JANUARY 2009

K
PRINT & TEACH LESSON AUGUST 2010

THE ALLURE OF FREE

Language Function: Vocabulary/Topic: discussing issues; reading comprehension free goods and services; marketing; behavioural economy; PAY, CHARGE, COST
advanced upper-intermediate intermediate pre-intermediate

focus on talking
Activity 1. Discuss these issues in pairs or small groups. 1. Do you get products or services free of charge? Make a list of goods and services you didnt have to or you dont have to pay for. Then compare your list with the one made by your partner.
.................................................................................................. .................................................................................................. .................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................

2. Theres no such thing as a free lunch* is a popular saying which means that it is impossible to get something for nothing. Do you agree with the saying? Should we get suspicious when we are offered free thing? Do you believe there is always a catch in each free offer? Can you think of such tricks in free deals you listed earlier?

* The saying originated in the 19th century when American saloon

keepers attracted drinkers with free food. Patrons were offered a free lunch but they paid higher prices for drinks. The expression was later popularized by a famous economist Robert Friedman.

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FREE OF CHARGE

discussion activity
Activity 2. Behavioral economist Dan Ariely tries to explain how humans react to the words free and zero in on of the chapters of his book Predictably Irrational. Read about the experiment presented in the book and try to guess the percentage of customers who bought either of the chocolates.

Chocolate experiment
Dan Ariely and his colleagues set up a stand in front of a public building to sell two kinds of chocolates: Lindt trufes (premium high-end treats from Switzerland) and Hershey Kisses (ordinary chocolates). They wanted to test how price impacts consumer behaviour. The passer-by could only choose one of the two brands. The initial prices of both chocolates were lowered twice. What percentage of people chose each brand of chocolate in each of these pricing situations?

First price:
percentage of people choosing the brand:

27 cents
.............................

2 cents
.............................

75%

25%

Second price:
percentage of people choosing the brand:

15 cents
.............................

1 cent
.............................

Third price:
percentage of people choosing the brand:

14 cents
.............................

FREE
.............................

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FREE OF CHARGE

Activity 3. Here are the results of the experiment presented on page 2. What kind of conclusions about consumer behaviour can you draw on the basis of these results? Why did Hersheys chocolates became customers favourite choice in the third pricing situation, even though the two chocolates were still priced 14 cents apart? Write your conclusions and then compare them with those of other students:
Your conclusions:

First price:
percentage of people choosing the brand:

27 cents 75% 15 cents 73% 14 cents 31%

2 cents 25% 1 cent 27% FREE 69%

................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ...................................................................................

Second price:
percentage of people choosing the brand:

Third price:
percentage of people choosing the brand:

Activity 4. Now, read Dan Arielys interpretation of the results of the experiment. Are his conclusions similar to yours? Most transactions have an upside and a downside, but when something is FREE! we forget the downside. FREE! gives us such an emotional charge that we perceive what is being offered as immensely more valuable than it really is. Why? I think its because humans are intrinsically afraid of loss. The real allure of FREE! is tied to this fear. Theres no visible possibility of loss when we choose a FREE! item (its free). But suppose we choose the item thats not free. Uh-oh, now theres a risk of having made a poor decision - the possibility of loss. And so, given the choice, we go for what is free. *
Predictably Irrational - Dan Ariely

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FREE OF CHARGE

focus on talking
Activity 5. Discuss these questions in pairs or small groups. 1. Does a FREE item give you an emotional charge Ariely is talking about? Do you perceive such items as immensely more valuable than they really are? 2. Can free offers be risky? Can the way we react to FREE offers lead us to make bad decisions?

focus on vocabulary: pay, charge, cost

Activity 6. The list below contains verbs and verb phrases which mean either PAY, CHARGE or COST. Put them in the right category.
be priced at bill someone for something invoice someone for something chip in cough up set someone back

fetch
settle

foot the bill

go for

sell for

shell out

PAY

CHARGE

COST

Activity 7. Fill the gaps with the words that best complete each sentence.

1. That new suit must have have ....................................... you back a bit. 2. This car is ....................................... at $42,000 but I can give you a 5% discount. 3. Having ....................................... out $50 for the tickets, I wasnt going to miss the show. 4. I refused to ....................................... the bill services I didnt order. 5. One of us has to ....................................... up $20 for a parking fee.
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print & teach lesson

Bad Habits
pre-intermediate

Language Function:

discussing issues - reading comprehension

intermediate upper-intermediate

Vocabulary / Topic:

bad habits - marriage - men and women

advanced

focus on vocabulary

Add more bad habits to the list below.

biting ones nails cutting people off in the middle of their stories burping eating late at night sleeping with ones clothes on getting drunk spitting on the street throwing rubbish on the street smoking in public places picking ones nose farting .......................................................................................... .......................................................................................... .......................................................................................... .......................................................................................... .......................................................................................... .......................................................................................... ..........................................................................................
1

Bad Habits
focus on talking

Discuss these questions in pairs or small groups.

1. Which of the habits from the list in Activity 1 bother you the most? 2. How can you develop a bad habit? Are we born with our bad habits or do we acquire them from the environment surrounding us? 3. How can you get rid of bad habits? Have you been successful in giving up a bad habit? Which habits do you think would be most difcult to get rid of? Why? 4. Imagine you are about to marry a person with a habit you really hate. Do you think you will be likely to pick up your spouses bad habit? focus on vocabulary

Read the article on page 3 to nd out whether these statements are (T), false (F), or the article doesnt say anything about the matter (DS).

1. Married people have more bad habits than singletons.

T T T

F F F

DS DS DS

2. Married people are likely to pick up their partners bad habits. 3. Serious smokers or junk food addicts are more likely to marry people with the same bad habits. 4. The study led by Corinne Reczek conrms the ndings of previous studies which generally associated stable relationships with good health. 5. Men, rather than women, are more likely to have bad inuence on their partners. 6. According to Professor Reczek, married couples eat more fatty foods. 7. The research was carried out on couples who had been together either eight or 52 years. 8. Gay and lesbian partners promote the unhealthy habits of each other in a similar way to heterosexual couples.

T T T T

F F F F

DS DS DS DS

DS

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Bad Habits

How Our Not-So-Better Halves Leave Us With Their Bad Habits

source: Daily Mail
You may have married them for their sparkling conversation, good looks and sharp sense of humour. But pay close attention to your spouses less attractive qualities because theyre the ones that are going to rub off on you. According to a study, once youve tied the knot youre likely to pick up your partners bad habits. Exchange vows with a heavy smoker or a junk food addict, therefore, and youre at risk of developing the same vice. Or if youre an exercise fanatic who promises to love, honour and obey a couch potato, theyll probably convince you to stay on the sofa. While previous studies have generally associated stable relationships with good health, researchers in the U.S. found that couples who walk down the aisle are likely to adopt one anothers vices instead of helping each other to change. And its men who are almost always identied as the bad inuence on their other halves. Professor Corinne Reczek, who led the study at the University of Cincinnati, said: The nding one partner is a direct bad inuence suggests individuals converge in health habits across the course of their relationship, because one individuals unhealthy habits directly promotes the others unhealthy habits. For example, she added, both partners would eat the fatty foods that the less health-conscious of the pair had purchased. The researchers carried out in-depth interviews with 122 men and women who were married or involved in longterm relationships. The couples had been together for between eight and 52 years and were questioned about their smoking, drinking, food consumption, sleep patterns, exercise and other health habits. Professor Reczek, who will present the ndings at a health meeting in Las Vegas next week, said: Particular attention was paid to how partners shaped each of these habits. The researchers reported that they noticed a discourse of personal responsibility among the participants meaning that they if observed their partner indulging in an unhealthy habit, they did not attempt to stop them, suggesting that they were complicit in sustaining their partners vices. Professor Reczek said: While previous research focuses nearly exclusively on how intimate relationships particularly marriage are health-promoting, these ndings extend this research to argue that intimate partners are cognisant of the ways in which they promote the unhealthy habits of one another. The ndings also apply to gay and Lesbian couples, but in these cases it was more difcult to identify the bad inuence because the vices of both partners were simultaneously promoted. Professor Reczek said: For these individuals, one partner may not engage in what t hey consider an unhealthy habit on their own, but when their desire for such a habit is matched by their partners, they partake in unhealthy habits.

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Bad Habits
focus on vocabulary

Explain the following expressions from the article.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

sparkling conversation sharp sense of humour to rub off on someone to tie the knot to exchange vows an exercise fanatic a vice a couch potato to walk down the aisle someones other half to converge to indulge in something complicit to sustain something to be cognisant of something

........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................

focus on talking

Discuss these questions in pairs or small groups.

1. Do your own observations conrm the ndings of the research? Do you agree that we adopt our partners bad habits? Have you picked up any of your partners habits? 2. If you were to change your partners bad habit, how would you go about it?
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JANUARY 2009

K
PRINT & TEACH LESSON OCTOBER 2010

CREDIT CARD DIET

Language Function: Vocabulary/Topic: discussing issues; reading comprehension credit cards; shopping; physical description - obesity; linking words: cause & result
advanced upper-intermediate intermediate pre-intermediate

focus on talking
Activity 1. Look at the following statements. Which of them describe advantages of using credit cards? Which statements point to disadvantages of plastic money?
1. Credit cards cost much more than other forms of credit if you dont pay on time. 2. Credit cards allow users to buy things when they do not have spare cash available. 3. Credit cards encourage users to spend beyond their means. 4. When traveling in foreign countries, you may often get better rates of exchange if you use your credit card for purchases or getting cash from a cash machine. 5. A credit card provides a convenient method for purchases made on the Internet and over the telephone. 6. Using a credit card is safer and more convenient than carrying cash. 7. Credit card users may easily become victims of fraudsters. 8. Credit card users may receive additional benets, e.g. reward points which can be redeemed for goods or services. 9. Credit cards make it easy to build up more debt than you can handle. 10. Credit card users have up to 60 days interest-free credit if you pay bills on time.

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focus on talking
Activity 2. Read the text about another disadvantage of using credit cards. What is it?

Dieters may fare better paying cash for groceries

published by Sky News - October 2010

People who struggle to lose weight should start paying for their grocery shopping in cash, a new study suggests. The diet tip stemmed from a study that found shoppers who used a credit or debit cards to pay had more junk food in their cart than cash shoppers. According to the report's authors, the pain of paying in cash can curb impulsive urges to buy treats. "Credit card payments, in contrast, are relatively painless and weaken impulse control," the researchers said. The study by academics at America's Cornell and New York State universities looked at the behaviour of 1,000 individuals shopping at the same store over a period of six months. Around half of the shopping trips involved cash payments, while the other half, which were larger average spends, were paid for by card.

When paying for their groceries by card, shoppers spent signicantly more on impulsive items classied as "vice products" than when they paid by cash. The proportion of so-called "virtue products," or the essentials they set out for, remained the same. The study also found people were less likely to buy impulsive, unhealthy food products at weekends -possibly due to the fact they had taken the time to write a shopping list. "The epidemic increase in obesity suggests that regulating impulsive purchases and consumption of unhealthy food products is a steep challenge for many consumers," wrote the study's authors. Researchers Manoj Thomas, Kalpesh Kaushik Desai and Satheeshkumar Seenivasan also suggested there may be a connection between rising obesity and a growing use of debit and credit cards in western societies.

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CREDIT CARD DIET

Activity 3. Read the article on page 2 again and decide whether these statements are true (T) or false (F). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Using credit or debit cards increases the likelihood of buying unhealthy food. Using credit cards can lead to a painful obsessive-compulsive disorder. Participants in the study shopped in various stores using both cash and credit cards. Vice products are the essentials which the shoppers intend to buy when they set out for the store. People are more likely to buy unhealthy food on weekdays. According to the authors of the study regulating impulsive purchases is relatively simple.

focus on talking
Activity 4. Discuss these questions in pairs or small groups.
1. How often do you use your credit or debit card when paying for groceries? 2. Do you tend to buy more vice products when you use a credit or debit card?

focus on vocabulary: linking words: cause & result

Activity 5. Look at the sentence below. What does stem mean?

The diet tip stemmed from a study that found shoppers who used a credit or debit cards to pay had more junk food in their cart than cash shoppers.

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CREDIT CARD DIET

focus on vocabulary
Activity 6. Here are some other expressions used to express CAUSE & RESULT. Use them to write sentences that will have the same meaning as the sentence below:

Obesity stems from bad eating habits. linking expressions: cause & result
1. to attribute sth to sth 4. sth leads to sth 2. to be a consequence of sth 5. to be responsible for sth 3. sth can be put down to sth 6. to result in sth

1. ..................................................................................................................................................................... 2. ..................................................................................................................................................................... 3. ..................................................................................................................................................................... 4. ..................................................................................................................................................................... 5. ..................................................................................................................................................................... 6. .....................................................................................................................................................................

linking expressions: physical description - obesity

Activity 7. There are a few adjectives in English which describe obesity. Match them to their denitions.

1. chubby 2. flabby 3. overweight 4. plump 5. tubby

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a) pleasantly fat (used to describe a whole body) b) fat but in a pleasant, healthy way (often used for children; used to describe a whole body or parts of the body) c) above a weigh considered normal or desirable d) short and a little fat (often with a large stomach; used to describe a whole body) e) having loose fat where there should be muscle (used to describe a whole body or parts of the body)

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CREDIT CARD DIET

focus on vocabulary
Activity 8. Complete the sentence beginnings with appropriate endings. 1. A tip is ... A. ... a small but useful piece of practical advice. 2. If you curb something, you ... A. ... prevent something from getting out of control. 3. An urge is ... A. ... a situation requiring immediate action or attention. 4. A treat is ... A. ... a thing done to relieve or cure an illness or B. ... a thing that gives great pleasure. correct a problem 5. A vice is ... A. ... a fault or bad habit. B. ... the state of not being able to control oneself. B. ... a strong desire or impulse. B. ... help to develop something. B. ... a rm decision to do or not to do something.

6. A virtue is ... A. ... a product that is more expensive than other competitive products. B. .. an attractive or useful quality.

7. When we call something a steep challenge, we want to say that it is ... A. ... very difcult to do. B. ... very easy to do.

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JANUARY 2009

K
PRINT & TEACH LESSON NOVEMBER 2010

BORN TO LAUGH
Language Function: Vocabulary/Topic: discussing issues; reading comprehension emotions & feelings; ways of laughing and smiling; nouns derived from adjectives; sounds expressing emotions
advanced upper-intermediate intermediate pre-intermediate

focus on talking
Activity 1. What emotions do these peoples faces show? Name each emotional state. Compare your answers in pairs or small groups.

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BORN TO LAUGH

focus on talking
Activity 2. Read the article presenting new ndings on how people express different emotions. Which of the following statements is the best summary of the text? It is difcult to express certain emotions without using words. Laughing is instinctive but we pick up through experience how to convey other emotions. Deaf people nd it more difcult to express emotions.

Cheer up, we were all born to laugh

YOU might not believe it on a gloomy November morning, but scientists say we are born to laugh.
by FIONA MACRAE, published by Daily Mail - November 2010

According to their research, chuckling at a good joke or when someone tickles us, is instinctive. But crying when were sad, like other emotional vocalisations, is something we learn to do. Dutch researchers asked 16 volunteers, half of whom were deaf, to make the sounds behind a range of emotions without using words. The interpretations of sadness, terror, relief, anger, hilarity and other emotions were then played back to 25 volunteers with normal hearing, who were asked to name the emotion. Only laughter and sighs of relief were easily identiable on the tapes of the deaf volunteers, New Scientist reports. All the other sounds, including cries of terror and sobs of sadness, were much easier to guess when made by volunteers without hearing problems.

As the deaf volunteers have never heard others laugh, it suggests this is something we are born knowing how to do. But learning how to convey other emotions, such as sadness, comes with experience, an Acoustical Society of America conference will hear next week. Researcher Disa Sauter said laughter and smiling may have evolved to diffuse confrontation. Even other primates laugh, if you tickled a gorilla or orangutan. Professor Sophie Scott, from Londons Institute of Neuroscience, said: The nding makes sense. Laughter has been described as being more like a different way of breathing than a way of speaking. But Professor David Ostry, of the University of Montreal, said deaf people may simply learn to laugh by watching others do it.

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BORN TO LAUGH

focus on talking
Activity 3. Discuss these questions in small groups or pairs.
1. Are you convinced that we are born with an instinctive skill of laughing but we have to learn how to express most other emotions? 2. If crying, like other emotional vocalisations, is something we learn to do, why do babies cry at birth?

focus on vocabulary: emotions & feelings

Activity 4. List all the names of emotions that appear in the article on page 2. ................................................ ................................................ ................................................ ................................................ ...............................................

Activity 5. Write nouns (names of emotions and feelings) derived from these adjectives. 1. frightened 2. sad 3. disgusted 4. angry 5. optimistic 6. happy 7. pleasant 8. annoyed 9. terried 10. nervous 11. anxious 12. envious 13. bored .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... 14. embarrassed 15. worried 16. satised 17. proud 18. shy 19. jealous 20. excited 21. cheerful 22. eager 23. furious 24. desperate 25. ashamed 26. humiliated .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................

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BORN TO LAUGH

focus on vocabulary: ways of laughing & smiling

Activity 6. Match the words and expressions to their denitions.
1. to beam 2. to burst out laughing 3. to giggle 4. to grin 5. to shriek with laughter 6. to snigger 7. to smirk 8. to titter
A) to laugh quietly, unkindly at something embarrassing B) to laugh very loudly C) to smile in an unpleasant way, to show that you are pleased by somebodys bad luck D) to smile with happiness showing in all your face E) to smile widely (normally because you are very pleased) F) to laugh in a childish way because you are embarrassed, nervous or amused G) to laugh quietly and disrespectfully, especially at something rude H) to suddenly begin laughing loudly

focus on vocabulary: sounds expressing emotions

Activity 7. Complete these phrases with words listed below. cry screech groan sigh howl snife moan sob

1. a .................................... of relief 2. a .................................... of sadness 3. a .................................... of terror 4. a .................................... of pleasure / pain Activity 8. Find these words and expressions in the article 1. ................................. 2. ................................. 3. ................................. 4. ................................. 5. ................................. www.english-4u.com
to laugh quietly or to oneself

5. a .................................... of laughter 6. a .................................... of pain 7. a .................................... of disdain / scorn 8. a .................................... of pain / terror

to touch or stroke somebody lightly, esp. in a sensitive place, often making them laugh a person who offers to do something without being forced unable to hear at all or to hear well to make an angry disagreement less serious

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JANUARY 2009

K
PRINT & TEACH LESSON JUNE 2010

IN NEED OF FRIENDS
Language Function: Vocabulary/Topic: discussing issues; reading comprehension people we know: friends, acquaintances ... ; loneliness; modern living; friendship; social websites
advanced upper-intermediate intermediate pre-intermediate

focus on talking
Activity 1. Discuss these questions in pairs.
Are you happy with the number of friends you have? Would you like to have more? Why (not)? Do you think you have more close friends now than you used to have in the past? What is important in a friendship? What are the most important qualities you look for in a friend? Explain your choice.

common interest forgiveness fun generosity good looks honesty loyalty

money respect sense of humor reliability religion trust understanding

focus on reading
Activity 2. You are going to read an article presenting the ndings of a survey about British peoples attitude to friendship. Before you read, with a partner try to predict the answers to these questions?
How many true friends does a typical British person have? How many Britons blame their busy lifestyle for not seeing their true friends more often? What is the percentage of British people who use social networking sites to keep in touch with their friends?

www.english-4u.com sound to some, men spend more time doing the dishes. Strange as it may

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focus on reading
Activity 3. Read the article to nd out whether your predictions in Activity 2 were correct.

A Typical Briton has only THREE true friends

... and another 19 mates
'Unsurprisingly, a vast majority of friendships weaken as life gets in the way - we move from job to job and away from our grass roots and it gets harder and harder to maintain good relationships. 'It is only the really strong friendships which continue despite life's interruptions, and of course family members are often the most reliable and trustworthy people to turn to.' The research shows that the majority of people meet their true friends at school (61 per cent), while work (48 per cent) and university (27 per cent) are also popular places to find people who share common interests. Unfortunately, 29 per cent of those polled said their busy lifestyle was the main reason for failing to keep in touch with old friends, and seven in 10 admitted that they are seeing their true friends less and less because they are too busy. Long working hours and hectic lifestyles means Brits feel tired and a real effort needs to be taken to keep in touch with each other. Although 67 per cent still regularly see their good friends face to face, mobile phones, emails and social networking sites - like Facebook and Twitter - are becoming the most popular ways to communicate with friends on a daily basis. Two thirds rely on contact by mobile phone, 37 per cent correspond by email and over a third of people are quite happy confiding in their friends over social networking sites. Nine in ten people claim their true friends are the ones responsible for shaping who they are as a person while 84 per cent say the relationships with their family and friends are the most important things in their life.

While most people claim to have 22 mates, they feel they can rely only on three of them, according to a survey conducted by Nivea. It may come as a surprise that for three quarters of people, one of their true friends is a family member. Interestingly, 29 per cent of those polled claim their mother is one of their three real friends, while 23 per cent often confide and share secrets with their sister. The study also found that we have lost touch with an average of 24 friends over the years after simply drifting apart. Shefali Mattani, spokeswoman for Nivea, said: 'Most of those polled seemed to have one solid best friend who they have grown up with, one family member and another friend they have either met at university or work.

www.english-4u.com sound to some, men spend more time doing the dishes. Strange as it may

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focus on comprehension
Activity 4. Read the article again and decide whether the following statements are true or false. 1. According to the findings of the research, most British people have 22 casual friends and three close friends. 2. Almost one in three people questioned consider their mothers to be one of their three real friends. 3. According to Shefali Mattani, most friendships become stronger in the course of time. 4. Most friendships originate when people are young. 5. Most people surveyed blamed lack of time for not keeping in touch with their old friends. 6. The number of people who see their good friends face to face is almost the same as the number of people who use mobile phones to communicate with their friends.

focus on talking
Activity 5. Discuss the following questions in pairs or small groups. Do you use social sites to keep in touch with your friends? If yes, which social networking sites do you consider the best Why? Is the Internet a great place to make new friends? Why (not)? Do you feel that by using social networking sites, people see their friends face to face less often and are unable to make closer relationships? Are you worried that while social networking sites can increase a persons circle of friends, they can also increase exposure to people with less than friendly intentions?

www.english-4u.com sound to some, men spend more time doing the dishes. Strange as it may

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IN NEED OF FRIENDS

focus on vocabulary: friends, acquaintances

Activity 6. Match each word to an appropriate denition.
1. ACQUAINTANCE 2. ASSOCIATE 3. CHUM 4. COLLEAGUE 5. COMRADE 6. CONFIDANT 7. CRONY 8. FAIR-WEATHER FRIEND 9. HOUSEMATE 10. MATE 11. MUTUAL FRIEND 12. NEIGHBOUR 13. PEER 14. PEN PAL 15. SCHOOLMATE 16. SPARRING PARTNER 17. STRANGER
A) a friend (old-fashioned) B) a friend who works for someone in authority, especially one who is willing to give and receive dishonest help C) someone you live with in a house but are not related to and do not have a romantic or sexual relationship with D) a friend who is at the same school as you at the same time E) a person that you have met but do not know well F) a person who is the friend of two people who may or may not know each other G) someone who is closely connected to another person, often as a business partner H) a person you trust and share your feelings and secrets with I) someone you have friendly arguments with J) a person who is the same age or has the same social position or the same abilities as other people in a group K) someone whom you do not know L) a friend, especially one with whom you have been involved in difcult or dangerous, usually military, activities M) someone who is a good friend when it is easy for them to be one and who stops when you are having problems N) a friend (UK informal) O) someone you exchange letters with as a hobby but whom you usually havent met P) a person who works with you R) someone who lives very near to you

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