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INTRODUCTION
Accidents are mishappening which result in loss of life and property. In our day to day life accidents are very common. Air, railway, road accidents are sometimes very severe. Accidents can be reduced but cannot be eliminated. Accident affects the individual and his family life. Different job situations have different accident rates. A bus driver who drives through busy streets is more likely to have accidents than a driver driving crowd free roads. The accidents more occurs in mines shop floor than clerical work.
in advance. Life and property are affected by accidents. Due to accidents work is stopped for a certain length of time. Accidents are unfortunate sudden happenings about which nothing is known
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CLASSIFICATION OF ACCIDENTS
There are several methods of classifying the accidents. some of the methods are as follows:According to length of recovery from injury. According to cause of events. According to nature of events. According to damage caused. According to nature of injury. Accidents caused on construction work.
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ACCORDING TO CAUSE OF EVENTS:MACHINE ACCIDENTS: Some example of machine accidents are given below:Catching of fingers, arms, clothing etc. in machine. Catching of tool, guides etc. in machine. Catching of fly objects or particles. NON-MACHINE ACCIDENTS: These are common but generally less serious type accidents. Some examples are given below:Falling objects. Objects on floor. Pushes, bumps etc. by other persons objects.
ACCORDING TO NATURE OF EVENTS:TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS: Collisions with pedestrians. Collisions with cars or buses. Collision with motor vehicles. PASSENGERS ACCIDENTS: Boarding moving car or bus. Caught or struck by doors. Trips, slips, stumbles, fall etc.
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ACCORDING TO NATURE OF INJURY:This classification is as follows:FATAL ACCIDENTS:In such an accident, one or more persons are killed. PERMANENT DISABLEMENT:Due to accident the worker loses earning capacity. The worker is not capable of earning that much money, which he was capable to earn before accident. Compensation is paid to the injured worker and the amount depends upon the disablement. For example this may cut his finger, arm or hand etc. So, permanent disablement is of two types. 1. Total disablement. 2. Partial disablement. TEMPORARY DISABLEMENT:These accidents are less serious than of previous category. The worker is unfit temporarily and he loses his earning capacity for short time compensation is to be paid according to the workmen's compensation act. Fracture of an arm is an example of temporary disablement.
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ACCIDENTS ON CONSTRUCTION WORK:Some examples are given below Falling of person. Slipping results inner strains of the body. Accident because of flying objects. Accident due to traffic. Burning and fire accidents. Electric shocks. Explosions.
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CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS:
Accidents do not just happen but there are always some causes. If we want to decrease the accidents, then the causes of accidents must be studied in details. The various causes can be divided as follows:Physical causes based upon unsafe conditions of work. Physiological causes based upon defects of physical body of the worker. Psychological causes based upon mental disturbances of the worker.
PHYSICAL CAUSES:These are linked with the machinery and surroundings. These are beyond the control of the worker. The conditions are likely to cause accidents. This is further classified as follows:-
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Seminar Report on Industrial Accidents and Its Safety Loose or improper dress. Slippery foot wears.
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Not wearing personal protective equipment e.g. goggles, gloves, screen required
during welding.
PHYSIOLOGICAL CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS:The causes of accidents are related to physical body of the worker e.g. a weak man cannot lift a heavy load. Weak eye sighted person cannot do the work on machine. An old man cannot do heavy work. Some of causes of accidents are due to following physiological defects: Weak eye-sight. Poor listening power. Weak health. Any part of the body may be defective. Fatness and high blood pressure. Fatigue and exertion of work. Older employees.
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PSYCHOLOGICAL CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS:These are linked with the mental disturbance of individual worker. This is not some external environment but the internal characteristics of the employee that the accident occurs to him. The worker is regarded as careless and is victim of an accident. He does not give proper attention to safety rules and regulations. The worker may involve himself in the accident on account of following: His habit of ignoring the things that is carelessness. Frustration, worry or depression. Emotional unequilibrium due to mental tension. Improper co-ordination between body and mental faculties. Nervousness and impulsiveness. Over confidence.
MISCELLENOUS CAUSE:
Lack of training and experience. Intoxication- use of wine, opium etc.
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EFFECTS OF ACCIDENTS:The accidents are always undesirable. They result in loss of life and property. They produce evil effects on workers, families, employers and on the society. The bad effects f accidents are as follows:
accident activities.
EFFECT ON WORKER: If the worker dies in the accident, the family looses the bread earner. Injury compensation never equals his earnings. Accident also affects the morale of employee. If the worker gets injured, he looses his efficiency and the workmanship. His rating
gets lowered due to handicap ness and therefore looses the incentives due to not performing
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After the accident, the worker is psychologically hesitant to work at the same place
COST TO SOCIETY:
Work connected injuries also put a considerable burden on society as whole as under: Even though a victim receives compensation, he may require additional help From the society. Loss of production hours causes fewer products in market. Employers necessarily include the costs of accident to the selling prices of their If the worker is involved in social activities, then his replacement is difficult to
products. Therefore, the society has to pay more prices for the products. achieve.
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INDUSTRIAL HAZARDS:DEFINITION: Hazards are defined as the chance risks which surround the workers to cause accidents. A person working amidst pressure vessels is said to a be working in hazardous conditions. A pressure vessel may burst out causing a serious accident. People working in mines are also working in hazardous conditions. Improperly insulated wire, uncovered switch and inflammable materials are industrial hazards. The hazard is the base whereas accident is the result. Safety precautions are taken so that these hazards which are potential sources of accidents may be eliminated or reduced.
CLASSIFIATIONS OF HAZARDS:FIRST DEGREE HAZARDS: These hazards have the inherent potential for accidents. These set a stage for the occurrence of accidents. In normal circumstances these hazards do not cause any damage to life and property. Some of the examples of this class of hazards are given below. Inflammable or combustible materials in the vicinity. Presence of sources of ignition. Presence of poisonous materials. Possibility of mechanical failure of the objects. Production of excessive heat. Materials placed under compression just as an in pressure vessels. Possibility of human error. Transport of men and material in the plant. Reduced visibility and vision obstructed. These hazards are those which are capable of inflicting injuries or cause accidents. The second hazards take place when the first degree hazards are out of hand. The second degree hazards can directly cause loss of life or property or both. The following can be considered as the few examples of this type of hazards. Falling as from a stair case. Fire due to inflammable materials.
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Seminar Report on Industrial Accidents and Its Safety Explosions of compressed materials in pressure vessel. Poisonous materials are released. Collisions with traveling equipment or vehicles.
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DIFFERENCE HAZARDS:
BETWEEN
FIRST
AND
SECOND
DEGREE
First degree hazards are not harmful directly. But the second degree hazards directly affect the health and property. First degree hazards set the stage of accidents. These are the step towards accidents whereas the second degree hazards are the accident itself. Supposing an electric switch has spoiled the insulation and is uncovered in the shop. This will be called first degree hazard. But supposing some worker touches, the result will be accident and switch becomes second degree hazard
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SAFETY:CONCEPT OF SAFETY
Safety is opposite to accidents. If accidents are harmful, safety is beneficial. Man's greatest desire is security. He wants longer life. Accidents are one of the major causes of deaths. So accidents should be minimized. Safety is beneficial in all respects. Safety has become an essential feature of all walks of life. The maintenance of safety has become a major program in the industries. Specially trained persons known as safety engineers are appointed in the industries. The government has also framed rules and regulations towards safety. The factories act has special provisions on safety. Violation of these provisions is punishment. Some of the factories conduct special programmes in first aid treatment. The workers are acquainted with the preliminary treatment to be given to the injured. Programmers like extinguishing fire, removing the people from the building on fire are also carried out.
SAFETY CONSCIOUSNESS
"The awareness and carefulness of the workers to prevent the accidents is known as safety consciousness While at work, the workers must be always conscious of accidents and must take all the precautions for enhancing the safety. A bus driver while driving is always safety conscious and avoids the accidents. Safety consciousness should be increased by adopting the following methods: 1. Display of safety posters and boards to remind the workers about safety. 2. Workers should be educated to use safety devices. 3. Organizing safety competition and awarding prizes to the winners. 4. Give due respect and recognition to safe workers. 5. Send information and literature about the safety at the homes of the 6. Welcome all safety suggestions. 7. Cross mark and identify all accident areas. 8. Conduct safety training lecture periodically. employees.
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NECESSITY OF SAFETY:
Safety helps the industries and workers in following ways: Production is increased. It reduces the cost of production. Reduces damage to equipment and machines. Prevents premature death of trained workers. Prevents needless pain and sufferings to the employees.
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SAFETY PROCEDURE:
There are two ways of looking at this problem - one is from, the point of view of an engineer and the other from point of view of a psychologist. The engineer can remove the hazards from the work introducing the following measures: a. Designing and formulating of safety devices. b. Procedure and methods of work on the dangerous machines should be changed. c. The safety of the factory and machinery should be inspected by a safety engineer and change it from structural and functional point of view, if required. Simple improvements can be made in this regard which are given below: Moving parts should be enclosed with guards and covers-such as belts, gears, etc. Moving and stationary parts should be distinguished adopted suitable colors. Rotating saws should be guarded properly to avoid the workers to come in contact them physically. Safety devices should be reliable. Safety devices should not be easily detachable. Safety dress, protective glasses, gloves, shields should be suitably designed. To reduce chances of falling slipping from stair case, floors etc. Prevention against receiving electric shock. Every electric installation should be The psychologist also plays very important role in avoiding the accidents and increasing the safety. It has been observed that many of the accidents are due to psychological problems of the workers. The human factor in case of accidents should be analyzed and corrected. The psychologist adopts the following procedure: Making the worker safety conscious. To make men aware of hazards. To train them to use safety devices. Reducing the fatigue and exertion of the worker. The attitude of co-operation should be developed among the workers. - 16 G.P.T.C, Muttom clutches with
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SAFETY MEASURES:
To ensure and enhance the safety in the factories, the various steps are to be taken. The safety Engineers and the shop in charge will take the following measures according to their experience and guide lines of the factories act:
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT:Protective dress should be worn where ever necessary. Gloves are worn by the operator to save his hands from cuts, splinters and chemicals.
Aprons protect the trunk of the body. Metallic foot and leg guards are also available. Where falling objects can pose a problem, one can safely use the protective helmets. The women workers use hair pin and nets so that their hairs are not caught in the gears, drills and spinning shaft. In welding, goggles and face shields are used. If the noise is unbearable, ear plugs should be used. Safety shoes are used where the feet are exposed to heat and pricking substances.
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MACHINE GUARDING:
The running parts of machines should be properly guarded. The machine guard should provide full protection, they should be of permanent nature and it may be difficult to remove them. The rotating part should not be operated at speed higher than the recommended speed.
Figure: 9(b)
To reduce accidents of machines, the manufacturing processes should be modified and their operational efficiency is increased. In case of presses and shears, hazards are reduced by using, automatic feeds..
Seminar Report on Industrial Accidents and Its Safety radiations are minimized.
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Air conditioning, ventilation system, protective clothing can decrease this problem.
Figure: 9(c)
NOISE CONTROL:
Excessive noise is not only uncomfortable but also harmful. The measure of noise is decibal (db). Where conversation produces only 40 db, the office work may produce 50 db. If the noise level exceeds 100 db, it becomes harmful and dangerous if not checked. The working efficiency is decreased. The forging hammer produces high noise.
FATIGUE ELIMINATION:Fatigue is also one of the causes of accidents. Fatigue is caused if one is doing hard work continuously or if one feels bored at the work. It has been found out that during the end of the working hours, the number of accidents tends to increase, which is due to fatigue. A driver if asked to drive the bus for long hours, he may be fatigued and fall asleep on the steering and cause the accidents. Fatigue is eliminated by providing rest pauses to the workers, reducing the working hours, and severity of the work.
PROPER LIGHTENING:Many accidents are the result of poor lighting. So every work place should have proper light. There are two sources of light- Natural light and and tubes. artificial light from bulbs
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SAFETY QUOTATIONS:1. Make safety a habit. 2. Where cautions ends accidents begin. 3. Accidents do not happen they are caused. 4. Better late than never. 5. Safety is the pride of good workman. 6. Machines are good servants only if handled carefully. 7. Safety promotes productivity.
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CASE STUDY:-.
BOILER ACCIDENT:EVENT:In Ford Rouge Plant established in Michigan City had accident due to blasting of boiler established in the plant. This accident happened in the year 1999. In that accidents near about ten workers were dead and about fifty others were injured. This caused the shutdown of that plant.
CAUSES:A state agency said that natural gas ignited in a giant boiler, caused the explosion. "The explosion was what is termed 'a furnace explosion,' where the firebox inside the boiler that heats up the water had a buildup of gas in the chamber," according to a statement by state officials. "This gas then ignited, causing the boiler to explode." A former supervisor of the powerhouse said the only possible heat source that could detonate a natural gas buildup in the boiler is small embers from coal dust, another fuel source for the boiler. At the time of the explosion, the boiler was being shut down for annual inspection, a process that takes several hours. worker had already stopped the boiler from operating and were in the process of completing safety procedures designed to prevent fuel leaks, especially through two large natural gas pipes leading to the firebox. In the morning, the men "blanked" the flow of the blast furnace gas, which means they inserted a piece of metal into the pipe, physically preventing the gas from entering the boiler. A valve is used to control the flow, and that is shut off first. But the physical metal barrier is also needed.
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After lunch, the men planned to blank the natural gas line. Gas was building up somewhere. The fuel was building up and not being burned. The water temperature was probably about 400 degrees at the time of the explosion. The fire shot across the room to other boilers, and seemed to catch the coal that is delivered next to the boiler No. 1 on fire.
REMEDIES:In earlier correspondence suggested that blanking is unwise. Double shut off valves is the proper way to secure a gas line with venting. This bit map schematic is an approximation of what would expect as a minimum arrangement for the gas piping for igniters. This schematic suggests there are safe guards of at least two levels. They are Block valves and Vents. If either of the block valves leaked by, then gas pressure could build-up and pour into the furnace only if the vents are plugged. If the work order required the workers to replace the IHSSV (Igniter header safety shut-off valve) then the gas line header in the steam/power plant should have been shut down. This line also has a safety vent.
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CONCLUSION:
Accidents are mishappening which results in loss of life and property. So, to avoid these accidents safety must be an integral component of an overall business plan for any company. Safety control must be designed in to every aspect of a job, thereby promoting awareness and continuous improvement in the program. The aim of safety is to completely eliminate all events that result in an injury, property damage, or lost workday case. It should be a company goal vision rather than a target or performance goal. Finally, with the full support of management and employees, the goal can become a reality. Many people do not believe that it can be achieved, but If you never try, you will never know.
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REFERENCES
Classification of accidents : web source:- www.ilo.org/ Cause of accidents:
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CONTENTS CHAPTER 1.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. INTRODUCTION CLASSIFICATION OF ACCIDENTS CAUSE OF ACCIDENTS EFFECTS OF ACCIDENTS ACCIDENT PRONE WORKER INDUSTRIAL HAZARDS SAFETY SAFETY PROCEDURE SAFETY MEASURES SAFETY PUBLICITY & SAFETY QUOTATION 12. CONCLUSION 21 24 1 2 5 8 10 11 13 14 15
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