I left out information for Chapters 15 and 16 since we went over them previously.

Chapter 17 Porosity (more porous, more water space; less porous, less water space) Water Table (marks the top of ground water; mimics the surface topography) Permeability (more permeable, more water flow; less permeable, less water flow) Ground water flows from: Recharge (top of hills) to Discharge (rivers) areas High energy areas to low energy areas Aquifer (body of rock with high porosity and permeability that provides water in sufficient quantities) Confining bed (low permeability area that restricts the movement of ground water into or out of adjacent aquifers) Subsistence (when water is pumped out of an area, the grains have empty space in between each other and collapse; this causes the ground above to sink down) Below is information that you should know for Sections 3, 4 and 5 of Chapter 17. Read through them and write down the key concepts on your reference sheet. 17.3 How Fast Ground Water Moves? Injecting a soluble tracer ion into the aquifer and then monitoring water composition along the flow path to reveals how fast ground water flows. Ground water flows very slowly, compared to streams, because ground water flows in tortuous paths through pore spaces and is slowed down by friction along the edges of the pores. Not all water molecules follow the same circuitous path through aquifer pore space. Chemicals dissolved in water, therefore, spread out through the aquifer so that the concentration of the chemicals diminishes with increasing travel distance. 17.4 What Is the Composition of Ground Water? Slow moving ground water reacts with the minerals in the aquifer materials. Ions release into the water where minerals dissolve. Changes in ground-water chemistry, temperature, or both causes mineral precipitation that cements sedimentary rocks, clogs water pipes, and forms some economically important mineral deposits of lead and zinc. Coastal aquifers contain less dense freshwater above denser saltwater. An inverted cone of depression around a well may draw in the salty water. Not all contaminant liquids mix in water. Gasoline is a common pollutant that is less dense than water and floats near the water table. Some solvents, however, are denser than water and sink to the bottom of the aquifer. 17.5 How Does Ground Water Shape the Landscape? Karst topography forms where ground water dissolves minerals in limestone and evaporite. Dissolution forms open spaces beneath the surface, including caverns, and causes the collapse of depressions, called sinkholes, that may capture surface drainage and make it flow underground. Perched ground water exiting on canyon walls enhances rock weathering and mass movement. These processes form deep, wide, steep-walled canyons that have distinctly different shapes from those carved by streams alone. Figures for Chapter 17: Figure 17.16 (just note that the farther down the ground water goes the longer it travels) Figure 17.19 Figure 17.21 Chapter 21 Evidence for global warming: o Glaciers have been retreating (melting) since 1850 o Sea level has been rising at faster rates since the mid-twentieth century

The overall trend of global temperature since 1850 has been toward increasing rates of warming Proxies are used as an approximation of temperature in place of actual temperature measurements Proxies can be : o Tree Rings o Ice Cores o Leaf Shapes Causes of climate change o Natural Solar radiance Volcanic aerosols o Anthropogenic Pollution aerosols Greenhouse gases Figures for Chapter 21: Table 21.1 (this goes over in more detail the causes of climate change) Figure 21.27 (this gives a visual perspective of El Nino and La Nina) o Lastly for Chapter 21, Read over Section 5 (21.5)