Unit 4B Study Guide. Chp 15-22, 24, 25 (herlihy) Chp. 15: Blood Function of Blood: 1.

delivers oxygen from lungs to cells 2. carries waste from cells to elimination organs 3. regulates fluid, electrolyte, acid-base balance, and temperature 4. protects body from infection Composition of Blood: type of connective tissue that has a liquid intercellular matrix plasma - pale yellow fluid composed mostly of water, contains proteins, ions, nutrients, gasses and waste. plasma proteins consist of albumin, various clotting factors, antibodies, and complement proteins. serum - plasma minus clotting proteins. Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes) - oxygen transport White Blood Cells (leukocytes) - protect from infection Platelets (thrombocytes) - protect body from bleeding hematocrit - % of blood cells in blood sample hemopoeisis - process of blood cell fomation - myeloid hemopoiesis - blood formation in red bone marrow - lymphoid hemopoiesis - blood formation in lymphatic organs *lymphocytess and monocytes originate in blood marrow* bone marrow depression (myelosuppression) -leads to a severe deficiency of RBCs, causing a serious form of anemia, aplastic anemia. -also can cause a deficiency of WBCs --> leukopenia. -thrombocytopenia, a defienciency of platelets, may also result from

myelosuppression. Blood Cells: Red Blod Cells: erythropoiesis - production of red blood cells, occurs in red bone marrow. immature red blood cell is called reticulocyte. erythropoietin secreted by kidneys stimulates bone marrow to produce additional RBCs. hemoglobin---> iron and protein ---> oxygen attaches to heme ----> oxyhemoglobin. hemoglobin---> iron and protein ---> carbon dioxide attaches to globin(protein) ---> carbaminohemoglobin. Anemias: - iron-deficiency -folic acid defiency - pernicious anemia -anemia of chronic renal failure. - hemolytic anemia - hyperbilirbinemia White Blood Cells destroy pathogens and remove dead tissue and ccellular debris by phagocytosis leukocytosis - increase in number of WBCs due to infection WBC production is leukopoiesis. granulocytes--> neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils agranulocytes--> lymphocytes and monocytes--> monocytes becom macrophages---> fixed or wandering. Blood Clotting coagulation is the third step in the process of homeostasis ( blood vessel

spasm, platelet plug, blood clotting) a clot is composed of a net of protein fibers called fibrin. prothrombin activator --(calcium)--> prothrombin ---> thrombin ---> fibrinogen forms fibrin fibers. Blood Types four blood types: A, B, AB, O. each blood type has respective A, B, AB antigens on RBC. O has none. A blood has B antibodies. B has A antibodies. AB has neither. O has A and B antibodies. agglutination is the antigen-antibody interaction. this causes hemolysis, or the bursting of RBCs Chp. 16: Anatomy of the Heart

adult heart is about the size of a closed fist and weighs less than a
pound. it sits in the chest within the mediastinum between the lungs. the base, which is the upper flat portion is leveled at the 2nd rib. the pointed lower end is the apex and is leveled at the 5th intercostal space. the pericordium is the area overlying the heart and great vessels. 3 layers of the heart: - endocardium - hearts innermost layer - myocardium - middle layer; composed of cardiac muscle that contracts andd pumps. - epicardium - thin outermost layer; helps form pericardium (visceral pericardium). pericardium - slinglike structure that supports the heart. - visceral percardium is the closest layer to the heart. it folds back to becom the parital pericardium, which attaches to the outer fibrous pericardium. the space between the space between the visceral and parietal pericardium is called the pericardial space. 2 circulations: pulmonary and systemic. Hearts Chambers and Vessels

4 chambers (seperated by septum) right atrium receives unoxygenated blood from the sup. and inf. vena cavae. right ventricle receives blood from right atrium. left atrium receives oxygenated blood from lungs through pulmonary veins. left ventricle receives blood from left atrium. - primary function is to pump blood into systemic circulation. great vessels of the heart are the sup., inf. vena cavae, pulmonary artery, 4 pulmonary veins, and the aorta. Valves of the heart Atrioventricular valves: right av valves (tricuspid) left av (bicuspid, mitral), cusps held in place by chordae tendineae. semilunar valves: pulmonic(right semilunar) and aortic(left semilunar) stenosis is the narrowing of a valve. Blood Flow through the heart Right Atrium-> Right Ventricle-> Pulmonary Artery-> Left Atrium-> Left Ventricle-> Aorta Cardiac Conduction System Sinoatrial Node: also called the hearts pacemaker; fires cardiac impulse (60 to 100 times per minute. Atrioventricular Node: takes over when SA node fails; fires at 40 - 60 beats/min. His-Purkinje System: conducts cardiac impulses rapidly through ventricles. Components of an ECG P-wave - atrial depolarization. QRS complex - reflects ventricular deplorization T-wave - ventricular replorization

P-R interval represents the time it takes for the cardiac impulse to travel from atria to ventricles. Chp. 17: Function of the Heart Cardiac Cycle consists of: atrial systole (contraction), ventricular systole(contraction), diastole(relaxtion) Autonomic Control sympathetic stimulation increases SA node activity and increases heart rate, cardiac impulse rate, and the force of myocardial contraction. parasympathetic stimulation decreases SA node and heart rate, cardiac impulse speed and exerts no effec on myocardial contraction. cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume. starlings law of the heart - increase in stretch = increase in force. inotropic effect- strengthening of contraction without force. chronotropic effect is a change is heart rate dromotropic effect is a change in the speed the cardiac impulse travels thru the heart Chp. 18 Anatomy of the Blood Vessels Blood Vessel Jobs Arteries are also called conductance vessels. arterioles are called resistance vessels capillaries are called exchange vessels. veins and venules are capacitance vessels. fetal circulation: Chp. 19 Functions of the Vessels Chp.20 Lymphatic System 15% of fluid left in tissue is sucked up into lymph vessels

spleen filters. Chp. 21 Immune System Nonspecific immunity first line of defense: mechanical, chemical barriers and reflexes second line of defense: phagocytosis, inflammation, fever, protective proteins, natural killers. Specific Immunity cell mediated: T-cell function... antibody mediated: B-cell function... B-Cells make antibodies from proteins and these are called immunoglobulins. Other Immune Responses anaphalaxis Chp. 24 Urinary System urine formation- glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion. Hormones Aldosterone - secreted by adrenal cortex; salt retaining hormone; stimulated by renin which is secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells; renin activates angiotensin to form angiotensin I which converts to angiotensin II which is a vasopressor. ANP and BNP cause an excretion of sodium, secreted by the heart. Chp. 25 Water, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance metabolic alkalosis occurs with persistent vomitting of stomach contents.