit * skate ski sleep * smell speak * spend * start stay stop study survive swim * take * talk teach * tell * think * throw * touch try understand * use visit wait walk want wash watch wear * work write *

phoned played preferred prepared pushed put rained read remembered rented rescued returned rang saved said searched saw sold sat skated skied slept smelled spoke spent started stayed stopped studied survived swam took talked taught told thought threw touched tried understood used visited waited walked wanted washed watched wore worked wrote

phoned played preferred prepared pushed put rained read remembered rented rescued returned rung saved said searched seen sold sat skated skied slept smelled spoken spent started stayed stopped studied survived swum taken talked taught told thought thrown touched tried understood used visited waited walked wanted washed watched worn worked written

llamar por telfono jugar preferir preparar empujar poner llover leer recordar alquilar rescatar volver, devolver llamar por telfono ahorrar decir buscar ver vender sentarse patinar esquiar dormir oler hablar gastar comenzar quedarse detener estudiar sobrevivir nadar tomar hablar ensear decir pensar lanzar tocar intentar entender usar visitar esperar caminar querer lavar mirar llevar puesto trabajar escribir

* (irregular verbs)

TIME EXPRESSIONS

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Past yesterday last week an hour ago recently a long time ago in the past this morning

Present today this week now as we speak these days nowadays at this time

Future tomorrow next week in an hour soon way off in the future eventually later this evening

Using time expressions with the correct verb tense will improve your English: - Last week I went to the movies. (past tense. ) - This week I'm working early in the morning. (present continous tense to describe the entire week) - Next week I'm going to take a trip to California. (the "going to" future)

SIMPLE PAST

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USE 1 Completed Action in the Past

USE 2 A Series of Completed Actions

Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind. Examples:

We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on. Examples:

I saw a movie yesterday. I didn't see a play yesterday. Last year, I traveled to Japan. Last year, I didn't travel to Korea. Did you have dinner last night? She washed her car. He didn't wash his car.

I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim. He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00. Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs?

USE 5 Past Facts or Generalizations USE 3 Duration in Past The Simple Past can also be used to describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true. As in USE 4 above, this use of the Simple Past is quite similar to the expression "used to." Examples:

The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past. A duration is a longer action often indicated by expressions such as: for two years, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc. Examples:

She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing. He didn't like tomatoes before. Did you live in Texas when you were a kid? People paid much more to make cell phone calls in the past.

I lived in Brazil for two years. Shauna studied Japanese for five years. They sat at the beach all day. They did not stay at the party the entire time. We talked on the phone for thirty minutes. A: How long did you wait for them? B: We waited for one hour.

USE 4 Habits in the Past

IMPORTANT When-Clauses Happen First Clauses are groups of words which have meaning but are often not complete sentences. Some clauses begin with the word "when" such as "when I dropped my pen..." or "when class began..." These clauses are called when-clauses, and they are very important. The examples below contain whenclauses. Examples:

The Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past. It can have the same meaning as "used to." To make it clear that we are talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually, never, when I was a child, when I was younger, etc. Examples:

When I paid her one dollar, she answered my question. She answered my question when I paid her one

I studied French when I was a child.

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A. Put the verbs into the correct form (simple past).

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Last year I (spend) ____________my holiday in Ireland. It (be) ____________great. I (travel) ____________around by car with two friends and we (visit) ____________lots of interesting places. In the evenings we usually (go) ____________to a pub. One night we even (learn) ____________some Irish dances. We (be) ____________very lucky with the weather. It (not / rain) _______________a lot. But we (see) ____________some beautiful rainbows. Where (spend / you) _______________________your last holiday?

B. Have a look at James's last week's diary and answer the questions in complete sentences. Put the time expression at the end of the sentence. Monday football Tuesday shopping cinema Wednesday meeting tennis Thursday ring Jane English Friday buy flowers Italian restaurant Saturday concert Sunday sailing

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

When was his English course? ___________________________________________________________________ When did he go shopping? ______________________________________________________________________ When did he buy flowers? _______________________________________________________________________ When was his meeting? ________________________________________________________________________ When did he play football? ______________________________________________________________________ When did he go to the Italian restaurant? ___________________________________________________________ When did he ring Jane? ________________________________________________________________________ When did he go to the cinema? __________________________________________________________________ When did he play tennis? _______________________________________________________________________

10.When was the concert? ________________________________________________________________________ 11.When did he go sailing? ________________________________________________________________________

C. Rewrite the sentences in the negative.

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1. They collected postcards. ______________________________________________________________________ 2. You jumped high. ___________________________________________________________________________ 3. Albert played squash. _________________________________________________________________________ 4. The teacher tested our English. __________________________________________________________________ 5. Fiona visited her grandma. ______________________________________________________________________ 6. He washed the car. ___________________________________________________________________________ 7. You were thirsty. _____________________________________________________________________________ 8. He had a computer. ___________________________________________________________________________ 9. I bought bread. _______________________________________________________________________________ 10.You saw the house. ___________________________________________________________________________

D. Write questions in simple past.

1. Anna / the window / open ________________________________________________________________________ 2. she / home / walk ______________________________________________________________________________ 3. you / in the garden / work ________________________________________________________________________ 4. you / a song / sing ______________________________________________________________________________ 5. she / on a chair / sit _____________________________________________________________________________ 6. you / the castle / visit ____________________________________________________________________________ 7. Jenny / the door / lock ___________________________________________________________________________ 8. she / happy / be ________________________________________________________________________________ 9. Greg / the ball / kick _____________________________________________________________________________ 10.the car / at the corner / stop _______________________________________________________________________

E. Write positive sentences in simple past.

1. he / the question / answer _______________________________________________________________________ 2. you / a question / ask ___________________________________________________________________________ 3. the dog / bark _________________________________________________________________________________ 4. they / us / call _________________________________________________________________________________ 5. we / a mountain / climb __________________________________________________________________________ 6. John / stamps / collect __________________________________________________________________________ 22

7. we / in London / live ____________________________________________________________________________ 8. I / hungry / be _________________________________________________________________________________ 9. they / a hamster / have __________________________________________________________________________ 10.he / to school / go ______________________________________________________________________________

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NUMBERS
Quantify precisely the noun. They are divided into ordinal (first, second, ...), cardinal (one, two, ...), fractional (a half, a third, ...) and multiplicative (double, triple, ...).

CARDINAL NUMBERS
0 - zero (ssrou) 1 - one (un) 2 - two (tch) 3 - three (zri) 4 - four (for) 5 - five (fiv) 6 - six (sks) 7 - seven (sven) 8 - eight (it) 9 - nine (nin) 10 - ten (ten) 11 - eleven (ilven) 12 - twelve (tchulv) 13 - thirteen (zertin) 14 - fourteen (fortin) 15 - fifteen (fiftin) 16 - sixteen (sikxtin) 17 - seventeen (seventin)

18 - eighteen (eitin) 19 - nineteen (naintin) 20 - twenty (tchunti) 30 - thirty (zrti) 40 - fourty (frti) 50 - fifty (ffti) 60 - sixty (sksti) 70 - seventy (sventi) 80 - eighty (iti) 90 - ninety (ninti) 91 - ninety-one (ninti un) 92 - ninety-two (ninti tch) ... 100 - one hundred (un jndrid) 200 - two hundred (tch jndrid) 1,000 - one thousand (un zusand) 10,000 - ten thousand (ten zusand) 1,000,000 - one million (un mlion)

Examples 21 twenty-one 47 forty-seven 103 one hundred three 869 eight hundred sixty-nine 5,007 five thousand seven 9,562 nine thousand five hundred sixty-two 12,431 twelve thousand four hundred thirty-one 37,243 thirty seven thousand two hundred forty-three 450,162 four hundred fifty thousand one hundred sixty-two 923,567 nine hundred twenty-three thousand five hundred sixty-seven 2,853,590 two million eight hundred fifty-three thousand five hundred ninety

A. Write the correct form of the number with letters. 385_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 8,590 _______________________________________________________________________________________________

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211_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3,896_______________________________________________________________________________________________ _ 4,586_______________________________________________________________________________________________ 77__________________________________________________________________________________________________ 333_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 90,804______________________________________________________________________________________________ _ 689_________________________________________________________________________________________________ 256_________________________________________________________________________________________________

ORDINAL NUMBERS
1st - first (frst) - primero 2nd - second (skond) - segundo 3rd - third (zrd) - tercero 4th - fourth (forz) - cuarto 5th - fifth (ffz) - quinto 6th - sixth (skz) - sexto 7th - seventh (svenz) - sptimo 8th - eighth (itz) - octavo 9th - ninth (ninz) - noveno 10th - tenth (tenz) - dcimo 11th - eleventh (ilven) - dcimo primero 12th - twelfth (tchulfz) - dcimo segundo 13th - thirteenth (zertinz) - dcimo tercero 14th - fourteenth (fortinz) - dcimo cuarto 15th - fifteenth (fiftinz) - dcimo quinto 16th - sixteenth (sikxtinz) - dcimo sexto 17th - seventeenth (seventinz) - dcimo sptimo 18th - eighteenth (eitinz) - dcimo octavo 19th - nineteenth (naintinz) - dcimo noveno 20th - twentieth (tchuntiez) - vigsimo 30th - thirtieth (zrtiez) - trigsimo 40th - fortieth (frtiez) - cuadragsimo 50th - fiftieth (fftiez) - quincuagsimo 60th - sixtieth (skstiez) - sexagsimo 70th - seventieth (sventiez) - septuagsimo 80th - eightieth (itiez) - octagsimo 90th - ninetieth (nintiez) - nonagsimo 91st - ninety-first (ninti frst) - nonagsimo primero 92nd - ninety-second (ninti second) - nonagsimo segundo 93rd - ninety-third (ninti zrd) - nonagsimo tercero 94th - ninety-fourth (ninti frz) - nonagsimo cuarto 100th - one hundredth (un jndredz) - centsimo 1,000th - one thousandth (un zusandz) - milsimo 1,000,000th - one millionth (un millonz) - millonsimo

FRACTIONS / DECIMALS / PERCENTAGES

1/2 1/3 2/3 1/4 3/4 2/5 one half (un jf) / a half (a jf) one third (un zrd) / a third (a zrd) two thirds (tch zerds) a fourth (a frz ) / a quarter (a kurter) three fourths (zri frz) / three quarters (zri kurters) two fifths (tch fifzs) 45% -5 +5 forty-five percent (frti fiv percnt) minus five (minos fiv) plus five (plas fiv) two times four, equal to six twelve into si xis equal to two

2X4=6 12/6 = 2

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0.25 0.50 0.75 21.32 0.78

point two five (pint tchu fiv) point five (pint fiv) point seven five (pint sven fiv) twenty-one point three two (tchunti un pint zri) point seven eight (pint sven it)

USED TO
We use 'used to' for something that happened regularly in the past but no longer happens. I used to smoke a packet a day but I stopped two years ago. Ben used to travel a lot in his job but now, since his promotion, he doesn't. I used to drive to work but now I take the bus.

We also use it for something that was true but no longer is. There used to be a cinema in the town but now there isn't. She used to have really long hair but she's had it all cut off. I didn't use to like him but now I do.

A. Mix and match I used to eat a lot of chocolates but Paul used to work in London but He used to take tha train to work but When I was younguer, I didnt use toe at cheese but When I lived in the city, They used to go to a very traditional school I used to really enjoy this company but She used top lay the piano but We used to go to the beach for our holiday He used to have a motorbike but now he drives. when we were children. now i eat a lot. now im on a diet. I often used to go to the theatre. now she plays the guitar. now he works in sheffield. now i find him a bit boring. where they wore a uniform. now he drives a very boring family car.

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PUBLIC PLACES
airport - the place you go when you want to travel by plane to another city. bakery - you can buy fresh bread and cakes here. bank - you deposit or withdraw/take out your money here. You can cash a cheque. bookstore - a place where you can buy books and magazines. bus station - the place you go when you want to travel by bus to another city. butcher's - they sell fresh meat. caf - you can buy a cup of coffee and cakes or sandwiches. church - a religious place of worship court - the place where they have trials and law cases. A judge works here craft market - a place that sells typical products (normally hand-made) of a region/country. department store - a large store that sells clothes, household appliances etc. in sections. cinema/movies - you can see the latest movies here. Many people eat popcorn while they're here. fire station - the building where firemen keep their equipment including the fire-engine gas / petrol station - the place you go to put petrol (gas) in your car. gym - you can do exercises, weight training and keep fit here. hairdresser's - you go here when you want to cut your hair. hospital - you go here when you need an operation or someone is going to have a baby. hotel - where you sleep when you visit another city. gallery - you can see paintings and other works of art. jail / prison - criminals are sent here by a judge for a number of days or years. laundromat / launderette - a place where you can wash your clothes in coin-operated machines. library - a place where you can read and borrow books. mall - a usually large suburban building or group of buildings containing various shops with associated passageways museum - you can see many old objects (and sometimes paintings) pharmacy/drugstore - you can buy medicine and (legal) drugs. police station - you are taken here when you break the law and are arrested pub - a place where you can buy a beer or other types alcoholic drinks park - An area of public land in a city that contains an area of grass where you can rest, play or walk your dog. Sometimes children can play on swings, a slide or a climbing frame here. restaurant - you go here when you don't want to cook at home. They prepare meals for you. stadium - a large usually roofless building with tiers of seats for spectators at sports events school - a place where children learn. You normally start school at the age of 5. square - an open area within a city in the shape of a square. It is usually the heart of the city. supermarket - a large store that sells food, drinks and household items video store - you rent a movie or a DVD for a couple of days from this place. zoo - a place where you can see many types of animals in cages.

A. Complete the sentences or answere the questions with the correct public place. Carla is a nurse. She works in a _____________ I need to buy some bread, where should I go? _____________ I need to send a letter, where should I go? _____________ Jennifer is a waitress. She works in a _____________ Peter cut people's hair. He works in a _____________ I like to meet friends for coffee at a _____________ I need to buy a book, where should I go? _____________ I need to read books and study, where should I go? _____________ I put my money in a _____________. James wants to send an e-mail to his family. He needs to go to the _____________ I want to buy local art. Where should I go? _____________ At the _____________ you can play games with your friends. I want to watch a film. Where should I go? _____________

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Some people go to_____________on Sundays. Children go to _____________ to learn new things. I want to ride a roller coaster. Where should I go? _____________ Steve can buy alcohol at the _____________ I want to buy meat. I have to go to a_____________ I want to go see many different animals. Where should I go? _____________ I need to do exercises and get in shape. I need to go to a _____________

PROFESSIONS & OCCUPATIONS

Accountant - a person that works with the money and accounts of a company. Actor /Actress - a person that acts in a play or a movie Architect - a person that designs building and houses. Author - They write books or novels. Baker - They make bread and cakes and normally work in a bakery. Bricklayer - a person that helps to build houses using bricks. Bus driver - a person that drives buses. Butcher - a person that works with meat. They cut the meat and sell it in their shop. Carpenter - a person that makes things from wood including houses and furniture. Chef/Cook - a person that prepared food for others, often in a restaurant or caf. Cleaner - a person that cleans/tidies an area or place (such as in an office) Dentist - a person that can fix problems you have with your teeth. Designer - a person who has the job of designing things. Doctor - a person you go to see when you are ill or have some type of health problem. Dustman/Refuse collector - a person that collects trash/rubbish from bins in the street. Electrician - a person that works with electric circuits. Factory worker - a person that works in a factory. Farmer - a person that works on a farm, usually with animals. Fireman/Fire fighter - a person that puts out fires. Fisherman - a person that catches fish Florist - a person that works with flowers. Gardener - a person that keeps gardens clean and tidy. They take care of the plants in the garden. Hairdresser - they cut your hair or give it a new style. Journalist - a person that makes new reports in writing or through television. Judge - a qualified person that decides cases in a law court. Lawyer - a person that defends people in court and gives legal advice. Lecturer - a person that gives lectures, usually in a university. Librarian - a person that works in a library. Lifeguard - a person that saves lives where people swim (at a beach or swimming pool). Mechanic - a person that repairs machines, especially car motors. Model - a (usually attractive) person that works in fashion, modeling clothes and accessories. Newsreader - a person that reads the news, normally on television. Nurse - a person trained to help a doctor look after the sick or injured. Optician - a person that checks your eyes and try and correct any problems with your sight. Painter - a person that paints pictures or the interior and exterior of buildings. Pharmacist - a qualified person that works with and dispenses medicine. Photographer - a person that takes photos. Pilot - a person who flies a plane. Plumber - a person that repairs your water systems or pipes. Politician - a person who works in politics. Policeman/Policewoman - a member of the police force. They (try and) prevent crime. Postman - a person that delivers mail to your house. Real estate agent - a person that makes money from selling land for development. Receptionist - a person that is at the reception (entrance) of a company. Scientist - a person that works in the science industry. They do many experiments. Secretary - a person employed in an office who types letters, keeps records etc.

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Shop assistant - a person that works in a shop or store selling products. Soldier - a person who works for the army. Tailor - a person that makes clothes for others, many times producing exclusive items of clothing. Taxi driver - a person who drives a taxi. Teacher - a person that passes knowledge to students, usually at school. Translator - a person that translates from one language to another. Traffic warden - a person that patrols areas to check that people do not park in the wrong place. Travel agent - a person that organises and sells holidays and flights for others. Veterinary doctor (Vet) - a qualified person that looks after sick animals. Waiter/Waitress - a person that works in a food outlet, looking after customers and serving food. Window cleaner - a person that cleans windows, normally the windows of big buildings. A. Write at the end of the sentence the correct profession or occupation. A person that works in a restaurant, looking after customers and serving food. _____________ A person that acts in a play or movie. _____________ They write books or novels. _____________ A person that works in a shop or store selling products. _____________ A person that saves lives where people swim (at a beach or swimming pool). _____________ They can fix problems you have with your teeth. _____________ A person that passes knowledge to students, usually at school. _____________ They organize and sell holidays and flights for others. _____________ A person that works in a factory. _____________ A person that works in a library. _____________ A person that drives buses. _____________ A person that defends people in court and gives legal advice. _____________ A person that collects trash / rubbish from bins in the streets. _____________ A person that repairs machines, especially car motors. _____________ They paint pictures or the interior and exterior of buildings. _____________ A qualified person that decides cases in a law court. _____________ A person who flies a plane. _____________ A person that designs buildings and houses. _____________ They work in the science industry. They do many experiments. _____________ A person that makes things from wood including houses and furniture. _____________

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SCHOOL AND OFFICE SUPPLIES

1. Tape (dispenser) 2. Paper clip holder 3. Ruler 4. Paper clips 5. Pushpins 6. Bulldog clip 7. Scissors 8. Correction Fluid (white-out) 9. Pencil sharpener 10. Calculator 11. Stapler 12. Staples 13. Pen 14. Pencil 15. Eraser (= rubber) 16. Highlighter 17. Hole-punch 18. Rubber bands (elastic bands) A paper clip is a small piece of wire that holds pieces of paper together. A bulldog clip is bigger and works better when you have to keep large amounts of paper together. Some people have paper clip holders that are small transparent boxes with a magnet rim with an opening at the top on them. This was if you drop all the paperclips it is easy to pick them back up with the magnet. A paper clip keeps papers together temporarily, but if you want to do it permanently you should use astapler. In fact a stapler works so well that to disconnect the papers you need another special tool called a stapler remover. When you need to cut paper or other objects you should use scissors. They safely cut paper and are easy to use. A calculator is a small electronic device that helps you to solve math problems. Business cards are small pieces of card with your name and contact information written on them. You carry the cards around so that you can give them to different people, especially at meetings. A calendar has all the days of the month in it so that you know what day it is today. Many people keepdesk calendars on the top of their desk so that they can always see their schedule and so that they won't forget different meetings and events. An organizer is a small book that you keep that allows you to keep task of everything. Inside of it there is normally a calendar filled with your schedule, as well as other important information that you need, including contact numbers for other people. It is also called an appointment book or personal planner. Rather than carry it with you or have it on the top of your desk some people prefer to have a wall planner hanging beside the desk which shows all the days of year at a time. When you make a mistake with a pen you need to use correction fluid or white out to cover the mistake. It is a liquid that you can put on paper to cover a mistake and then you can write over it again. However if you are writing with a pencil you can use a rubber or an eraser to make the mistake go away. When reading through long documents or studying, it is a good idea to use a highlighter in order to put the important facts in a bright colour. Carbon paper is a type of blue paper that you put between two pieces of normal paper. When you write on the top sheet of paper, it will make a copy of what you wrote on the bottom sheet of paper. A clip board is a small piece of wood (or plastic) with a clip at the top so that you can attach the paper to it and write while standing. A desk lamp is a special lamp that sits on top of a desk and directs the light downward on to the paper you are writing. A computer is normally the most important tool in an office. Many people type all of their important information into it. The monitor of the computer is the part that has a screen on it, like a television so that you can see all of the information. Many monitors today are flat screen ones. A laptop is a type of portable computer that is smaller and can be carried and used

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in different places. Now with new technology many people use WIFI to connect to the internet without cords. They can take their laptops anywhere and work outside of the office. Before people had computers they used to use electric typewriters, and before that they used normal typewriters. Masking tape is normally a light brown coloured tape that is not very sticky and only holds things up for a short time. Scotch tape is a clear adhesive and many times called Sellotape. Normally you keep the tape in a tape dispenser, which keeps the end of the roll separated from the rest of it, this way you do not need to waste time trying to pull the tape apart. Glue is an adhesive that sticks two objects together. Be careful when you use it not to stick your fingers together. Another name for glue is paste. A glue stick is when the glue is not in liquid form but is a soft solid. It is easier to spread a glue stick than normal glue, and normally less messy. The in tray is where you stack all the papers of the work you still have to do. Sometimes this pile of papers can become very large. Once you finish with work you put it in the out box or out tray. There are different ways to write a letter to someone. One way is to write on regular paper and put it inside of an envelope. Nowadays most people use a computer and send an e-mail. A file cabinet is a large piece of furniture designed specifically to hold stacks of paper. The papers are organized into folders that hang inside the cabinet. The folders are often called files, or file folders thus giving the cabinet its name. Other important furniture in an office includes the desk where you write and have your computer. You may also find a bookcase, where you keep all of your different reading material. Some people do not have their own office, rather they share a large room and have cubicles. This is a work area with small walls that don't reach the ceiling that separate the workers but do not close them off completely. There is usually a whiteboard in an office where you can write notes or messages for all to see. It is sometimes used to give presentations. The pens that you use for a whiteboard are called dry erase markers or marker pens and you can erase the information you wrote with them once you have finished. A fax machine takes a piece of paper, copies it and then sends the image over a phone line to another fax machine in a different office. At the other end the image is copied onto another piece of paper for them to be read. Unlike a fax machine a photocopier takes the image from the pieces of paper and copies it, but doesn't send it to another place. Photocopiers are used to make many copies of the same paper. Making photocopies is normally a job given to the newest person at work. A printer allows for information from the computer to be printed onto a piece of paper. A rubber band is a circular piece of rubber that stretches and holds things together, or closes a bag. If you have a lot of mail you might want to use a letter opener, a type of knife that can open all of the envelopes so that you don't get a paper-cut. A legal pad is like a notebook, but the papers are connected at the top of the page instead of from the left side. Normally the paper is yellow. Important people often have a nameplate sitting on the front of their desk. It is often a very nice small sign that has their name and title printed on it. Many people have small pieces of yellow paper covering the wall of their office with small bit of information written on them. These piece of paper are called post it notes and have a sticky part at one end of the paper. Rather than have small papers all over the office some people prefer to keep their offices more organized, writing down small notes in a notepad or a memo pad. A notice board is where messages are left for the entire office to see, with different information shared by everyone. A pushpin allows you to attach a piece of paper to a notice board. A hole punch is used to create holes on the left side of a paper so that the papers can be organized inside of a binder. A desk tidy or organizer is a box or container without a lid that has several different compartments for different items. This allows you to keep your pens, rubber bands, paper clips and other objects separate. For official documents a rubber stamp is used to leave a mark on paper to prove that you give it your approval. A stamp pad is the device that has ink for the rubber stamp. Many people today do not have regular telephones in their homes or offices, instead they use only their cell phones, because it can go anywhere with them..

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When you are bored at work and don't want to be productive take a break and spin around in your swivel chair. Also, try throwing balls of paper into the wastepaper basket or trash can.

HOBBIES OR FREE TIME ACTIVITIES

Go to the cinema - to see Hollywood blockbuster movies, Bollywood movies (from India), art films, animated films. Some film categories are: Comedy, Drama, Horror, Thriller, Action, Science Fiction (Sci-Fi), Fantasy, Documentary, Musical. Watch TV - Different types of television programs are: The News, Soap Operas, Criminal Investigation Dramas, Medical Dramas, Reality TV, Situation Comedies (Sit-Coms), Talk Shows, Documentaries, Cartoons, Game Shows, Sports programs, Movies, Political programs, Religious programs. Spend time with family - You can do many things with your family. Usually, the fact that you are together is more important than the activity. Go out with friends - You can also do many things with your friends, like go out to a bar, go dancing at a club, have dinner at a restaurant, play a sport, sit down and talk, go out for a coffee, have a barbecue, or any other activity that you all enjoy. Surf the internet - On the internet, you can research a topic you are interested in using a search engine, visit your favourite websites, watch music videos, create your own video and upload it for other people to see, maintain contact with your friends using a social networking site, write your thoughts in a blog, learn what is happening in the world by reading news websites, etc. Play computer or video games - You can play games on your computer or on a game consoles, like PlayStation, X-Box, Wii, PSP, Gameboy, etc. You can play on your own or with your friends or family. Play a musical instrument - Learn to play the piano, guitar, violin, cello, flute, piano accordion, mouth organ, panpipes, clarinet, saxophone, trumpet, etc. You can play on your own or with a group, such as a band or an orchestra. Listen to music - Turn up the volume and listen to your favourite type of music, such as pop, rock, hip hop, rhythm & blues, blues, jazz, classical, soul, heavy metal. Read - Many people love to read both fiction and non-fiction books and magazines. If you like fiction, you can read novels, short stories, crime fiction, romance, etc. If you like non-fiction, you can read biographies, autobiographies, or books on history, science, philosophy, religion, or any other topic you are interested in. Write - Many people like to write in their diary. Another name for a diary is a journal. You can also write many other things, such as poetry, novels, letters, short stories, etc. (See under Read for more options). Go to the park - You can go to the park alone, with family or with friends. You can take a picnic rug and a picnic basket and have a picnic. You can read, sleep, kick a football around, climb trees or play on the children's playground. Go to cultural locations and events - There are many types of cultural locations and events. You can go to the museum, to an art gallery or to the zoo to see animals from around the world. You can go to concerts, plays, musicals, dance recitals and opera performances. Go shopping - Many people like to go to shopping malls and areas of the city that are known for shopping to buy clothes or items for their houses and gardens. Cook - Many people like to cook different types of food. You can make meals for breakfast, lunch and dinner. You can bake cakes, cookies, slices and pastries in the oven. Some people boast that they have a special recipe - ask them to cook it for you! Study something - There are many things that you can study just because you find it interesting! You can study a language; you can learn a skill, such as cooking or making furniture; or you can even study the hieroglyphs of the ancient Egyptians, if you want to! Art and crafts - There are many, many arts and crafts that you can learn and practice. You can paint, draw, sew, crochet, knit, sculpt, engrave, make furniture, make jewelry, or you can even create your own new art form! Gardening - You can plant flowers, vegetables or herbs and maintain your garden by watering it, pulling the weeds and feeding it with fertilizer. Exercise and play a sport - To stay fit and healthy, you can do exercise alone, such as swimming or working out at a gym, or you can play a team sport, such as football or basketball.

SPORT ACTIVITIES

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aerobics (aerbiks) - ejercicios aerbicos archery (rcheri) - arquera athletics (azltiks) - atletismo badminton (bdminton) - bdminton baseball (bisbol) - bisbol basketball (bsketbol) - bsquet bicycling (bisikling) - ciclismo billiards (bliards) - billar bowling (buling) - bolos boxing (bksing) - boxeo canoeing (kaning) - canotaje car racing (car rising) - automovilismo diving (diving) - buceo fencing (fnsing) - esgrima fishing (fshing) - pesca football (ftbol) - ftbol americano golf (glf) - golf gymnastics (dchimnstiks) - gimnasia hang gliding (hng gliding) - aladeltismo hockey (hki) - hockey horse racing (hors rising) - carrera de caballos horse riding (hors riding) - equitacin hunting (hnting) - caza ice hockey (is jki) - hockey sobre hielo ice skating (is skiting) - patinaje sobre hielo

jogging (dchguing) - footing karate (karti) - karate martial arts (mrshal rts) - artes marciales motorboat racing (mtorbout rising) - carrera de lanchas mountaineering (maunteniring) - montaismo parachuting (parachting) - paracaidismo ping-pong (pngpong) - tenis de mesa polo (pulou) - polo pool (pool) - pool, billar americano rowing (ruing) - remo sailing (siling) - navegacin a vela skating (skiting) - patinaje skiing (skig) - esqu skydiving (skidiving) - paracaidismo acrobtico soccer (sker) - ftbol surfing (srfing) - surf swimming (suming) - natacin target shooting (trguet shuting) - tiro al blanco tennis (tnis) - tenis volleyball (vlibol) - vleibol water skiing (uter sking) - esqu acutico weight lifting (uit lfting) - pesas windsurfing (und-srfing) - windsurf wrestling (rstling) - lucha libre

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PAST OF THE VERB TO BE Simple present = am / is / are Past form = was / were

POSITIVE I HE SHE IT WE YOU THEY She WAS in the restaurant last night. The girls WERE in the ballet classes las semester

NEGATIVE He WAS NOT in clases this morning. (WASNT) My mom and I WERE NOT in that restaurant last night. (WERENT)

INTERROGATIVE

Was the cat playing with the ball?

Were Susan and Tom in a relationship when they were in high school?

A. Complete the gaps with was or were 1. I_____________happy. You_____________ angr 6. 7. 8. 9. We_____________at school. You_____________at the cinema. They_____________at home. The cat_____________on the roof.

2.
y. 3. 4. 5.

She_____________in London last week. He_____________on holiday. It_____________cold.

10. The children_____________in the garden

B. Complete the sentences with was or were

Principio del formulario

1. Last year, she_____________22, so she is 23 now. 2. Today the weather_____________nice, but yesterday it was cold. 3. I_____________hungry last night, so I had something to eat. 4. Where_____________you at 11 o'clock last Friday morning? 5. I Didnt buy those shoes. They_____________too expensive. 6. I_____________hungry. Can I have something to eat? 7. Why_____________you so angry yesterday? 8. In this month last year I_____________in Paris. 9. We_____________tired when we arrived home, so we went to bed. 10. Charlie Chaplin died in 1978. He_____________a famous film star. 11. Where_____________the children? I don't know. They must be in the garden.Final del formulario

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C. Read the next text and complete the sentences below about it. The police were called to the scene of a crime last night. Apparently, there was a burglary committed in a house down the street. Someone broke into the house late at night when the homeowners were gone and stole a lot of things from the homeowners. None of the neighbors saw who did it. The burglars came and left very quickly. A TV and a computer were stolen. There was also some missing jewelry, and about $500 were taken from inside of a bedroom. Normally this is a quiet, safe neighborhood but now everyone who lives here is very concerned by what has happened. Some people on the street have decided to get new, stronger locks installed on their doors. Others said the streets need to be patrolled by the police more often to discourage theft. 1A: What happened last week? 1B: A burglary ___________ committed in a house down the street. 3A:___________ anything stolen? 3B: Yes, a computer and a TV ____________ stolen.

4A: __________there any money taken? 2A: ____________ the homeowners there are the time? 2B: No, the homeowners ______________ gone. 4B: Yes, about $500 dolars_____________ taken.

D. Complete tha next chart.

Positive I was in the italian restaurant last night

Negative

Question

She wasnt very happy with the results of her exam Were they very quiet last class? The policemen was very old The students were not writing a letter Were you at the mall yesterday? The cat was at its little house sleeping You were not in Spain last summer Was the baby born in Autralia?

PAST CONTINUOUS
FORM [was/were + present participle]

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Examples:

You were studying when she called. Were you studying when she called? You were not studying when she called.

Past Continuous Forms

Positive

Negative

Question

I was singing. You were singing. We were singing. They were singing. He was singing. She was singing. It was singing.

I was not singing. You were not singing. We were not singing. They were not singing. He was not singing. She was not singing. It was not singing.

Was I singing? Were you singing? Were we singing? Were they singing? Was he singing? Was she singing? Was it singing?

USE 1 Interrupted Action in the Past

Use the Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was interrupted. The interruption is usually a shorter action in the Simple Past. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time. Examples:

I was listening to my iPod, so I didn't hear the fire alarm. You were not listening to me when I told you to turn the oven off. While John was sleeping last night, someone stole his car. Sammy was waiting for us when we got off the plane. While I was writing the email, the computer suddenly went off. A: What were you doing when you broke your leg? B: I was snowboarding.

I was watching TV when she called. When the phone rang, she was writing a letter. While we were having the picnic, it started to rain. What were you doing when the earthquake started?

USE 2 Specific Time as an Interruption

USE 3 Parallel Actions

In USE 1, described above, the Past Continuous is interrupted by a shorter action in the Simple Past. However, you can also

When you use the Past Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions were happening at the same time. The actions are parallel.

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use a specific time as an interruption. Examples:

Examples:

Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner. At midnight, we were still driving through the desert. Yesterday at this time, I was sitting at my desk at work.

I was studying while he was making dinner. While Ellen was reading, Tim was watching television. Were you listening while he was talking? I wasn't paying attention while I was writing the letter, so I made several mistakes. What were you doing while you were waiting? Thomas wasn't working, and I wasn't working either. They were eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time.

IMPORTANT In the Simple Past, a specific time is used to show when an action began or finished. In the Past Continuous, a specific time only interrupts the action. Examples:

Last night at 6 PM, I ate dinner. I STARTED EATING AT 6 PM. Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner. I STARTED EARLIER; AND AT 6 PM, I WAS IN THE PROCESS OF EATING DINNER.

USE 3 Parallel Actions

Examples:

When you use the Past Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions were happening at the same time. The actions are parallel.

I was studying while he was making dinner. While Ellen was reading, Tim was watching television. Were you listening while he was talking? I wasn't paying attention while I was writing the letter, so I made several mistakes. What were you doing while you were waiting? Thomas wasn't working, and I wasn't working either. They were eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time.

USE 4 Atmosphere In English, we often use a series of parallel actions to describe the atmosphere at a particular time in the past. Example:

USE 5 Repetition and Irritation with "Always"

When I walked into the office, several people were busily typing, some were talking on the phones, the boss was yelling directions, and customers were waiting to be helped. One customer was yelling at a secretary and waving his hands. Others were complaining to each other about the bad service.

The Past Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking often happened in the past. The concept is very similar to the expression "used to" but with negative emotion. Remember to put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing." Examples:

She was always coming to class late. He was constantly talking. He annoyed

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everyone.

I didn't like them because they were always complaining.

While vs. When Clauses are groups of words which have meaning, but are often not complete sentences. Some clauses begin with the word "when" such as "when she called" or "when it bit me." Other clauses begin with "while" such as "while she was sleeping" and "while he was surfing." When you talk about things in the past, "when" is most often followed by the verb tense Simple Past, whereas "while" is usually followed by Past Continuous. "While" expresses the idea of "during that time." Study the examples below. They have similar meanings, but they emphasize different parts of the sentence. Examples:

I was studying when she called. While I was studying, she called.

Spelling of Verb + ING

For many verbs we make the ING form by simply adding -ING to end of the verb. eat - eating speak - speaking cook - cooking start - starting do - doing stay - staying fix - fixing try - trying

Verbs ending with -e (with the exception of verbs ending in -ee and -ie) Drop the -e and add ING hope - hoping ride - riding make - making write - writing

Verbs ending with -ee Just add -ING agree - agreeing flee - fleeing see - seeing

Verbs ending with -ie Change the -ie to -y and add -ING die - dying tie - tying lie - lying

Verbs ending with one vowel and one consonant (with the exception of w, x, and y)

For one syllable verbs double the consonant and add -ING jog - jogging sit - sitting run - running stop - stopping

For two syllable verbs If the 1st syllable is stressed, just add ING

If the 2nd syllable is stressed , double the consonant and add ING

answer - answering offer - offering listen - listening visit - visiting

admit - admitting prefer - preferring begin - begining

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A. Write the verb given with ING form meet study bring draw spin offer win shine tie choose make give lie cut show swim break do build play offer be freeze cook lead fool bite hope start dig enjoy jump

B. Fill in all the gaps with the form of past continuous required 1. 2. 3. 4. I______________letters all day yesterday. (write You_______________on the phone for hours and hours. (talk) They__________________much duties before lunch. (do NEGATIVE) She___________________to me all week. (speak NEGATIVE) It___________________for long time. (rain NEGATIVE) What_______________you when I phoned yesterday? (do) __________you___________TV when it happened? (watch) What____________you_____________at the party? (wear)

5. 6. 7. 8.

C. Putt he verbs into the correct form of past continuous

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

When I phoned my friends, they (play)___________________monopoly. Yesterday at six I (prepare) ___________________dinner. The kids (play) ___________________in the garden when it suddenly began to rain. I (practise) ___________________the guitar when he came home. We (not / work) ___________________all day. While Aaron (work) ___________________in his room, his friends (swim) ___________________in the pool. I tried to tell them the truth but they (listen / not) ___________________.

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8. 9.

What (you / do) ___________________yesterday? Most of the time we (sit) ___________________in the park.

D. Complete the next chart Positive She was playing soccer The were not swimming in the pool Were the kids playing in the garden? I was practicing the guittar The students werent studying E. Choose the correct verb forms. Use simple past or the past progressive. Negative Interrogative

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

We___________________(SIT) at the breakfast table when the doorbell______________________(RING). He____________________(MEET) a lot of friendly people while he_____________________(WORK) in California. The students______________________(PLAY) cards when the teacher_____________________(COME) in. While the children____________________(SLEEP), their parents______________________(WATCH) TV. It_______________________(START) to rain while she_____________________the flowers in her garden. When I_______________________(OPEN) the door, it _________________________(RAIN) . While he____________________(TAKE) a shower, his dogs____________________(EAT) his steaks.

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PRESENT PERFECT
FORM [has/have + past participle] Examples:

You have seen that movie many times. Have you seen that movie many times? You have not seen that movie many times.

Present Perfect Forms

Positive

Negative

Question

I have traveled. You have traveled. We have traveled. They have traveled. He has traveled. She has traveled. It has traveled.

I have not traveled. You have not traveled. We have not traveled. They have not traveled. He has not traveled. She has not traveled. It has not traveled.

Have I traveled? Have you traveled? Have we traveled? Have they traveled? Has he traveled? Has she traveled? Has it traveled?

USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now

We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc. Examples:

I have seen that movie twenty times. I think I have met him once before. There have been many earthquakes in California. People have traveled to the Moon. People have not traveled to Mars. Have you read the book yet? Nobody has ever climbed that mountain. A: Has there ever been a war in the United States? B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States.

How Do You Actually Use the Present Perfect?

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The concept of "unspecified time" can be very confusing to English learners. It is best to associate Present Perfect with the following topics: TOPIC 1 Experience You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event. Examples:

I have been to France. THIS SENTENCE MEANS THAT YOU HAVE HAD THE EXPERIENCE OF BEING IN FRANCE. MAYBE YOU HAVE BEEN THERE ONCE, OR SEVERAL TIMES. I have been to France three times. YOU CAN ADD THE NUMBER OF TIMES AT THE END OF THE SENTENCE. I have never been to France. THIS SENTENCE MEANS THAT YOU HAVE NOT HAD THE EXPERIENCE OF GOING TO FRANCE. I think I have seen that movie before. He has never traveled by train. Joan has studied two foreign languages. A: Have you ever met him? B: No, I have not met him.

TOPIC 2 Change Over Time We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time. Examples:

You have grown since the last time I saw you. The government has become more interested in arts education. Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since the Asian studies program was established. My English has really improved since I moved to Australia.

TOPIC 3 Accomplishments We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time. Examples:

Man has walked on the Moon. Our son has learned how to read. Doctors have cured many deadly diseases. Scientists have split the atom.

TOPIC 4 An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action to happen. Examples:

James has not finished his homework yet. Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate. Bill has still not arrived. The rain hasn't stopped.

TOPIC 5 Multiple Actions at Different Times We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have occurred in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not complete and more actions are possible. Examples:

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The army has attacked that city five times. I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester. We have had many major problems while working on this project. She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick.

Time Expressions with Present Perfect When we use the Present Perfect it means that something has happened at some point in our lives before now. Remember, the exact time the action happened is not important.

Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can do this with expressions such as: in the last week, in the last year, this week, this month, so far, up to now, etc.

Examples:

NOTICE

Have you been to Mexico in the last year? I have seen that movie six times in the last month. They have had three tests in the last week. She graduated from university less than three years ago. She has worked for three different companies so far. My car has broken down three times this week.

"Last year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning. "Last year" means the year before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires Simple Past. "In the last year" means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so it requires Present Perfect. Examples:

I went to Mexico last year. I WENT TO MEXICO IN THE CALENDAR YEAR BEFORE THIS ONE. I have been to Mexico in the last year. I HAVE BEEN TO MEXICO AT LEAST ONCE AT SOME POINT BETWEEN 365 DAYS AGO AND NOW.

USE 2 Duration From the Past Until Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)

With Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Present Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect. Examples:

I have had a cold for two weeks. She has been in England for six months. Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl.

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Although the above use of Present Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT NonContinuous Verbs. A. Fill the gaps with 'have' or 'has'. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. I______________answered the question. She_____________opened the window. They___________called us. You___________carried a box. It___________rained a lot. We___________washed the car. He___________closed the window. Jenny___________locked the door. The girls____________visited the museum.

10. John and Sophie____________helped in the garden. B. Complete the conversation with the correct form of the verb. Kate : Have you ever_____________ (BE) to New York? Sophie: New York? No I've never________________(BE) there. Have you? Kate: Yes. In fact I've just ____________(COME) back from there. I'm doing some consultancy work there and I've________________ (SPEND) at least six weeks there in the last year. Sophie: That sounds fabulous. Have you______________(GO UP) to the top of the Empire State Building? Kate: No, I ____________ yet. I haven't ______________(TAKE) the ferry to Ellis Island either. I've just ___________(HAVE) to work so hard. Though I have___________(HAVE) dinner at Sardi's and_____________(WATCH) a Broadway show.

C. Complete the spaces usign Present Perfect o Simple Past. 1. Jane (stay)_____________________at home yesterday. 2. Your letter (arrive)____________________two days ago. 3. I (live)_______________________here for ten years. 4. Last week we (go)_______________________to the cinema. 5. The game (start)_________________________ They are playing now. 6. I (phone)________________________you at five and you weren't there. 7. I (lose)______________________my watch, I can't find it. 8. Last month Sarah (travel)______________________to Italy. 9. I (work)__________________________all day and now I'm tired. 10. We (buy)_____________________a new house last week.

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